Pretreatment Effect on Amelioration of Seed Germination of Zollinger’s Indigo (Indigofera zollingeriana Miq.)

Abstract

Indigofera zollingeriana is one of Indigofera species distributed in Indonesia and known as forage crop. Seed is an important factor which influences cultivation of I. zollingeriana due to low seed germination. The objective of the research was to determine the effect of different pre-treatment as chemical scarification (98% of H2SO4, 0.3% of KNO3, glycerine (C3H8O3) at 70oC), hot water at 70oC with different duration of immersion or soaking and mechanical scarification using sand paper on I. zollingeriana’s seed germination. Pre-treatment had significant differences and improved germination percentage, germination speed index and shoot length. The positive correlation was noted between germination percentage and germination speed index.

Keywords

• Dormancy,Immersion,Legume,Scarification,Soaking

Indigofera zollingeriana'nın Tohum Çimlenmesinde Ön İşlem Etkisinin İyileştirilmesi

Öz

Indigofera zollingeriana, Endonezya'da dağılış gösteren ve yem bitkisi olarak bilinen Indigofera türlerinden biridir. Endonezya’da I. zollingeriana'nın yetiştiriciliğini etkileyen en önemli faktör, tohumundaki düşük çimlenme oranıdır. Bu çalışmada, I. zollingeriana tohumlarında, farklı sürelerde kimyasal uygulamalarının (%98’lik H2SO4, %0.3’lük KNO3, 60oC’lik C3H8O3 çözelti), 70oC’lık sıcak su ve zımpara kâğıdı ile tohumu mekanik olarak aşındırma şeklinde yapılan çimlendirme ön uygulamalarının etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; ön uygulamalarda çimlenme yüzdesi, çimlenme hızı endeksi ve sürgün uzunluğu bakımından önemli farklılıklar gözlenmiş olup, incelenen parametrelerde aynı zamanda artış da tespit edilmiştir. Çimlenme yüzdesi ile çimlenme hızı endeksi arasında pozitif korelasyon saptanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dormansi,Daldırma,Baklagil,Aşındırma,Islatma

References

1. Abdullah, L. (2010). Herbage production and quality of shrub Indigofera treated by different concentration of foliar fertiliser. Media Peternakan, 33(3), 169–175.
2. Abdullah, L. (2014). Prospektif agronomi dan ekofisiologi Indigofera zollingeriana sebagai tanaman penghasil hijauan pakan berkualitas tinggi. Pastura, 3(2), 79-83. (in Indonesian language)
3. Abdullah, L., Girsang, R. C., Putra, N. P., Wiryawan, K. G. & Permana, I. G. (2016). Viabilitas, Intensitas Kontaminasi Jamur dan Tinggi Hipokotil sebagai Respon terhadap Modifikasi Atmosfer dengan Injeksi CO2 Selama Penyimpanan Benih Indigofera zollingeriana. In: L. Abdullah, D. A. Astuti, Suharlina (Eds.), Bunga Rampai Hasil Riset dan Pengembangan Indigofera zollingeriana (pp. 6-13). Bogor, Indonesia: IPB Press. [in Indonesian language]
4. Abiri, R., Shaharuddin, N. A., Maziah, M., Yusof, Z. N. B., Atabaki, N., Sahebi, M. & Azizi, P. (2016). Quantitative assessment of indica rice germination to hydropriming, hormonal priming and polyethylene glycol priming. Chilean Journal of Agriculture Research, 76(4), 392-400.
5. Anonymous. (1990). Glycerine: an Overview. The Soap and Detergent Assosiation. New York.
6. Asaadi, A. M., Heshmati, G. & Dadkhah, A. (2015). Effects of different treatments to stimulate seed germination of Salsola arbusculiformis Drob. Ecopersia, 3(3), 1077-1088.
7. Atalay, E., Yetim, E., Soylu, S., Sade, B. & Yorgancılar, M. (2011, Haziran). Farklı priming uygulamalarının ekmeklik buğday çeşitlerinde çimlenmenin başlangıç dönemdeki etkinliği. Türkiye IV. Tohumculuk Kongresi, Samsun, Turkiye, 535-539.
8. Bhandal, I. S. & Malik, C. P. (1988). Potassium estimation, uptake, and its role in the physiology and metabolism of flowering plants. International Review of Cytology, 110, 205-254.

