Archaeometric Investigation of Gold Coins (Byzantine Period, Romanus Iii) By Means of Portable Xrf: Characterization and Comparison

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 4, 1159 - 1174, 31.12.2022

Murat Bayazit Nesrin Şeker

https://doi.org/10.17798/bitlisfen.1205860

Abstract

Some of the ancient materials in museums can only be examined on-site, which requires in-situ analysis techniques. Coins made of precious metals are one of such materials and portable X-ray fluorescence (p-XRF) spectrometry is one of the most preferred technique for gold and silver-based coins that need to be characterized in situ and non-destructively. In this study, a detailed archaeometric investigation was carried out for the gold coins which were unearthed after the excavations in Melik Ahmet Street (Diyarbakır, 1992) and brought to Directorate of Diyarbakır Museum through confiscation. The chemical compositions of the samples were specified by means of portable XRF which was applied on 45 gold coins of the Romanus III period. The main element in the composition was found as gold detected as 93.89% in average. Silver was the most abundant element after gold, however the highest silver rate did not exceed 9% (5.25% in average). Copper and iron were identified respectively in 12 coins (Cu: 1.05-2.46%) and 18 coins (Fe: 0.87-6.5%). Manganese, nickel, titanium, lead, iridium and osmium were seen in one sample each. The hierarchical clustering analysis applied with gold-silver-copper-iron and gold-silver suggested three different groups. The hierarchical clustering analysis was also applied considering the p-XRF data achieved in this study (belonging to the Romanus III period), solidus samples belonging to six Byzantine period emperors, and for the hollow coins belonging to four Byzantine period emperors. Taking into account the distribution, classification and the variations, the coins of different emperor periods were compared.

Keywords

Materials Characterization, Gold Coin, p-XRF, Archaeometry, Coin Analysis.

Thanks

We gratefully thank the officials and staff of the Directorate of Diyarbakır Museum (Diyarbakır Governorship, Directorate of Provincial Culture and Tourism) for providing the required permissions and allowing us to work on the artifacts registered in Diyarbakır Museum inventory, and also for their contributions during the analyses. We also thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mahmut Aydın (Batman University) for his support and assistance during the analyses and interpretation. This manuscript includes the data of the master thesis [10] submitted to the Department of Archaeometry at the Institute of Graduate Studies, Batman University (2022) by Nesrin Şeker.

References

• [1] M. Bayazit, “Arkeometride seramik petrografi,” Batman Üniversitesi, Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 7- Sayı: 2/2, pp. 36-44, 2017.
• [2] M. Bayazit, “Archaeometric study of possible Ninevite-5 pottery from upper Tigris region using SEM-EDS, PEDXRF, and OM,” X-Ray Spectrometry, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 92-104, 2018.
• [3] M.K. Ayhan, “Diyarbakır Müzesi’nde bulunan Bizans Dönemi altın çukur sikkelerin arkeometrik ve nümizmatik incelenmeleri,” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Batman Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Batman, pp. 69-84, 2021.
• [4] O. Tekin, Eskiçağda Para-Antik Nümismatiğe Giriş, Eskiçağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yayınları, İstanbul, 1998.
• [5] S. Atlan, Grek Sikkeleri (Arkaik, Klasik, Hellenistik), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 1. Baskı, İstanbul, 1993.
• [6] C. Eagleton, J. Williams, Paranın Tarihi, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul, 2011.
• [7] I. Zonaras, Tarihlerin Özeti, çev. Bilge Umar, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul, 2008.
• [8] Z. Gökalp Demirel, “Bolu Arkeoloji Müzesinde’ki Bizans Altın Sikkeleri,” Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, cilt: 11, sayı: 2, pp. 147-156, 2011.
• [9] Diyarbakır Museum Directorate Archive, (Accessed in 2022).
• [10] N. Şeker, “Diyarbakır Sur ilçesi kazılarında ele geçen Bizans Dönemi (III. Romanus) altın sikkelerin arkeometrik incelemesi,” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Batman Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Arkeometri Anabilim Dalı, 2022
• [11] M. Aydın, S. Mutlu, “Bizans Dönemi’ne ait altın sikke orijinalliğinin tespitinde tahribatsız arkeometrik ve görsel analiz yöntemlerinin kullanılması,” in Türkiye’de Arkeometrinin Ulu Çınarları, A.A. Akyol, K. Özdemir, Eds. Homer Kitapevi, İstanbul, 2012, pp. 97-106,
• [12] M. Aydın, L. Zoroğlu, "Altın sikke orijinalliğinin P-XRF ile tespit çalışmaları," in Kaunos/Kbid Toplantıları 3 Anadolu Nümismatik Araştırmaları Çalıştayı, Z. Çizmeli Öğün, Ed. Anatolia/Anadolu Ek Dizi I.3 Supplement Series I.3, 2016, pp. 75-88.