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The Effects of Thymus Leaf’s (Thymus kotschyanus) in Different Levels Added to Alfalfa Hay on In vitro Digestibility Parameters

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2, 234 - 242, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.698468

Öz

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effect of different levels of thymus leaf (Thymus kotschyanus) to alfalfa hay (AH) on in vitro dry matter digestion (IVDMD), in vitro organic matter digestion (IVOMS), metabolic energy (ME) levels and rumen parameters. For this purpose, the level of 2%, 4% and 6% thymus leaves (KY) were added to AH. In the study, rumen fluids of 2 cows brought to salughterhouse were used. In the incubator, 4 groups were performed: no additive (AH), 2% TK (AH + 2%TK), 4% TK (AH+ 4%TK) and 6% TK (AH+ 6%TK). A total of 52 pouches, 10 samples and 3 blinds, were incubated for each jar. In this study performed in vitro on a Daisy incubator device, a 48 hour incubation time was applied. With the addition of TK at the level of 2%, 4% and 6% to AH, the in vitro total digestion (IVTD), IVDMD, IVOMD, and ME levels decreased (P <0.001). The in vitro pH levels were higher than the control in group with 6%TK and lower than the control in the group with 2%TK. In the study, pH levels of the groups were determined in the optimal rumen fluid pH ranges. Compared to the control group, while the amount of acetic acid (AA) increased significantly in the group added 4TK (P<0.001), no statistical difference was found between the added groups. In this study, the additive levels of thyme leaf, whose active compounds were defined, had a significant effect on the in vitro rumen parameters and also negatively affected the in vitro digestion levels of AH. This result will contribute to future studies in terms of the effects of active ingredients and doses in the structures of medicinal-aromatic plants on rumen fermentation parameters and AH's digestion. 