9. Bewley, J. D. & Black, M. (1994). Seeds: Physiology of Development and Germination. New York, USA: Plenum Press, 445.
10. Bonner, F. T. (2008). Storage of Seed. In: F. T. Bonner, R. P. Karrfalt & R. G. Nisley (Eds.), The Woody Plant Seed Manual (pp. 85-96). New York, USA: United States Departement of Agriculture.
11. Chaves, I. S., Silva, N. C. Q. & Ribeiro, D. M. (2017). Effect of the seed coat on dormancy and germination in Stylosanthes humilis H. B. K. seeds. Journal of Seed Science, 39(2), 114-122.
12. Copeland, L. O. & McDonald, M. B. (1999). Seed Science and Technology (3rd Ed.). New York, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
13. Delouche, J. C. (1965). An accelerated aging technique for predicting relative storabiltiy of crimson clover and tall fescue seed lots. Agronomy Abstracts 40, American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisonsin.
14. Dianita, R. (2012). Kajian penggunaan unsur N dan P pada tanaman legum pakan dan non legum untuk sistem integrasi. (PhD), IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia. (in Indonesian language)
15. Doni, F., Anizan, I., Che Radziah, C. M. Z., Salman, A. H., Rodzihan, M. H. & Yusof, W. M. W. (2014). Enhancement of rice seed germination and vigour by Trichoderma spp. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 7(21), 4547-4552.
16. Gairola, K. C., Nautiyal, A. R. & Dwivedi, A. K. (2011). Effect of temperatures and germination media on seed germination of Jatropha curcas Linn. Advances In Bioresearch, 2(2): 66-71.
17. Gashi, B., Abdullai, K., Mata, V. & Kongjika, E. (2012). Effect of gibberellic acid and potassium nitrate on seed germination of the resurrection plants Ramonda serbica and Ramonda nathaliae. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11(20), 4537-4542.
18. Ghadir, M., Khah, E. M., Jalali Honarmand, S., Shirkhani, A. & Shabani, G. (2012). Effects of seed hardness breaking techniques on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) germination. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 4(6), 264-273.
19. Gunes, E., Gubbuk, H., Silva, T. A., Gozlekci, S. & Ercisli, S. (2013). Effects of various treatments on seed germination and growth of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Pakistan Journal of Botany, 45(4), 1173-1177.
20. Guppy, H. B. (1912). Studies in Seeds and Fruits (528 p). London, UK: Williams and Norgate.
21. Gupta, P. C. (1993). Seed Vigour Testing. In: P. K. Agrawal (Ed.), Handbook of Seed Testing (pp. 242-249). New Delhi, India: DAC, Ministry of Agriculture.
22. Harrington, G. T. (1916). Agricultural value of hard seeds. Journal of Agricultural Researc, 6, 761-795.Hassen, A., Pieterse, P. P. & Rethman, N. F. G. (2004). Effect of pre-planting seed treatment on dormancy breaking and germination of Indigofera accessions. Tropical Grasslands, 38, 154-157.
23. He, Y., Guo, X., Lu, R., Niu, B., Pasapula, V. & Hou, P. (2009). Changes in morphology and biochemical ındices in browning callus derived from jatropha curcas hypocotyls. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 98, 11-17.Herdiawan, I. & Sutedi, E. (2012). Produktivitas tanaman pakan Indigofera sp. pada tingkat cekaman kekeringan dan interval pemangkasan berbeda. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner, 17(2), 161-167. (in Indonesian language)
24. ISTA. (1966). International Rules for Seed Testing. Proceedings for International Seed Testing Association, 31: 1-152
25. ISTA. (2003). International Rules for Seed Testing. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich.
26. ISTA. (2007). International Rules for Seed Testing. International Seed Testing Association, Bassersdorf, Switzerland.
27. Karaguzel, O., Cakmakci, S., Ortacesme, V. & Aydinoglu, B. (2004). Influence of seed coat treatments on germination and early seedling growth of Lupinus varius L. Pakistan Journal of Botan, 36(1), 65-74
28. Kefeli, V. I., Kalevitch, M. V. & Borsari, B. (2003). Phenolic cycle in plants and north et al. 645 environment. Journal of Molecular Cell Biology, 2, 13-18.
