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Heavy Metals and Phytoremediation: Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 1 - 22, 01.04.2011

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Ağır Metaller ve Fitoremediasyon: Fizyolojik ve Moleküler Mekanizmalar

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 1 - 22, 01.04.2011

Öz

Ağır metal kirliliği, tarım ve insan sağlığı üzerinde olumsuz potansiyel etkisi olan önemli bir çevre sorunudur. Toksik elementlerin uzaklaştırılması ve parçalanması için fiziksel remediasyon teknolojileri kullanılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, çevreyi tahrip edici fiziksel remediasyon yöntemlerine alternatif olarak fitoremediasyon tekniği görülmektedir. Ağır metallerin uzaklaştırılması için bitkilerin kullanıldığı fitoremediasyon tekniği etkin, çevre dostu ve ucuz bir metottur. Bazı bitkiler ağır metal detoksifikasyonu ile ilişkili potansiyel mekanizmalara sahip olup; metal stresi altında canlılıklarını sürdürebilmektedir. Metal hiperakümülatörü bitkiler, gövde dokularında oldukça yüksek konsantrasyonlarda metal iyonlarını biriktirmekte ve detoksifiye edebilmektedir. Ağır metal toksisitesine karşı yüksek tolerans, bir genotip ile çevresi arasındaki etkileşime bağlı olarak metal alınımındaki azalma ve içsel alıkonmadaki artışa bağlı olarak gerçekleşmektedir. Moleküler genetik teknolojileri bitkilerde ağır metal toleransı ve birikimi ile ilgili mekanizmaların daha iyi anlaşılmasına neden olmuştur. Metal alınımı, taşınımı ve içsel alıkonma ile ilgili olarak bitkilerin modifiye edilmesi için genetik mühendisliğinin kullanımı fitoremediasyon etkinliğinin arttırılması için yeni yollar açabilmektedir. Metal şelatlayıcıları, metal taşıyıcıları, metallotiyonein ve fitoşelatin genleri metal alınımı ve içsel alıkonma kapasitesinin arttırılması için bitkilere transfer edilmektedir. Hiperakümülatör bitkilerde ağır metal alınımı, taşınımı ve alıkonma mekanizmalarının daha iyi anlaşılması, üstün fitoremediasyon özelliklerine sahip yeni transjenik bitkilerin geliştirilmesine yol açmaktadır. Bu derlemede, üstün fitoremediasyon yeteneğine sahip bitkilerin geliştirilmesinde rol oynayan fizyolojik ve moleküler mekanizmalar tartışılmıştır