Proje Numarası

8569 TYL-2019-8569

Kaynakça

  • AOAC. (2000). Official Methods of Analysis (17th Ed.). Maryland, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
  • Baruh Ünal, A., & Kocabağlı, N. (2017). Effect of different levels of Oregano essential oil on some rumen parameters in lambs. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 43(2), 116-122.
  • Benchaar, C., Petit, H. V., Berthiaume, R., Whyte, T. D., & Chouinard, P. Y. (2006). Effects of addition of essential oils and monensin premix on digestion, ruminal fermentation, milk production and milk composition in dairy cow. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 4352-4364. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72482-1.
  • Benchaar, C., Petit, H. V., Berthiaume, R., Ouellet, D. R., Chiquette, J., & Chouinard, P. Y. (2007). Effects of essential oils on digestion, ruminal fermentation, rumen microbial populations, milk production, and milk composition in dairy cows fed alfalfa silage or corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 886-897. 103168/jds.S0022-0302(07)71572-2.
  • Benchaar, C., Calsamiglia, S., Chaves, A. V., Fraser, G. R., Colombatto, D., McAllister, T. A., & Beauchemnin, K. A. (2008). A review of plant derived essential oils in ruminant nutrition and production. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145, 209-228. 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.04.014.
  • Busquet, M., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A., Carro, M. D., & Kamel, C. (2005). Screening for the effects of natural plant extracts and secondary plant metabolites on rumen microbial fermentation in continuous culture. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 123, 597-613. 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.03.008.
  • Calsamiglia, S., Busquet, M., Cardozo, P. W., Castillejos, L., & Ferret, A. (2007). Invited Review: Essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. Journal Dairy Science, 90, 2580-2595. 10.3168/jds.2006-644.
  • Canbolat, Ö., Karaman, Ş., & Filya, İ. (2010). Farklı kekik yağı dozlarının mısır silajının sindirimi ve rumen fermantasyonu üzerine etkileri. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(6), 933-939. 10.9775/kvfd.2010.1959.
  • Cardozo, P. W., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A., & Kamel, C. (2004). Effects of natural plant extracts on ruminal protein degradation and fermentation profiles in continuous culture. Journal of Animal Science. 82, 3230-3236. 10.2527/2004.82113230x.
  • Castillejos, L., Calsamiglia, S., Martin-Tereso, J., & Ter Wijlen, H. (2008). In vitro evaluation of effects of ten essential oils at three doses on ruminal fermentation of high concentrate feedlot-type diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145, 259-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.037.
  • Chaves, A. V., Stanford, K., Dugan, M. E. R., Gibson, L. L., McAllister, T. A., Van Herk, F., & Benchaar, C. (2008). Effects of cinnamaldehyde, garlic and juniper berry essential oils on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of growing lamb. Livestock Science, 117, 215-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.12.013.
  • Cobellis, G., Acuti, G., Forte, C., Menghini, L., Vincenzi, S. De., Orru, M., Valiani, A., Pacetti, D., & Trabalza-Marinucci, M. (2015). Use of Rosmarinus officinalis in sheep diet formulations: Effects on ruminal fermentation, microbial numbers and in situ degradability. Small Ruminant Research, 126, 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.01.018.
  • Cobellis, C., Trabalza-Marinucci, M., Marcotullio, M. C., & Yu, Z. (2016). Evaluation of different essential oils in modulating methaneand ammonia production, rumen fermentation, and rumenbacteria in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 215, 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.02.008.
  • Dalar, A., Guo, Y., Esim, N., Bengu, A. S., & Konczak, I. (2015). Health attributes of an endemic orchid from Eastern Anatolia, Dactylorhiza chuhensis Renz&Taub.– In vitro investigations. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 5, 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2015.02.001.
  • Evans, J. D., & Martin, S. A. (2000). Effects of thymol on ruminal microorganisms. Current Microbiolog, 41, 336-340. 10.1007/s002840010145.
  • Gladine, C., Rock, E., Morand, C., Bauchart, D., & Durand, D. (2007). Bioavailability and antioxidant capacity of plant extracts rich in polyphenols, given as a single acute dose, in sheep made highly susceptible to lipoperoxidation. British Journal of Nutrition, 98, 691-701. 10.1017/S0007114507742666.
  • Gül, H., Avcı, M., & Kaplan, O. (2017). Bazı kaba yemlere çörek otu, kekik otu ve yağları ilavesinin in vitro organik madde sindirimi ve metan üretimi üzerine etkileri. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 167-173.
