Crataegus Türleri Arasındaki Morfolojik Değişkenliğin Çok Değişkenli Analizle Belirlenmesi

Öz

İnsan sağlığı üzerinde olumlu etkileri olan ve yabani olarak yetişen Crataegus cinsinin birçok türü mevcuttur. Bu türlerin fenotipik değişkenlikleri ile ilgili bilgiler oldukça yetersizdir. Morfolojik ve fizikokimyasal özellikler bakımında dört Crataegus türüne (C. monogyna, C. Orientalis, C. astrosanguinea ve C. meyeri) ait kırk dört genotipte fenotipik değişkenlikler incelenmiştir. İncelenen özellikler açısından türler arasında önemli farklılıklar gözlenmiştir. İncelenen türlerin meyve ağırlığı 1.60-2.50 g (C. orientalis), 1.53-2.33 g (C. meyeri), 1.26-2.41 g (C. astrosanguinea) ve 0.38-1.98 g (C. monogyna) arasında değişmiştir. En yüksek meyve boyu (15.19 mm) ve genişliği (17.58 mm) C. orientalis türünde tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek L*, a*, ve hueo değerleri C. meyeri türünde bulunurken, en yüksek b* değeri C. monogyna ve Chroma* değeri ise C. orientalis türünde belirlenmiştir. En yüksek SÇKM ve pH sırasıyla %3.99 ve 4.33 ile C. monogyna'da tespit edilmiştir. Toplam Asitlik ise 1.83 mg L-1 ile C. monogyna'da en yüksek belirlenmiştir. Tohum sayısı 1.36 adet (C. monogyna) ile 4.33 adet (C. orientalis) arasında değişirken, tohum ağırlığı sırasıyla C. mongyna ve C. astrosanguinea'da 0.23 g ile 0.45 g arasında belirlenmiştir. Morfolojik karakterler arasında önemli ilişkilerin olduğu korelasyon analiziyle belirlenmiştir. Temel bileşen ve küme analizi, çalışılan tür içinde ve türler arasında yüksek fenotipik çeşitliliğin olduğu ve bu karakterlerin Crataegus türlerinin tanımlanması için yararlı olduğunu göstermiştir. Çalışma sonuçları, alıç türlerinin morfolojik karakterleri, renk karakterizasyonun belirlenmesinin ve kullanımları hakkında faydalı bilgiler ortaya çıkarmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kümeleme analizi
• Morfolojik değişkenlik
• Renk değişkenliği
• Crataegus
• Çoklu değişkenlik analiz

Multivariate Analysis Revealed the Morphological Variability Among Crataegus Species

Abstract

The Crataegus genus has many species growing as wild that have positive effects on human health. The information about the phenotypic diversity of this species is rather inadequate. Phenotypic diversity among forty-four genotypes belonging to four Crataegus species (C. monogyna, C. orientalis, C. astrosanguinea, and C. meyeri) was determined based on morphological and physicochemical characteristics. Significant differences were observed among the species in terms of studied characteristics. Fruit weight ranges from 1.60 to 2.50 g for C. orientalis, 1.53 to 2.33 g for C. meyeri, 1.26 to 2.41 g for C. astrosanguinea, and 0.38 to 1.98 g for C. monogyna. The highest fruit length (15.19 mm) and width (17.58 mm) were determined in C. orientalis. The heights color values, L*, a*, and hueo values were highest in C. meyeri, while b* value was highest in C. monogyna and Chroma* was in C. orientalis. The highest TSS and pH were found in C. monogyna as 3.99% and 4.33%, respectively. TA was highest in C. monogyna with 1.83 mg L-1. Seed size ranged from 1.36 (C. monogyna) to 4.33 (C. orientalis), while seed weight ranged from 0.23 g to 0.45 g in C. mongyna and C. astrosanguinea, respectively. The correlation analysis indicated significant correlations between morphological characters. The principal component and clustering analyses revealed high phenotypic variety among and within the species, showing that the studied characters were useful for describing Crataegus species. The results provided valuable insights for morphological and colorimetric characterization of hawthorn species and their utilization.