Kaynakça

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  • Ruiz, O.N., Hussein, H.S., Terry, N. ve Daniell, H., 2003. Phytoremediation of Organomercurials via the Chloroplast Genetic Engineering. Plant Physiology, 132, 1344-1352.
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  • Salt, D.E., 2004. Update on Plant Ionomics. Plant Physiology, 136, 2451-2456.
  • Samarghandi, M.R., Nouri, J., Mesdaghinia, A.R., Mahvi, A.H., Nasseri, S. ve Vaezi, F., 2007. Efficiency Removal of Phenol, Lead and Cadmium by Means of UV/TiO2/H2O2 Processes. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4, 19-25.
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  • Schützendübel, A. ve Polle, A., 2002. Plant Responses to Abiotic Stresses: Heavy Metal-Induced Oxidative Stress and Protection by Mycorrhization. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53, 1351-1365.
  • Shi, W.Y., Shao, H.B., Li, H., Shao, M.A. ve Du, S., 2009. Co-Remediation of the Lead Polluted Garden Soil by Exogenous Natural Zeolite and Humic Acids. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167, 136-140.
  • Silver, S. ve Phung, L., 2005. A Bacterial View of the Periodic Table: Genes and Proteins for Toxic Inorganic Ions. Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 32, 587-605.
  • Singh, O.V., Labana, S., Pandey, G., Budhiraja, R. ve Jain, R.K., 2003. Phytoremediation: An Overview of Metallic Ion Decontamination from Soil. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 61, 405-412.
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  • Song, W.Y., Park, J., Mendoza-Cozatl, D.G., Suter- Grotemeyer, M., Shim, D., Hortensteiner, S., Geisler, M., Weder, B., Rea, P.A. ve Rentsch, D., 2010. Arsenic Tolerance in Arabidopsis is Mediated by two ABCC- Type Phytochelatin Transporters. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences USA, 107, 21187- 21192.
  • Sun, R.L. ve Zhou, Q.X., 2005. Heavy Metal Tolerance and Hyperaccumulation of Higher Plants and Their Molecular Mechanisms. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 19, 321-332.
  • Sun, Q., Ye, Z.H., Wang, X.R. ve Wong, M.H., 2007. Cadmium Hyperaccumulation Leads to an Increase of Glutathione Rather than Phytochelatins in the Cadmium Hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii. Journal of Plant Physiology, 164, 1489-1498.
  • Talke, I., Hanikenne, M. ve Krämer, U., 2006. Zinc Dependent Transcriptional De-regulation and Higher Gene Copy Number for Genes in Metal Homeostasis of the Hyperaccumulator Physiology, 142, 148-167. Control, Arabidopsis halleri. Plant
  • Tandy, S., Schulin, R. ve Nowack, B., 2006. The Influence of EDDS on the Uptake of Heavy Metals in Hydroponically Grown Sunflowers. Chemosphere, 62, 1454-1463.
  • Thomine, S., Wang, R., Ward, J.M., Crawford, N.M. ve Schroeder, J.I., 2000. Cadmium and Iron Transport by Members of a Plant Metal Transporter Family in Arabidopsis with Homology to Nramp Genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 97, 4991-4996.
  • Tong, Y.P., Kneer, R. ve Zhu, Y.G., 2004. Vacuolar Compartmentalization: Approach Phytoremediation. Trends in Plant Science, 9, 7-9.
  • van de Mortel, J.E., Villanueva, L.A., Schat, H., Kwekkeboom, J., Coughlan, S., Moerland, P.D., Ver Loren van Themaat, E., Koornneef, M. ve Aarts, M.G.M., 2006. Large Expression Differences in Genes for Iron and Zinc Homeostasis, Stress Response, and Lignin Biosynthesis Distinguish Roots of Arabidopsis taliana and the Related Metal Hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant Physiology, 142, 1127- 1147.
  • Van der Zaal, B.J., Neuteboom, L.W., Pinas, J.E., Chardonnens, A.N., Schat, H., Verkleij, J.A.C. ve Hooykaas, P.J.J., 1999. Overexpression of a Novel Arabidopsis Gene Related to Putative Zinc- Transporter Genes from Animals can Lead to Enhanced Zinc Resistance and Accumulation. Plant Physiology, 119, 1047-1055.
  • Verret, G.A., Briat, J.F. ve Curie, C., 2003. Dual Regulation of the Arabidopsis High-Affinity Root Iron Uptake System by Long-Distance Signals. Plant Physiology, 132, 796-804.
  • Verret, F., Gravot, A., Auroy, P., Leohardt, N., David, P., Nussaume, L., Vavasseur, A. ve Richaud, P., 2004. Overexpression of AtHMA4 Enhances Root-to-Shoot Translocation of Zinc and Cadmium and Plant Metal Tolerance. FEBS Letters, 576, 306-312.
  • Verret, F., Gravot, A., Auroy, P., Preveral, S., Forestier, C., Vavasseur, A. ve Richaud, P., 2005. Heavy Metal Transport by AtHMA4 Involves the N-Terminal Degenerated Metal Binding Domain and the C- Terminal His(11) Stretch. FEBS Letters, 579, 1515- 1522.
  • Vert, G.A., Grotz, N., Dedaldechamp, F., Guerinot, M.L., Briat, J.F. ve Curie, C., 2002. IRT1, an Arabidopsis Transporter Essential for Iron Uptake from the Soil and or Plant Growth. Plant Cell, 14, 1223-1233.
  • Vestergaard, M., Matsumoto, S., Nishikori, S., Shiraki, K. ve Hirata, K., 2008. Chelation of Cadmium Ions by Phytochelatin Synthase: Role of the Cysteine-Rich C- Terminal. Anals of Science, 24, 277-281.
  • Wang, X., Song, Y., Ma, Y., Zhuo, R. ve Jin, L., 2011. Screening of Cd Tolerant Genotypes and Isolation of Metallothionein Genes in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Environmental Pollution, 159, 3627-3633.
  • Wei, W., Chai, T., Zhang, Y., Han, L., Xu, J. ve Guan, Z., 2009. The Thlaspi caerulescens NRAMP Homologue TcNRAMP3 is Capable of Divalent Cation Transport. Molecular Biotechnology, 41, 15-21.
  • Wenger, K., Gupta, S.K., Furrer, G. ve Schulin, R., 2003. The Role of Nitrilotriacetate in Copper Uptake by Tobacco. Journal of Environmental Quality, 32, 1669
  • Wenzel, W.W., Unterbrunner, R., Sommer, P. ve Pasqualina, Phytoextraction Using Canola (Brassica napus L.) in Outdoors Pot and Lysimeter Experiments. Plant and Soil, 249, 83-96. 2003. Chelate-Assisted
  • Williams, L.E., Pittman, J.K. ve Hall, J.L., 2000. Emerging Mechanisms for Heavy Metal Transport in Plants. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1465, 104-126.
  • Wojas, S., Clemens, S., Hennig, J., Skodowska, A., Kopera, E., Schat, H., Bal, W. ve Antosiewicz, D.M., 2008. Overexpression of Phytochelatin Synthase in Tobacco: Distinctive Effects of AtPCS1 and CePCS Genes on Plant Response to Cadmium. Journal of Experimental Botany, 59, 2205-2219.
  • Wong, H.L., Sakamoto, T., Kawasaki, T., Umemura, K. ve 2004. Shimamoto, Metallothionein, a Reactive Oxygen Scavenger, by the Small GTPase OsRac1 in Rice. Plant Physiology, 135, 1447-1456. Down-Regulation of
  • Wu, L.H., Luo, Y.M., Xing, X.R. ve Christie, P., 2004. EDTA-Enhanced Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soil with Indian Mustard and Associated Potential Leaching Risk. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 102, 307-318.
  • Xue, T., Li, X., Zhu, W., Wu, C., Yang, G. ve Zheng, C., 2009. Cotton Metallothionein GhMT3a, a Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenger, Increased Tolerance against Abiotic Stress in Transgenic Tobacco and Teast. Journal of Experimental Botany, 60, 339-349.
  • Yang, H., Nairn, J. ve Ozias-Akins, P., 2003. Transformation of Peanut Using a Modified Bacterial Mercuric Ion Reductase Gene Driven by an Actin Promoter from Arabidopsis thaliana. Journal of Plant Physiology, 160, 945-952.
  • Yang, X., Jin, X., Feng, Y. ve Islam, E., 2005. Molecular Mechanisms and Genetic Basis of Heavy Metal Tolerance in Plants. Journal of Integrative Biology, 47, 1025-1035.
  • Yang, Z., Wu, Y., Li, Y., Ling, H.-Q. ve Chu, C., 2009. OsMT1a, a Type 1 Metallothionein, Plays the Pivotal Role in Zinc Homeostasis and Drought Tolerance in Rice. Plant Molecular Biology, 70, 219-229.
  • Zaier, H., Ghnaya, T., Rejeb, K.B., Lakhdar, A., Rejeb, S. ve Jemal, F., 2010. Effects of EDTA on Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals (Zn, Mn and Pb) from Sludge-Amended Soil with Brassica napus. Bioresource Technology, 101, 3978-3983.
  • Zhang, Z., Gao, X. ve Qiu, B., 2008. Detection of Phytochelatins in the Hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Phytochemistry, 69, 911-918. Cadmium and Lead.
  • Zhou, J. M. ve Goldsbrough, P.B., 1995. Structure, Organization and Expression of the Metallothionein Gene Family in Arabidopsis. Molecular and General Genetics, 248, 318-328.
  • Zhu, Y.L., Pilon-Smits, E.A.H., Tarun, A.S., Weber, S.U., Jouanin, L. ve Terry, T., 1999. Cadmium Tolerance and Accumulation in Indian Mustard is Enhanced by Overexpressing γ-Glutamylcysteine Synthetase. Plant Physiology, 121, 1169-1177.
  • Zimeri, A.M., Dhankher, O.P., McCaig, B. ve Meagher, R.B., 2005. The Plant MT1 Metallothioneins are Stabilized by Binding Cadmiums and are Required for Cadmium Tolerance and Accumulation. Plant Molecular Biology, 58, 839-855.
Toplam 182 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hakan Terzi Bu kişi benim

