Contribution of Genetic and Chromosome Engineering Studies from Past to Present to Sustainable Agriculture and Plant Breeding

Abstract

It is predicted that by 2050 the population will reach 9.2 billion and the demands for equal and basic needs must be met worldwide. Until today, various studies have been carried out to increase agricultural production. However, new technologies and methods that ensure higher yields per unit area should be developed and integrated into plant breeding programs. While contradictory practices to sustainable agriculture should still be reduced, productivity in agriculture can be increased by understanding plant biology, evolution, and genome structure. In addition, efficient use of genetic diversity, adaptation of knowledge from model plants to breeding programs, and the genetic resource potential of orphan plants will contribute to the development of new genotypes. So far, modern technologies such as gene transformation, DNA sequencing, genome mapping and genome editing have played an active role in understanding the genome structure in plants. Numerous chromosome engineering methods such as FISH, GISH, chromosome truncation via telomeres, mini chromosomes, detection of syntenic chromosomal loci between organisms, discovery of repetitive DNA elements and the use of structural CENH3 protein will also be a driving force in agricultural development. Agricultural research, benefiting from the advances in basic sciences, will support achieving the desired goal in the long term. Potentially, chromosome engineering methods contribute to the increase of agricultural production in the future. In this review article, we aim to create a discussion platform for researchers by providing unique perspectives synthesized from agriculture, breeding and genetics and bringing together the current and rapidly developing interdisciplinary thematic studies.

Keywords

• Biotechnology
• Chromosome engineering
• Genetic engineering
• Plant breeding
• Sustainable agriculture

Geçmişten Günümüze Genetik ve Kromozom Mühendisliği Çalışmalarının Sürdürülebilir Tarım ve Bitki Islahına Katkısı

Abstract

2050 yılında nüfusun 9.2 milyara ulaşacağı ve dünya genelinde eşit ve insani temel ihtiyaçlara olan taleplerin karşılanması gerektiği öngörülmektedir. Günümüze kadar, tarımsal üretimin arttırılmasına yönelik çeşitli çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte birim alandan daha yüksek verim alınmasını sağlayan yeni teknoloji ve yöntemlerin geliştirilip bitki ıslah programlarına entegre edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu entegrasyon sayesinde hem sürdürülebilir tarım anlayışına uyumsuz aşırı girdi ve mekanizasyon kullanımı azaltılabilecek hem de bitki biyolojisi, evrimi, genom yapısı anlaşılarak tarımda verimlilik arttırılabilecektir. Ayrıca genetik çeşitlilikten yararlanılması, model bitkilerden sağlanan verilerin bitki ıslah programlarına adapte edilmesi, yetim bitkilerin genetik kaynak potansiyelinin kullanılmasına yönelik çalışmalar yeni genotiplerin eldesine katkı sağlayacaktır. Bugüne kadar gen transformasyonu, DNA dizilemesi, genom haritalaması ve genom düzenleme gibi modern teknolojiler bitkilerde genom yapısının anlaşılmasında etkin rol oynamıştır. FISH, GISH, telomer aracılığıyla kromozom kesimi, minikromozomlar, organizmalar arası sintenik kromozomal lokuslarının saptanması, tekrarlayan DNA elementlerinin keşfi ve yapısal CENH3 proteininin kullanımı gibi çok sayıda kromozom mühendisliği yöntemleri de tarımsal gelişmede itici güç oluşturacaktır. Temel bilimlerdeki ilerlemelerden faydalanan tarımsal araştırmalar uzun vadede istenilen amaca ulaşmayı destekleyecek ve gelecekte kromozom mühendisliği yöntemleri özelinde tarımsal üretimin artırılmasına katkı sağlayacaktır. Tüm bunlara ek olarak, bu derleme makalesinde bir araya getirilen güncel ve hızlı gelişen disiplinler arası tematik çalışmalar ve aynı zamanda tarım, ıslah ve genetik disiplinlerinden sentezlenen perspektiflerin, bu alanlarda çalışan araştırmacılara yönlendirici bir tartışma platformu sunması hedeflenmiştir.

Keywords

• Biyoteknoloji
• Bitki ıslahı
• Genetik mühendisliği
• Kromozom mühendisliği
• Sürdürülebilir tarım

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