  • Hart, K. J., Yanez-Ruiz, D. R., Duval, S. M., McEwan, N. R., & Newbold, C. J. (2008). Plant extracts to manipulate rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 147, 8-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.007.
  • Kalamak, A., Canbolat, Ö., Özkan, Ç. Ö., & Atalay, A. İ. (2011). Effect of thymol on in vitro gas production, digestibility and metabolizable energy content of alfalfa hay. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(2), 211-216. 10.9775/kvfd.2010.2854.
  • Kaya, A. Kaya, H., & Çelebi, Ş. (2012). Ruminant hayvanlarda metan üretimini azaltmaya yönelik çalışmalar. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 43(2), 197-204.
  • Khateri, N., Azizi, O., & Jahani-Azizabadi, H. (2017). Effects of a specific blend of essential oils on apparent nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation and rumen microbial populations in sheep fed a 50:50 alfalfa hay:concentrate diet. Asian-Australas J. Anim Science, 30, 370-378. 10.5713/ajas.15.0865. Epub 2016 Jan 18.
  • Köknaroğlu, H., & Akünal, T. (2010). Küresel ısınmada hayvancılığın payı ve zooteknist olarak bizim rolümüz. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 67-75.
  • Macheboeuf, D., Morgavi, D. P., Papon, Y., Mousset, J. L., & Arturo-Schaan, M. (2008). Dose-response effects of essential oils on in vitro fermentation activity of the rumen microbial population. Animal Feed Science and Technolog, 145, 335-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.044.
  • Markham, P. (1942). A steam distilation apparatus suitable for micro-kjeldahl analyses. Journal Biochemistry, 36, 790-797. 10.1042/bj0360790.
  • Mellencamp, M. A., Koppien, J., Lamb, R., & Dvorak, R. (2011). Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of oregano essential oil. Proceeding-Posters. USA.
  • Mirzaei-Aghsaghali, A., Syadati, S. A., & Fathi, H. (2012). Some of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) properties in ruminant's nutrition. Annals of Biological Research, 3(2), 1191-1195.
  • SAS. SAS/STAT Software (2014). Hangen and Enhanced, Version 9.4, SAS, Inst. Inc., Cary, N.C. USA.
  • Odhaib, K. J., Adeyemi, K. D., Ahmed, M. A., Jahromi, M. F., Jusoh, S., Samsudin, A. A., Alimon, A. R., Yaakub, H., & Sazili, A. Q. (2018). Influence of Nigella sativa seeds, Rosmarinus officinalis leaves and their combination on growth performance, immune response and rumen metabolism in Dorper lambs. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 50(5), 1011-1023. 10.1007/s11250-018-1525-7. Epub 2018 Apr 13.
  • Spanghero, M., Zanfi, C., Fabbro, E., Scicutella, N., & Camellini, C. (2008). Effects of a blend of essential oils on some end productus of in vitro rumen fermentation. Animal feed science and technology, 145, 364-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.048.
  • Thornton, J. H. & Owens, F. N. (1981). Monensin supplementation and in vivo methane production by steers. Journal of Animal Science, 52, 628-634. 10.2527/jas1981.523628x.
  • Ünal, A., & Kocabağlı, N. (2014). Effect of different dosages of Oregano Oil on performance and some blood parameters in lambs. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 61, 199-204.
  • Üstü, Y., & Uğurlu, M. (2018). Kekiğin tıbbi kullanımı. Ankara Med. J., 2, 242-245. 1017098/amj.435291.
  • Vakili, A. R., Khorrami, B., Danesh Mesgaram, M., & Parand, E. (2013). The Effects of thyme and cinnamon essential oils on performance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolities in Hostein Calves Consuming High Concentrate Diet. Asian Australas. Journal of Animal Science, 26(7), 935-944. 10.5713/ajas.2012.12636.
  • Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 3583-3597. 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2.
  • Wang, C. J., Wang, S. P., & Zou, H. (2009). Influences of flavomycin, ropadiar and saponin on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and methane emission from sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 148, 157-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.03.008.
  • Yeşilbağ, D. (2007). Fitobiyotikler. Uludağ University Journal of Faculty Veterinary Medicine, 26 (1-2), 33–39.
  • Yeşilbağ, D., Biricik, H., Çetin, I., Kara, C., Meral, Y., Cengiz, S. S., Orman, A., & Udum, D. (2016). Effects of juniper essential oil on growth performance, some rumen protozoa, rumen fermentation and antioxidant blood. enzyme parameters of growing Saanen kids. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2016; 101(5): 67-76. 10.1111/jpn.12560.
  • Zamiri, M. J., Azizabadi, E., Momeni, Z., Rezvani, M. R., Atashi, H., & Akhlaghi, A. (2015). Effect of thymol and carvacrol on nutrient digestibility in rams fed high or low concentrate diets. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 16(4), 335-340.

