Genetic Diversity and Its Relationship of Dendrobium (Orchidaceae) Based on Bioactive Compounds and Their Biological Activities: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Information on genetic diversity and its relationship is fundamental for the preservation and improvement of orchid germplasm. For Dendrobium, such information, particularly by a meta-analysis, was limited. The study aimed to assess the genetic diversity and relationships of Dendrobium germplasm based on bioactive compounds, their biological activities, and plant organs by a meta-analysis approach. A total of 51 species of Dendrobium have been collected and identified as producing bioactive compounds, including their biological activities and plant organs (parts). In this case, the highest genetic diversity was shown by polyphenols (H' index = 0.90) as substances, neuroprotective (H' = 0.80) for activity, and the leaf organ with an H' index of 0.89. The UPGMA analysis showed that Dendrobium grouped into seven clusters, where the furthest relationship was presented by D. moschatum and D. catenatum. However, the closest relation was by D. scabrilingue with D. delacourii, including D. snowflake and D. ovatum. Following these parameters, Dendrobium shows unique genetic diversity and relationships. Thus, it is valuable for future preservation and improvement programs of Dendrobium.

Keywords

• Conservation program
• Genetic diversity
• Orchid
• Secondary metabolite
• Traditional medicine

References

1. Adams, P. B. (2011). Systematics of Dendrobiinae (Orchidaceae), with special reference to Australian taxa. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 166(2), 105–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01141.x
2. Ahmad, S., Gao, J., Wei, Y., Lu, C., Zhu, G., & Yang, F. (2022). The transcriptome profiling of flavonoids and bibenzyls reveals medicinal importance of rare orchid Arundina graminifolia. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13(June), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.923000
3. Alamgir, A. N. M. (2018). Biotechnology, in vitro production of natural bioactive compounds, herbal preparation, and disease management (treatment and prevention). In Progress in Drug Research (Vol. 74). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92387-1_7
4. Atanasov, A. G., Zotchev, S. B., Dirsch, V. M., Orhan, I. E., Banach, M., Rollinger, J. M., Barreca, D., Weckwerth, W., Bauer, R., Bayer, E. A., Majeed, M., Bishayee, A., Bochkov, V., Bonn, G. K., Braidy, N., Bucar, F., Cifuentes, A., D’Onofrio, G., Bodkin, M., … Supuran, C. T. (2021). Natural products in drug discovery: advances and opportunities. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 20(3), 200–216. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-020-00114-z
5. Cakova, V., Bonte, F., & Lobstein, A. (2017). Dendrobium: sources of active ingredients to treat age-related pathologies. Aging and Disease, 8(6), 827–849. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2017.0214
6. Chen, S. L., Yu, H., Luo, H. M., Wu, Q., Li, C. F., & Steinmetz, A. (2016). Conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants: problems, progress, and prospects. Chinese Medicine, 11(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13020-016-0108-7
7. Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Liang, C., Liu, L., Song, X., Zhao, Y., Wang, J., & Niu, J. (2022). Characterization of the key bibenzyl synthase in Dendrobium sinense. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(12), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126780
8. CITES. (2023). Dendrobium. Access date: 10.06.2023. https://www.speciesplus.net/species#/taxon_concepts?taxonomy=cites_eu&taxon_concept_query=dendrobium%20&geo_entities_ids=&geo_entity_scope=cites&page=1.