Keywords

• Clustering analysis
• Morphological diversity
• Color diversity
• Crataegus
• Multivariety analysis

References

1. Aierken, A., Buchholz, T., Chen, C., Zhang, X., & Melzig, M. F. (2017). Hypoglycemic effect of hawthorn in type II diabetes mellitus rat model. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 97(13), 4557–4561. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8323.
2. Alirezalu , A., Ahmadi, .N, Salehi, P., Sonboli, A., Alirezalu, K., Mousavi Khaneghah, A., Barba F.J., Munekata, P.E.S., & Lorenzo, J. M. (2020). Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant activity, and phenolic compounds of hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) fruits species for potential use in food applications. Foods. 9(4):436. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040436
3. Alirezalu, A., Salehi, P., Ahmadi, N., Sonboli, A., Aceto, S., Hatami Maleki, H., & Ayyari, M. (2018). Flavonoids profile and antioxidant activity in flowers and leaves of hawthorn species (Crataegus spp.) from different regions of Iran. International Journal of Food Properties, 21:1, 452-470, DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1446146
4. Baytop, T. (1984). Treatment with plants in Turkey. Istanbul University Publication No. 3255, Istanbul (in Turkish).
5. Bektaş, M., Bükücü, Ş.B., Özcan, A., & Sütyemez, M. (2017). Plant and pomological characteristics of hawthorn (crataeugus spp.) genotypes found in Akçadağ and Hekimhan region. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Science. 4(4): 484–490.
6. Bor, Z., Arslan, R., Bektas, N., Pirildar, S., & Donmez, A.A. (2012). Antinociceptive anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of the ethanol extract of Crataegus orientalis leaves. Turk J Med Sci. 42(2):315–324.
7. Browicz, P.H. (1972). Crataegus. In: Davis PH (ed), Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Edinburg Univ. Press, No: 22, Edinburg
8. Çalışkan, O., Gündüz, K., & Bayazıt, S. (2018). Sarı Alıç (Crataegus azarolus L.) genotipinin Morfolojik, biyolojik ve meyve kalite özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpasa University. (2018) 35 (Ek Sayı), 69-74.

