| | | |

## Special Graceful Labelings of Irregular Fences and Lobsters

#### Christian Barrientos [1]

##### 68 132

Irregular fences are subgraphs of $P_m \times P_n$ formed with $m$ copies of $P_n$ in such a way that two consecutive copies of $P_n$ are connected with one or two edges; if two edges are used, then they are located in levels separated an odd number of units. We prove here that any of these fences admits a special kind of graceful labeling, called $\alpha$-labeling. We show that there is a huge variety of this type of fences presenting a closed formula to determine the number of them that can be built on the grid $[1,m] \times [1, n]$. If only one edge is used to connect any pair of consecutive copies of $P_n$, the resulting graph is a tree. We use the $\alpha$-labelings of this type of fences to construct and label a subfamily of lobsters, partially answering the long standing conjecture of Bermond that states that all lobsters are graceful. The final labeling of the lobsters presented here is not only graceful, it is an $\alpha$-labeling, therefore they can be used to produce new graceful trees.
Fence, Graceful labelling, Lobster
• [1] A. Rosa, On certain valuations of the vertices of a graph, Theory of Graphs (Internat. Symposium, Rome, July 1966), Gordon and Breach, N. Y. and Dunod Paris, (1967), 349-355.
• [2] G. S. Bloom, S. W. Golomb, Applications of numbered undirected graphs, Proc. IEEE, 65 (1977), 562-570.
• [3] G. S. Bloom and S. W. Golomb, Numbered complete graphs, unusual rulers, and assorted applications, In Theory and Applications of Graphs, Lecture Notes in Math., 642, Springer-Verlag,New York, 1978, 53-65.
• [4] L. Brankovic, I. M. Wanless, Graceful labelling: State of the art, applications and future directions, Math Comput. Sci., 5 (2011), 11-20.
• [5] M. Maheo, H. Thuillier, On d-graceful graphs, Ars Combin., 13 (1982), 181-192.
• [6] P. J. Slater, On k-graceful graphs, Proc. of the 13th S.E. Conf. on Combinatorics, Graph Theory and Computing, (1982), 53-57.
• [7] C. Barrientos, Difference Vertex Labelings, Ph.D. Thesis, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, 2004.
• [8] G. Chartrand, L. Lesniak, Graphs & Digraphs, 2nd ed. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole, Monterey, 1986.
• [9] J. A. Gallian, A dynamic survey of graph labeling, Electron. J. Combin., 21(#DS6), 2018.
• [10] C. Barrientos, S. Minion, Counting and labeling grid related graphs, preprint.
• [11] V. Jovovic, https://oeis.org/A002620, 2000.
• [12] C. Barrientos, https://oeis.org/A152271, 2019.
• [13] D. Morgan, All lobsters with perfect matchings are graceful, Electron. Notes Discrete Math., 11 (2002), 6 pages.
• [14] J. C. Bermond, Graceful graphs, radio antennae and French windmills, Graph Theory and Combinatorics, Pitman, London, 1979, 18-37.
• [15] R. Stanton, C. Zarnke, Labeling of balanced trees, Proc. 4th Southeast Conf. Combin., Graph Theory and Combinatorics, (1973), 479-495.
• [16] M. Burzio, G. Ferrarese, The subdivision graph of a graceful tree is a graceful tree, Discrete Math., 181 (1998) 275-281.
• [17] J. G. Wang, D. J. Jin, X.-G Lu, D. Zhang, The gracefulness of a class of lobster trees, Math. Comput. Modelling, 20 (1994), 105-110.
• [18] D. Mishra, A. C. Panda, Some new family of graceful lobsters, Adv. Appl. Discrete Math., 14(1) (2014), 1-24.
• [19] D. Mishra, P. Panigrahi, Graceful lobsters obtained by component moving of diameter four trees, Comput. Math. Appl., 50 (2005), 367-380.
• [20] D. Mishra, P. Panigrahi, Some graceful lobsters with all three types of branches incident on the vertices of the central path, Comput. Math. Appl., 56 (2008), 1382-1394.
• [21] D. Mishra, P. Panigrahi, Some new classes of graceful lobsters obtained from diameter four trees, Math. Bohem., 135 (2010), 257-278.
• [22] E. Krop, Lobsters with an almost perfect matching are graceful, Bull. Inst. Combin. Appl., 74 (2015), 21-24.
• [23] C. Barrientos, Graceful labelings of chain and corona graphs, Bull. Inst. Combin. Appl., 34 (2002), 17-26.
Primary Language en Mathematics Articles Orcid: 0000-0003-2838-8687Author: Christian Barrientos (Primary Author)Institution: Valencia CollegeCountry: United States
 Bibtex @research article { ujma520682, journal = {Universal Journal of Mathematics and Applications}, issn = {2619-9653}, address = {Emrah Evren KARA}, year = {2019}, volume = {2}, pages = {1 - 10}, doi = {10.32323/ujma.520682}, title = {Special Graceful Labelings of Irregular Fences and Lobsters}, key = {cite}, author = {Barrientos, Christian} } APA Barrientos, C . (2019). Special Graceful Labelings of Irregular Fences and Lobsters. Universal Journal of Mathematics and Applications, 2 (1), 1-10. DOI: 10.32323/ujma.520682 MLA Barrientos, C . "Special Graceful Labelings of Irregular Fences and Lobsters". Universal Journal of Mathematics and Applications 2 (2019): 1-10 Chicago Barrientos, C . "Special Graceful Labelings of Irregular Fences and Lobsters". Universal Journal of Mathematics and Applications 2 (2019): 1-10 RIS TY - JOUR T1 - Special Graceful Labelings of Irregular Fences and Lobsters AU - Christian Barrientos Y1 - 2019 PY - 2019 N1 - doi: 10.32323/ujma.520682 DO - 10.32323/ujma.520682 T2 - Universal Journal of Mathematics and Applications JF - Journal JO - JOR SP - 1 EP - 10 VL - 2 IS - 1 SN - 2619-9653- M3 - doi: 10.32323/ujma.520682 UR - https://doi.org/10.32323/ujma.520682 Y2 - 2019 ER - EndNote %0 Universal Journal of Mathematics and Applications Special Graceful Labelings of Irregular Fences and Lobsters %A Christian Barrientos %T Special Graceful Labelings of Irregular Fences and Lobsters %D 2019 %J Universal Journal of Mathematics and Applications %P 2619-9653- %V 2 %N 1 %R doi: 10.32323/ujma.520682 %U 10.32323/ujma.520682 ISNAD Barrientos, Christian . "Special Graceful Labelings of Irregular Fences and Lobsters". Universal Journal of Mathematics and Applications 2 / 1 (March 2019): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.32323/ujma.520682