Mustafa Yıldız Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Nisan 2011
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Ağustos 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2011 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Terzi, H., & Yıldız, M. (2011). Ağır Metaller ve Fitoremediasyon: Fizyolojik ve Moleküler Mekanizmalar. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 1-22.
AMA Terzi H, Yıldız M. Ağır Metaller ve Fitoremediasyon: Fizyolojik ve Moleküler Mekanizmalar. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. Nisan 2011;11(1):1-22.
Chicago Terzi, Hakan, ve Mustafa Yıldız. “Ağır Metaller Ve Fitoremediasyon: Fizyolojik Ve Moleküler Mekanizmalar”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 11, sy. 1 (Nisan 2011): 1-22.
EndNote Terzi H, Yıldız M (01 Nisan 2011) Ağır Metaller ve Fitoremediasyon: Fizyolojik ve Moleküler Mekanizmalar. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 11 1 1–22.
IEEE H. Terzi ve M. Yıldız, “Ağır Metaller ve Fitoremediasyon: Fizyolojik ve Moleküler Mekanizmalar”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 1, ss. 1–22, 2011.
ISNAD Terzi, Hakan - Yıldız, Mustafa. “Ağır Metaller Ve Fitoremediasyon: Fizyolojik Ve Moleküler Mekanizmalar”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 11/1 (Nisan 2011), 1-22.
JAMA Terzi H, Yıldız M. Ağır Metaller ve Fitoremediasyon: Fizyolojik ve Moleküler Mekanizmalar. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2011;11:1–22.
MLA Terzi, Hakan ve Mustafa Yıldız. “Ağır Metaller Ve Fitoremediasyon: Fizyolojik Ve Moleküler Mekanizmalar”. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 1, 2011, ss. 1-22.
Vancouver Terzi H, Yıldız M. Ağır Metaller ve Fitoremediasyon: Fizyolojik ve Moleküler Mekanizmalar. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2011;11(1):1-22.