9. Cragg, G. M., & Newman, D. J. (2013). Natural products: A continuing source of novel drug leads. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects, 1830(6), 3670–3695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.008
10. Das, G., Patra, J. K., & Baek, K. (2017). Insight into MAS : a molecular tool for development of stress resistant and quality of rice through gene stacking. 8(June), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00985
11. De, L. C., Pathak, P., Rao, A. N., & Rajeevan, P. K. (2014). Commercial orchids. De Gruyter Open, Ltd.
12. De, L. C., Rao, A. N., Rajeevan, P. K., Srivastava, M., & Chhetri, G. (2015). Morphological characterization in Dendrobium species. Journal of Global Biosciences, 4(1), 1198–1215.
13. Deshmukh, M. (2021). Sensitivity and Subgroup Analyses. In Principles and Practice of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71921-0_9
14. Fazili, M. A., Bashir, I., Ahmad, M., Yaqoob, U., & Geelani, S. N. (2022). In vitro strategies for the enhancement of secondary metabolite production in plants: a review. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 46(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-022-00717-z
15. Febjislami, S., Kurniawati, A. N. I., Melati, M., & Wahyu, Y. (2019). Morphological characters, flowering and seed germination of the indonesian medicinal plant Orthosiphon aristatus. Biodiversitas, 20(2), 328–337. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200204
16. Gahlawat, S. K., Salar, R. K., Siwach, P., Duhan, J. S., Kumar, S., & Kaur, P. (2017). Plant biotechnology: recent advancements and developments. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4732-9
17. Govindaraj, M., Vetriventhan, M., & Srinivasan, M. (2015). Importance of genetic diversity assessment in crop plants and its recent advances: An overview of its analytical perspectives. Genetics Research International, 2015, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/431487
18. Guo, H. B., Song, Z. P., Liang, Z. S., & Zhang, Y. J. (2009). Domestic cultivation may abate the contradiction between sustainable utilization and genetic diversity conservation of medicinal plants. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 3(13), 1184–1188.
19. He, L., Su, Q., Bai, L., Li, M., Liu, J., Liu, X., Zhang, C., Jiang, Z., He, J., Shi, J., Huang, S., & Guo, L. (2020). Recent research progress on natural small molecule bibenzyls and its derivatives in Dendrobium species. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112530
20. He, X., Wang, X., Fang, J., Zhao, Z., Huang, L., Guo, H., & Zheng, X. (2017). Bletilla striata: medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 195, 20–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.026
21. Hilonga, S., Otieno, J. N., Ghorbani, A., Pereus, D., Kocyan, A., & de Boer, H. (2019). Trade of wild-harvested medicinal plant species in local markets of Tanzania and its implications for conservation. South African Journal of Botany, 122, 214–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.08.012
22. Hinsley, A., De Boer, H. J., Fay, M. F., Gale, S. W., Gardiner, L. M., Gunasekara, R. S., Kumar, P., Masters, S., Metusala, D., Roberts, D. L., Veldman, S., Wong, S., & Phelps, J. (2018). A review of the trade in orchids and its implications for conservation. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 186, 435–455. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/186/4/435/4736317
23. Hostetler, G. L., Ralston, R. A., & Schwartz, S. J. (2017). Flavones: food sources, bioavailability ,. 423–435. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.116.012948.FIGURE
24. IUCN. (2023). Dendrobium. Access date: 03.06.2023. https://www.Iucnredlist.Org/search?query=dendrobium&searchtype=species.
25. Khan, M. S. A., & Ahmad, I. (2019). Herbal medicine: current trends and future prospects. In New Look to Phytomedicine: Advancements in Herbal Products as Novel Drug Leads (pp. 3–13). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814619-4.00001-X
26. Kovach, W. (2007). MVSP-Multi-Variate Statistical Package (3.1; pp. 1–145). Kovach Computing Services.
27. Kumar, S., & Pandey, A. K. (2013). Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. The Scientific World Journal, 2013(162750), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819096-8.00048-3
28. Lei, Z., Zhou, C., Ji, X., Wei, G., Huang, Y., Yu, W., Luo, Y., & Qiu, Y. (2018). Transcriptome analysis reveals genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation in Dendrobium catenatum from different locations. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-24751-y
29. Li, C., Dong, N., Zhao, Y., Wu, S., Liu, Z., & Zhai, J. (2021). A review for the breeding of orchids: Current achievements and prospects. Horticultural Plant Journal, 7(5), 380–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2021.02.006
30. Lloyd, M. M., Makukhov, A. D., & Pespeni, M. H. (2016). Loss of genetic diversity as a consequence of selection in response to high pCO2. Evolutionary Applications, 9(9), 1124–1132. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12404
31. Mohaddab, M., El Goumi, Y., Gallo, M., Montesano, D., Zengin, G., Bouyahya, A., & Fakiri, M. (2022). Biotechnology and in vitro culture as an alternative system for secondary metabolite production. Molecules, 27(22), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228093
32. Mursyidin, D. H., & Khairullah, I. (2020). Genetic evaluation of tidal swamp rice from South Kalimantan, Indonesia based on the agro-morphological markers. Biodiversitas, 21(10), 4795–4803. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d211045