Farklı Düzeylerde Kekik Yaprağı (Thymus kotschyanus) İlavesinin Yonca Kuru Otunun İn vitro Sindirim Parametrelerine Etkisi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2, 234 - 242, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.698468

Öz

Bu çalışmada, yonca kuru otuna (YKO) farklı düzeylerde kekik yaprağı (Thymus kotschyanus) ilavesinin, in vitro kuru madde sindirimi (IVKMS), in vitro organik madde sindirimi (IVOMS), metabolik enerji (ME) düzeyleri ile rumen parametreleri üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak, YKO’na %2, %4 ve %6 seviyelerinde kekik yaprağı (KY) ilave edilmiştir. Çalışmada, mezbahaneye kesim için getirilen 2 adet büyükbaş hayvanın rumen sıvıları kullanılmıştır. İnkübatörde, katkısız (YKO), %2 KY (YKO+%2KY), %4 KY (YKO+%4KY) ve %6 KY (YKO+%6KY) olmak üzere 4 grup oluşturulmuştur. Her bir kavanoz için 10 adet örnek, 3 adet kör olmak üzere toplamda 52 adet kese inkübe edilmiştir. Daisy inkübatör cihazında in vitro olarak gerçekleştirilen bu çalışmada, 48 saat inkübasyon süresi uygulanmıştır. Yonca kuru otuna %2, %4 ve %6 düzeyinde KY ilavesi ile in vitro toplam sindirim (IVTS), IVKMS, IVOMS ile ME düzeyleri azalmıştır (P<0.001). İn vitro pH düzeyleri %6 KY katkılı grupta kontrolden yüksek, %2 KY katkılı grupta ise kontrolden düşük elde edilmiştir. Çalışmada gruplara ait pH düzeyleri optimal rumen sıvısı pH aralıklarında belirlenmiştir. Kontrol grubuna göre %4KY katkılı grupta asetik asit (AA) miktarı artarken (P<0.001), diğer gruplar arasında istatistiksel bir farklılık tespit edilmemiştir. Bu çalışmada aktif bileşikleri tanımlanan kekik yaprağının kullanılan katkı seviyeleri in vitro rumen parametrelerine önemli derecede etki etmiş, YKO’nun in vitro sindirim derecelerini de olumsuz etkilemiştir. Bu sonuç tıbbi-aromatik bitkilerin yapılarındaki aktif bileşenler ve dozlarının rumen fermantasyon parametreleri ve YKO’nun sindirimine etkisi bakımından gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalara katkı sağlayacaktır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeler Başkanlığı

Proje Numarası

8569 TYL-2019-8569

Teşekkür

TYL-2019-8569 no'lu projeyi destekleyen Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeler Başkanlığı'na teşekkür ederiz