9. Can, Ö.D., Özkay, Ü.D., Öztürk, N., & Öztürk, Y., (2010). Effects of hawthorn seed and pulp extracts on the central nervous system. Pharmaceutical Biology, 8:924-931.
10. Cao, G., Verdon, C., Wu, A. H. B., Wang, H., & Prior, R.L. (1995). Automated oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay using the COBAS FARA II. Clin. Chem. 41: 1738-1744.
11. Chang, Q., Zuo, Z., Chow, M.S, & Ho, W.K. (2006). Effect of storage temperature on phenolics stability in hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida var. major) fruits and a hawthorn drink. Food Chem 98:426–430
12. Christensen, K. I. (1992). Revision of Crataegus Sect, Crataegus and Nothosect, Crataeguineae Rosaceae-Maloideae in the old world. Monogr Syst Bot. 35:1–199.
13. Edwards, J. E., Brown, P. N., Talent, N., Dickinson, T. A., & Shipley, P. R. A. (2012). review of the chemistry of the genus Crataegus. Phytochemistry 79, 5–26
14. El-Sayed, A. (2011). The Pherobase: Database of Insect Pheromones and Semiochemicals. http://www.pherobase.com.
15. Gonzalez-Jimenez, F. E., Salazar-Montoya, J. A., Calva, G., & Ramos-Ramırez, E. G. (2018). Phytochemical characterization in vitro antioxidant activity and quantitative analysis by micellar electro kinetic chromatography of Hawthorn (Crataegus pubescens) fruit. J Food Qual. 1–11. doi:10.1155/2018/2154893.
16. Güler, E., Bak, T., Karadeniz, T., & Muradoğlu, F. (2021). Relationships of fruit characteristics of rosehips (rosa canina l.) grown in Bolu city center. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 11(2), 831-838.
17. Hummer, K. E., & Janick, J. (2009). Rosaceae: Taxonomy Economic Importance Genomics. In: Hummer KE and Postman JD, editors. Pyrus. New York:Springer; p. 922–927.
18. Khadivi, A., Heidari, P., Rezaei, M., Safari-Khuzani, A., and Sahebi, M. (2019). Morphological variabilities of Crataegus monogyna and C. pentagyna in northeastern areas of Iran. Industrial Crops and Products. 139:111531
19. Khoo, H. E., Azlan, A., Tang, S. T., & Lim, S. M. (2017). Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits. Food & nutrition research, 61(1), 1361779.
20. Macit, İ. (2021). Evaluation of agronomic, bioactive and element status of promising cherry laurel (P. laurocerasus) accessions in the genetic collection by multivariate analysis. Scientia Horticulturae, 287, 110253.
21. Muradoğlu, F., Gürsoy, S., Yıldız, K., (2019). Quantification analysis of biochemical and phenolic composition in Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) Fruits. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 61(2): 189-194.
22. Özcan, M., Hacıseferoğulları, H., Marakoğlu, T., & Arslan, D. (2005). Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) fruit: Some physical and chemical properties. Journal of Food Engineering, 69(4), 409–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfood eng.2004.08.032.
23. Pan, G.; Yu, G.; Zhu, C.; & Qiao, J. (2012). Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of flavonoids compounds (FC) from hawthorn seed (HS). Ultrason. Sonochem., 19, 486–490.
24. Peng, Y., Lou, L. L., Liu, S. F., Zhou, L., Huang, X. X., & Song, S. J. (2016). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory neolignans from the seeds of hawthorn. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 26(22), 5501-5506.
25. Phipps, J. B., O’Kennon, R. J., & Lance, R. W. (2003). Hawthorns and Medlars. Royal Horticultural Society, Cambridge U.K. pp:180
26. Phipps, J. B. (1998). Introduction to the red-fruited hawthorns (Crataegus, Rosaceae) of western North America. Canadian Journal of Botany 76(11): 1863-1899.
27. Stoenescu, A.M., & Cosmulescu, S. (2020). Varıabılıty of Morphologıcal Characterıstıcs In Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna L.) Fruıt Genotypes. South Western Journal of Horticulture, Biology and Environment Vol.11, No.1, pp.15-26
28. Tassell, M. C., Kingston, R., Gilroy, D., Lehane, M., & Furey, A. (2010). Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Pharmacognosy Reviews, 4(7), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.65324
29. Wei, T. & Simko, V. (2017). R Package “corrplot”: visualization of a correlation matrix (Version 0.84).
30. Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York. ISBN 978-3-319 24277-4, https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org.
31. Yalçın Dokumacı, K., Uslu, N., Hacıseferoğulları, H., and Örnek, M.N. (2021). Determination of Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Common Hawthorn (Crataegus Monogyna Jacq. Var. Monogyna). Erwerbs-Obstbau 63,99–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-021-00545-x.
32. Yanar, M., Ercişli, S., Yılmaz, K.U., Şahiner, H., Taşkın, T., Zengin, Y., Akgül, I., and Çelik, F. (2011). Morphological and Chemical Diversity among Hawthorn (Crataegus spp,) Genotypes from Turkey, Scientific Research and Essays, 6(1): 35-38.
33. Zhang, Z., Ho, W. K. K., Huang, Y., and Chen, Z. Y. (2002). Hypocholesterolemic activity of hawthorn fruit is mediated by regulation of cholesterol- 7α-hydroxylase and acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase. Food Res Int. 35:885–891
34. Zhao, H., & Tian, B. (1996). China Fruit-plant Monograph, Hawthorn Flora. Zhongguo Linye. Press, Beijing, pp 13–15.