33. Mursyidin, D. H. (2022). Genetic diversity and phylogenetic position of traditional rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces: a case study of South Kalimantan in Indonesia. Yuzuncu Yil University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 32(4), 775–784. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.1146378
34. Nandy, S., & Dey, A. (2020). Bibenzyls and bisbybenzyls of bryophytic origin as promising source of novel therapeutics: pharmacology, synthesis and structure-activity. DARU, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 28(2), 701–734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-020-00341-0
35. Panche, A. N., Diwan, A. D., & Chandra, S. R. (2016). Flavonoids: an overview. Journal of Nutritional Science, 5(e47), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2016.41
36. Phondani, P. C., Bhatt, I. D., Negi, V. S., Kothyari, B. P., Bhatt, A., & Maikhuri, R. K. (2016). Promoting medicinal plants cultivation as a tool for biodiversity conservation and livelihood enhancement in Indian Himalaya. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 9(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2015.12.001
37. Pongsrila, P., Chomnawang, P., Srisamoot, N., & Wiriyaampaiwong, P. (2014). DNA finger printing analysis of fourteen species of orchids using ISSR technique. KKU Research Journal, 19(Supplement), 210–216.
38. Salgotra, R. K., & Chauhan, B. S. (2023). Genetic diversity, conservation, and utilization of plant genetic resources. Genes, 14(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14010174
39. Saputra, F., Anggraeni, A., Ishak, A. B. L., Hafid, A., Rusdin, M., & Sumantri, C. (2021). Haplotype Diversity of swamp buffalo and river buffalo based on cytochrome B gene: a study of meta analysis. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 44(4), 399–407. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2021.44.4.399
40. Sawettalake, N., Bunnag, S., Wang, Y., Shen, L., & Yu, H. (2017). DOAP1 promotes flowering in the orchid Dendrobium chao praya smile. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00400
41. Simske, S. (2019). Consensus approaches and system patterns for data analysis. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.31826/9781463236984-toc
42. Srivastava, P., Singh, M., Devi, G., & Chaturvedi, R. (2014). Herbal medicine and biotechnology for the benefit of human health. In A. S. Verma & A. Singh (Eds.), Animal Biotechnology: Models in Discovery and Translation (2nd ed., pp. 563–575). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-416002-6.00030-4
43. Swarup, S., Cargill, E. J., Crosby, K., Flagel, L., Kniskern, J., & Glenn, K. C. (2021). Genetic diversity is indispensable for plant breeding to improve crops. Crop Science, 61(2), 839–852. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20377
44. Teixeira, J. C., & Huber, C. D. (2021). The inflated significance of neutral genetic diversity in conservation genetics. PNAS, 118(10), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015096118/-/DCSupplemental
45. Twaij, B. M., & Hasan, M. N. (2022). Bioactive secondary metabolites from plant sources: types, synthesis, and their therapeutic uses. International Journal of Plant Biology, 13(1), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb13010003
46. van de Wouw, M., van Hintum, T., Kik, C., van Treuren, R., & Visser, B. (2010). Genetic diversity trends in twentieth century crop cultivars: A meta analysis. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 120(6), 1241–1252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-009-1252-6
47. Wang, H.-Z., Feng, S.-G., Lu, J.-J., Shi, N.-N., & Liu, J.-J. (2009). Phylogenetic study and molecular identification of 31 Dendrobium species using inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Scientia Horticulturae, 122, 440–447.
48. Wang, L. R., Wang, S. Q., Niu, J. F., Wang, S. P., & Wang, Z. Z. (2018). The complete chloroplast genome sequence of an endangered species, Dendrobium pendulum Roxb. (Orchidaceae). Conservation Genetics Resources, 10(3), 383–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-017-0830-1
49. Wang, Y. H. (2021). Traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, and toxicological effects of Dendrobium leaves: A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 270(September 2020), 113851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113851
50. Xiang, X. G., Schuiteman, A., Li, D. Z., Huang, W. C., Chung, S. W., Li, J. W., Zhou, H. L., Jin, W. T., Lai, Y. J., Li, Z. Y., & Jin, X. H. (2013). Molecular systematics of Dendrobium (Orchidaceae, Dendrobieae) from mainland Asia based on plastid and nuclear sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 69(3), 950–960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2013.06.009
51. Yuan, Z. Q., Zhang, J. Y., & Liu, T. (2009). Phylogenetic relationship of China Dendrobium species based on the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA. Biologia Plantarum, 53(1), 155–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-009-0024-0
52. Zhang, D., Zhao, X. W., Li, Y. Y., Ke, S. J., Yin, W. L., Lan, S., & Liu, Z. J. (2022). Advances and prospects of orchid research and industrialization. Horticulture Research, 9, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhac220
53. Zhao, T. M., Zheng, S. G., Hu, Y. D., Zhao, R. X., Li, H. J., Zhang, X. Q., & Chun, Z. (2019). Classification of interspecific and intraspecific species by genome-wide SSR markers on Dendrobium. South African Journal of Botany, 127, 136–146.
54. Zheng, S. gang, Hu, Y. dong, Zhao, R. xi, Yan, S., Zhang, X. qin, Zhao, T. mei, & Chun, Z. (2018). Genome-wide researches and applications on Dendrobium. In Planta (Vol. 248, Issue 4, pp. 769–784). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-018-2960-4