Heavy Metals and Phytoremediation: Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 1 - 22, 01.04.2011

Hakan Terzi Mustafa Yıldız

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

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Ağır Metaller ve Fitoremediasyon: Fizyolojik ve Moleküler Mekanizmalar

Öz

Ağır metal kirliliği, tarım ve insan sağlığı üzerinde olumsuz potansiyel etkisi olan önemli bir çevre sorunudur. Toksik elementlerin uzaklaştırılması ve parçalanması için fiziksel remediasyon teknolojileri kullanılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, çevreyi tahrip edici fiziksel remediasyon yöntemlerine alternatif olarak fitoremediasyon tekniği görülmektedir. Ağır metallerin uzaklaştırılması için bitkilerin kullanıldığı fitoremediasyon tekniği etkin, çevre dostu ve ucuz bir metottur. Bazı bitkiler ağır metal detoksifikasyonu ile ilişkili potansiyel mekanizmalara sahip olup; metal stresi altında canlılıklarını sürdürebilmektedir. Metal hiperakümülatörü bitkiler, gövde dokularında oldukça yüksek konsantrasyonlarda metal iyonlarını biriktirmekte ve detoksifiye edebilmektedir. Ağır metal toksisitesine karşı yüksek tolerans, bir genotip ile çevresi arasındaki etkileşime bağlı olarak metal alınımındaki azalma ve içsel alıkonmadaki artışa bağlı olarak gerçekleşmektedir. Moleküler genetik teknolojileri bitkilerde ağır metal toleransı ve birikimi ile ilgili mekanizmaların daha iyi anlaşılmasına neden olmuştur. Metal alınımı, taşınımı ve içsel alıkonma ile ilgili olarak bitkilerin modifiye edilmesi için genetik mühendisliğinin kullanımı fitoremediasyon etkinliğinin arttırılması için yeni yollar açabilmektedir. Metal şelatlayıcıları, metal taşıyıcıları, metallotiyonein ve fitoşelatin genleri metal alınımı ve içsel alıkonma kapasitesinin arttırılması için bitkilere transfer edilmektedir. Hiperakümülatör bitkilerde ağır metal alınımı, taşınımı ve alıkonma mekanizmalarının daha iyi anlaşılması, üstün fitoremediasyon özelliklerine sahip yeni transjenik bitkilerin geliştirilmesine yol açmaktadır. Bu derlemede, üstün fitoremediasyon yeteneğine sahip bitkilerin geliştirilmesinde rol oynayan fizyolojik ve moleküler mekanizmalar tartışılmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ağır metal alınımı ve taşınımı, Hiperakümülasyon, Fitoremediasyon, Ağır metal toleransı

Kaynakça

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