Kaynakça

  • AOAC. (2000). Official Methods of Analysis (17th Ed.). Maryland, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.
  • Baruh Ünal, A., & Kocabağlı, N. (2017). Effect of different levels of Oregano essential oil on some rumen parameters in lambs. İstanbul Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 43(2), 116-122.
  • Benchaar, C., Petit, H. V., Berthiaume, R., Whyte, T. D., & Chouinard, P. Y. (2006). Effects of addition of essential oils and monensin premix on digestion, ruminal fermentation, milk production and milk composition in dairy cow. Journal of Dairy Science, 89, 4352-4364. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72482-1.
  • Benchaar, C., Petit, H. V., Berthiaume, R., Ouellet, D. R., Chiquette, J., & Chouinard, P. Y. (2007). Effects of essential oils on digestion, ruminal fermentation, rumen microbial populations, milk production, and milk composition in dairy cows fed alfalfa silage or corn silage. Journal of Dairy Science, 90, 886-897. 103168/jds.S0022-0302(07)71572-2.
  • Benchaar, C., Calsamiglia, S., Chaves, A. V., Fraser, G. R., Colombatto, D., McAllister, T. A., & Beauchemnin, K. A. (2008). A review of plant derived essential oils in ruminant nutrition and production. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145, 209-228. 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.04.014.
  • Busquet, M., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A., Carro, M. D., & Kamel, C. (2005). Screening for the effects of natural plant extracts and secondary plant metabolites on rumen microbial fermentation in continuous culture. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 123, 597-613. 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.03.008.
  • Calsamiglia, S., Busquet, M., Cardozo, P. W., Castillejos, L., & Ferret, A. (2007). Invited Review: Essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation. Journal Dairy Science, 90, 2580-2595. 10.3168/jds.2006-644.
  • Canbolat, Ö., Karaman, Ş., & Filya, İ. (2010). Farklı kekik yağı dozlarının mısır silajının sindirimi ve rumen fermantasyonu üzerine etkileri. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(6), 933-939. 10.9775/kvfd.2010.1959.
  • Cardozo, P. W., Calsamiglia, S., Ferret, A., & Kamel, C. (2004). Effects of natural plant extracts on ruminal protein degradation and fermentation profiles in continuous culture. Journal of Animal Science. 82, 3230-3236. 10.2527/2004.82113230x.
  • Castillejos, L., Calsamiglia, S., Martin-Tereso, J., & Ter Wijlen, H. (2008). In vitro evaluation of effects of ten essential oils at three doses on ruminal fermentation of high concentrate feedlot-type diets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 145, 259-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.037.
  • Chaves, A. V., Stanford, K., Dugan, M. E. R., Gibson, L. L., McAllister, T. A., Van Herk, F., & Benchaar, C. (2008). Effects of cinnamaldehyde, garlic and juniper berry essential oils on rumen fermentation, blood metabolites, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of growing lamb. Livestock Science, 117, 215-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.12.013.
  • Cobellis, G., Acuti, G., Forte, C., Menghini, L., Vincenzi, S. De., Orru, M., Valiani, A., Pacetti, D., & Trabalza-Marinucci, M. (2015). Use of Rosmarinus officinalis in sheep diet formulations: Effects on ruminal fermentation, microbial numbers and in situ degradability. Small Ruminant Research, 126, 10-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.01.018.
  • Cobellis, C., Trabalza-Marinucci, M., Marcotullio, M. C., & Yu, Z. (2016). Evaluation of different essential oils in modulating methaneand ammonia production, rumen fermentation, and rumenbacteria in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 215, 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.02.008.
  • Dalar, A., Guo, Y., Esim, N., Bengu, A. S., & Konczak, I. (2015). Health attributes of an endemic orchid from Eastern Anatolia, Dactylorhiza chuhensis Renz&Taub.– In vitro investigations. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 5, 77-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2015.02.001.
  • Evans, J. D., & Martin, S. A. (2000). Effects of thymol on ruminal microorganisms. Current Microbiolog, 41, 336-340. 10.1007/s002840010145.
  • Gladine, C., Rock, E., Morand, C., Bauchart, D., & Durand, D. (2007). Bioavailability and antioxidant capacity of plant extracts rich in polyphenols, given as a single acute dose, in sheep made highly susceptible to lipoperoxidation. British Journal of Nutrition, 98, 691-701. 10.1017/S0007114507742666.
  • Gül, H., Avcı, M., & Kaplan, O. (2017). Bazı kaba yemlere çörek otu, kekik otu ve yağları ilavesinin in vitro organik madde sindirimi ve metan üretimi üzerine etkileri. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(2), 167-173.
  • Hart, K. J., Yanez-Ruiz, D. R., Duval, S. M., McEwan, N. R., & Newbold, C. J. (2008). Plant extracts to manipulate rumen fermentation. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 147, 8-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.007.