29. Mabhaudhi, T. (2009). Responses of maize (Zea mays L.) landraces to water stress compared with commercial hybrids (176 p). (Master), University of Kwazulu, South Africa.
30. Maguire, J. D. (1962). Speed of germination-aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Science, 2, 176-177.
31. Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral Nutration of Higher Plants (2nd Ed.). San Diego, California, USA: Academic Press,
32. McDonnell, A., Grant, M. & Coons, J. (2012). Effects of hot water on breaking seed dormancy of the endangered kankakee mallow, Iliamna remota Greene (Malvaceae). Erigenia Number, (25), 8-13.
33. McIvor, J. G. & Gardener, C. J. (1987). Effect of boiling water treatment on hard seededness and germination in some Stylosanthes species. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 27(6), 857-862.
34. Missanjo, E., Maya, C., Kapira, D., Banda, H. & Thole, G. K. (2013). Effect of seed size and pretreatment method on germination of Albizia lebbeck. International Scholarly Research Notices. https://www.hindawi.com/ journals /isrn/ 2013/969026/. Accessed on 28 February 2018.
35. Okunlola, A. I., Adebayo, R. A. & Orimogunje, A. D. (2011). Methods of breaking seed dormancy on germination and early seedling growth of African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) (JACQ.) Benth. Journal of Horticulture and Forestry, 3(1), 1-6.
36. Olatunji, D., Maku, O. J. & Odumefun, O. P. (2013). The effect of pre-treatment on germination and early seedling growth of Acacia auriculiformis Cunn Ex. Benth. African Journal of Plant Science, 7(8), 325-330.
37. Palupi, R. (2015). substitusi protein bungkil kedelai dengan protein tepung pucuk ındigofera zollingeriana untuk menghasilkan telur fungsional tinggi antioksidan. (PhD), IPB University, Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia. (in Indonesian language)
38. Roberts, E. H. (1973). Predicting the storagelife of seed. Seed Science and Technology, 1, 499-514.
39. Rusdy, M. (2015). Enhancing germination in seeds of Centrosema pubescens. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(10), 1-4.
40. Santos, C. (2010). Estatística descritiva: Manual de auto aprendizagem (264p). Lisboa, Sílabo.
41. Sarihan, E. O., Ipek, A., Khawar, K. M., Atak, M. & Grubuz, M. (2005). Role of GA3 and KNO3 in improving the frequency of seed germination in Plantago lanceolata L. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 37(4), 883-887.
42. Schmidt, W. C. (1961). Effects of some treatments on the dormancy of western larch seed (70 p). (Master), Montana State University, USA.
43. Schmidth, L. (2002). Pedoman Penanganan Benih Tanaman Hutan Tropis dan Subtropis. Jakarta: Direktorat Jendral Rehabilitasi Lahan dan Perhutanan Sosial Departemen Kehutanan. [in Indonsesian languange]
44. Shaban, M. (2013). Study on some aspects of seed viability and vigor. International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 1(12), 1692-1697.
45. Smykal, P., Vernoud, V., Blair, M. W., Soukup, A. & Thompson, R. D. (2014). The role of the testa during development and in establishment of dormancy of the legume seed. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5(351), 1-19.
46. Steel, R. G. & Torrie, J. H. (1980). Principles and Procedures of Statistics a Biometrical Approach (633 p) (2nd Ed.). New York, USA: McGraw-Hill.
47. Taheri, M. N., Gholami, M., Baninasab, B., Mobli, M. & Moradi, S. (2014). Pomegranate seed germination and dormancy breaking techniques. Seed Technology, 36(2), 139-149.
48. Uzan, F. & Aydin, I. (2004). Improving germination rate of Medicago and Trifolium species. Asian Journal of Plant Science, 3(6), 714-717.
49. Wycherley, P. R. (1960). Seed germination of some tropical legumes. Journal of Rubber Research Institue of Malaya, 16(2), 99-106.
50. Yildiztugay, E. & Kucukoduk, M. (2012). Dormancy breaking and germination requirements for seeds of Sphaerophysa kotschyana Boiss. Journal of Global Biosciences, 1, 20-27.
51. Yucel, E. (2000). Effects of different salt (NaCl), nitrate (KNO3) and sulphuric acid (H2SO4) concentrations on the germination of some salvia species seeds. Seed Science and Technology, 28, 853-860.