Evaluation of Conservation and Conventional Tillage Systems Using Thermal Infrared Imagery in Dryland Cold Region of Iran

Abstract

Conservation tillage has been proposed as a promising strategy to improve soil and water conservation in dryland areas. A 2-year experiment was conducted to determine the influence of crop residue remained on soil surface in conservation and conventional tillage systems on soil surface temperature, canopy temperature [using Infrared thermal imaging on a clay loam soil (Vertic Calcixerepts)] and wheat grain yield in the northwest region of Iran. Tillage treatments were conventional tillage (MD: mouldboard plough + disk harrow), reduced tillage (CD: chisel plough + disk harrow), minimum till (MT: Stubble cultivator), and no-till (NT₁ and NT₂: with standing stubble and total residue, respectively). Rresidues in NT₁ and NT₂ lowered the averaged canopy temperature by 3.70 °C over the other treatments (MD and CD) and there was a positive and significant correlation between soil surface temperature and wheat canopy temperature. Results indicated that for a dryland vetch (Vicia panonica)-winter wheat cropping system, NT₂ had higher grain yield than that obtained with MD system probably owning to greater rain fall efficiency and lower canopy temperature.

Keywords

• Conservation tillage
• Crop residue
• Canopy temperature
• Soil surface temperature
• Dryland
• Wheat

İran’ın Kurak Soğuk Bölgesi'nde Termal Kızılötesi Görüntüleri Kullanılarak Koruyucu ve Geleneksel Toprak İşleme Sistemlerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

Koruyucu toprak işleme, kurak alanlarda toprak ve su tasarrufunu artırmak amacı ile umut verici bir strateji olarak öne sürülmüştür. İran’ın kuzeybatı bölgesinde iki yıllık bir deneme, koruyucu ve geleneksel toprak işleme sistemlerinde toprak yüzeyinde kalan bitki artıklarının, toprak yüzey sıcaklığı, bitki taç sıcaklığı [killi tın toprakta (Vertic Calcixerepts) kızılötesi termal görüntüleme kullanılarak] ve buğday dane verimine etkisini belirlemek amacı ile yürütülmüştür. Toprak işleme yöntemleri: Geleneksel (KD: kulaklı pulluk + diskaro), azaltılmış toprak işleme (ÇD: Çizel pulluğu + diskaro), minimum toprak işleme (AK: Anız kültivatörü) ve toprak işlemesiz (Tİ1 ve Tİ2, sırasıyla anızlı ve toplam kalıntılı) olarak belirlenmiştir. Tİ1 ve Tİ2 uygulamalarındaki kalıntılar, diğer uygulamalar göre (KD ve ÇD) bitki taç sıcaklığını ortalama 3.7 C° düşürmüştür ve toprak yüzey sıcaklığı ve buğday bitki taç sıcaklığı arasında pozitif ve anlamlı bir korelasyon gözlemlenmiştir.  Sonuçlar, kurak fiğ (Vicia panonica)- kışlık buğday ürün sistemi için, yağış verimliliği ve düşük bitki taç sıcaklığına sahip Tİ2 uygulamasında KD uygulamasına göre daha yüksek tane verimi elde edildiğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Geleneksel toprak işleme
• Bitki kalıntısı
• Bitki taç sıcaklığı
• Toprak yüzey sıcaklığı
• Kurak
• Buğday

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