  • Kalamak, A., Canbolat, Ö., Özkan, Ç. Ö., & Atalay, A. İ. (2011). Effect of thymol on in vitro gas production, digestibility and metabolizable energy content of alfalfa hay. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(2), 211-216. 10.9775/kvfd.2010.2854.
  • Kaya, A. Kaya, H., & Çelebi, Ş. (2012). Ruminant hayvanlarda metan üretimini azaltmaya yönelik çalışmalar. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 43(2), 197-204.
  • Khateri, N., Azizi, O., & Jahani-Azizabadi, H. (2017). Effects of a specific blend of essential oils on apparent nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation and rumen microbial populations in sheep fed a 50:50 alfalfa hay:concentrate diet. Asian-Australas J. Anim Science, 30, 370-378. 10.5713/ajas.15.0865. Epub 2016 Jan 18.
  • Köknaroğlu, H., & Akünal, T. (2010). Küresel ısınmada hayvancılığın payı ve zooteknist olarak bizim rolümüz. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 67-75.
  • Macheboeuf, D., Morgavi, D. P., Papon, Y., Mousset, J. L., & Arturo-Schaan, M. (2008). Dose-response effects of essential oils on in vitro fermentation activity of the rumen microbial population. Animal Feed Science and Technolog, 145, 335-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.044.
  • Markham, P. (1942). A steam distilation apparatus suitable for micro-kjeldahl analyses. Journal Biochemistry, 36, 790-797. 10.1042/bj0360790.
  • Mellencamp, M. A., Koppien, J., Lamb, R., & Dvorak, R. (2011). Antibacterial and antioxidant activity of oregano essential oil. Proceeding-Posters. USA.
  • Mirzaei-Aghsaghali, A., Syadati, S. A., & Fathi, H. (2012). Some of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) properties in ruminant's nutrition. Annals of Biological Research, 3(2), 1191-1195.
  • SAS. SAS/STAT Software (2014). Hangen and Enhanced, Version 9.4, SAS, Inst. Inc., Cary, N.C. USA.
  • Odhaib, K. J., Adeyemi, K. D., Ahmed, M. A., Jahromi, M. F., Jusoh, S., Samsudin, A. A., Alimon, A. R., Yaakub, H., & Sazili, A. Q. (2018). Influence of Nigella sativa seeds, Rosmarinus officinalis leaves and their combination on growth performance, immune response and rumen metabolism in Dorper lambs. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 50(5), 1011-1023. 10.1007/s11250-018-1525-7. Epub 2018 Apr 13.
  • Spanghero, M., Zanfi, C., Fabbro, E., Scicutella, N., & Camellini, C. (2008). Effects of a blend of essential oils on some end productus of in vitro rumen fermentation. Animal feed science and technology, 145, 364-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.048.
  • Thornton, J. H. & Owens, F. N. (1981). Monensin supplementation and in vivo methane production by steers. Journal of Animal Science, 52, 628-634. 10.2527/jas1981.523628x.
  • Ünal, A., & Kocabağlı, N. (2014). Effect of different dosages of Oregano Oil on performance and some blood parameters in lambs. Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 61, 199-204.
  • Üstü, Y., & Uğurlu, M. (2018). Kekiğin tıbbi kullanımı. Ankara Med. J., 2, 242-245. 1017098/amj.435291.
  • Vakili, A. R., Khorrami, B., Danesh Mesgaram, M., & Parand, E. (2013). The Effects of thyme and cinnamon essential oils on performance, rumen fermentation and blood metabolities in Hostein Calves Consuming High Concentrate Diet. Asian Australas. Journal of Animal Science, 26(7), 935-944. 10.5713/ajas.2012.12636.
  • Van Soest, P. J., Robertson, J. B., & Lewis, B. A. (1991). Methods of dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 3583-3597. 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2.
  • Wang, C. J., Wang, S. P., & Zou, H. (2009). Influences of flavomycin, ropadiar and saponin on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and methane emission from sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 148, 157-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.03.008.
  • Yeşilbağ, D. (2007). Fitobiyotikler. Uludağ University Journal of Faculty Veterinary Medicine, 26 (1-2), 33–39.
  • Yeşilbağ, D., Biricik, H., Çetin, I., Kara, C., Meral, Y., Cengiz, S. S., Orman, A., & Udum, D. (2016). Effects of juniper essential oil on growth performance, some rumen protozoa, rumen fermentation and antioxidant blood. enzyme parameters of growing Saanen kids. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition. 2016; 101(5): 67-76. 10.1111/jpn.12560.
  • Zamiri, M. J., Azizabadi, E., Momeni, Z., Rezvani, M. R., Atashi, H., & Akhlaghi, A. (2015). Effect of thymol and carvacrol on nutrient digestibility in rams fed high or low concentrate diets. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 16(4), 335-340.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hayvansal Üretim (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Emir Köseoğlu Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-5874-8028

Mehtap Güney 0000-0002-0613-3600

Proje Numarası 8569 TYL-2019-8569
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2020
Kabul Tarihi 10 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Köseoğlu, E., & Güney, M. (2020). Farklı Düzeylerde Kekik Yaprağı (Thymus kotschyanus) İlavesinin Yonca Kuru Otunun İn vitro Sindirim Parametrelerine Etkisi. Yuzuncu Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 30(2), 234-242. https://doi.org/10.29133/yyutbd.698468

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