Detection of Attention and Its Sub-Components in Athletes with Computer-Based Applications: A Laboratory Study

Year 2023, Volume: 1 Issue: 1 (Eylül 2023), 117 - 146, 02.10.2023

Merve Erdoğdu Gizem Aytaç Gökhan Deliceoğlu

Abstract

Aim: Problems related to attention and its sub-components are frequently encountered in athletes. When the relevant literature is examined, it is thought that specific methods are needed. In this context, it has been observed that most of the methods and criteria used so far have a limited content with traditional applications and are not suitable for retestable and concrete evaluations. In this study, attention and its subcomponents in national athletes were investigated with computer-based applications. The aim of the study is to experimentally examine whether the attention levels of athletes have an effect on timing, planning and performance maintenance skills. Materials and Methods: The sample of the study consists of a total of 327 athletes, 143 women and 229 men, in Ankara. The study was conducted on a voluntary basis and with the random sampling method, convenient sampling was applied in the Psychology Research Laboratory (PAL). The measurement was completed by evaluating the attention and sub-components of the athletes with a computer-based application simulated in the computer environment, designed with visual, auditory and neutral stimuli with multiple mixers and distractors. In order to measure the effect of psychological fatigue, the Computer-Based Continuous Performance Test with Distractor was applied. The participants were given the task of giving the expected reaction to the changing stimuli throughout the test. It is designed as a digital imitation and simulated version of daily life in various changing conditions. Thus, information was obtained about the performance of the participants in different situations. In addition to these, the advantages/disadvantages and disadvantages of the experiments carried out in the computer environment and the researches carried out in the Web-based environments are mentioned. Results: As a result of the analysis, there is a positive relationship between attention and timing, and a negative relationship between impulsivity and the sum of error scores. Conclusion: It is thought that this study will contribute to the literature on psychology practices related to attention. When attention studies are analyzed from the perspective of computer-based measurements, it can be argued that the results obtained will support studies in the fields of applied psychology.

Keywords

computer, attention, sports

BİLGİSAYAR TEMELLİ UYGULAMALAR İLE SPORCULARDA DİKKAT VE ALT BİLEŞENLERİNİN TESPİT EDİLMESİ: BİR LABORATUVAR ÇALIŞMASI

Abstract

Amaç: Sporcularda dikkat ve alt bileşenlerine ilişkin problemlere sıklıkla karşılaşılmaktadır. İlgili literatür incelendiğinde özgül yöntemlere ihtiyaç duyulduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu bağlamda şimdiye dek genellikle tercih edilmiş olan yöntem ve kullanılan ölçütlerin çoğunun, geleneksel uygulamalar ile kısıtlı bir içeriğe sahip olduğu ve yeniden test edilebilir ve somut değerlendirmeler için elverişli olmadığı gözlemlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, milli sporcularda dikkat ve alt bileşenleri bilgisayar temelli uygulamalar ile araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, sporcularda dikkat düzeylerinin, zamanlama, planlama ve performansı sürdürme becerileri üzerinde etkisinin olup olmadığının deneysel yöntemlerle incelemektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmanın örneklemi Ankara ilindeki 143 kadın, 229 erkek olmak üzere toplam 327 sporcudan oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada gönüllük esas alınıp rastgele örneklem yöntemi ile uygun örnekleme Psikoloji Araştırmaları Laboratuvarı’nda (PAL) uygulanmıştır. Ölçüm, bilgisayar ortamında simule edilmiş, çoklu karıştırıcı ve çeldiricilerin bulunduğu görsel, işitsel ve nötr uyarılarla tasarlanmış bilgisayar temelli uygulama ile sporcularda dikkat ve alt bileşenleri değerlendirilerek tamamlamıştır. Psikolojik yorgunluğun etkisini ölçmek için, Bilgisayar Tabanlı Çeldiricili Sürekli Performans Testi uygulanmıştır. Katılımcılara test boyunca değişen uyarıcılara karşın beklenen reaksiyonu vermesi görevi verilmiştir. Değişen çeşitli koşullar günlük yaşamın dijital bir taklidi ve simule edilmiş versiyonu olarak tasarlanmıştır. Böylece, katılımcıların farklı durumlardaki performansı hakkında bilgiler elde edilmiştir. Bunlara ek olarak bilgisayar ortamında uygulanan deneyler ile Web tabanlı ortamlarda gerçekleştirilen araştırmaların avantajları/dezavantajları ve dezavantajlarının hangi yöntemlerle giderilebileceğinden bahsedilmiştir. Bulgular: Yapılan analizler sonucunda, dikkat ile zamanlama arasındaki pozitif ilişki ve dürtüsellik ile hata puanları toplamı arasındaki negatif ilişki yer almaktadır. Sonuç: Bu çalışmanın, dikkate ilişkin psikoloji uygulamaları alan yazına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Dikkat çalışmaları bilgisayar tabanlı ölçümler perspektifinden analiz edildiğinde, elde edilen sonuçların uygulamalı psikoloji alanlarındaki çalışmalara destek olacağı ileri sürülebilir.

Keywords

Çevrimiçi deneyler, dikkat, performans, psikoloji, spor.

References

• Arnsten, A.F. (2009). Toward a new understanding of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pathophysiology pathophysiology: an important rolefor prefrontal cortex dysfunction. CNS Drugs;23 Suppl 1:33-41
• Barkley, R. A., Edwards, G.,Laneri, M.,Fletcher, K., Metevia,L. (2001). Executivefunctioning, temporal discounting,and sense of time in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). J Abnorm Child Psychol ;29(6): 541- 56.
• Barkley, R.A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., Fletcher, K. (2002).The persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders into young adulthood as a function of reporting sourceand definition of disorder. J Abnorm Psychol;111(2):2
• Berger, C., Lev, A., Braw, Y., Elbaum, T., Wagner, M., & Rassovsky, Y. (2021). Detection of Feigned ADHD Using the MOXO-d-CPT. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(7), 1032–1047. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054719864656
• Berinsky, A.J., Huber, G.A., Lenz, G.S. (2012). Evaluating online labor markets for experimental research: Amazon.com’s mechanical turk. Political Anal., 20, 351–368.
• Brimmell, J., Vaughan, R. (2022). Moving online: Comparing executive function and visual attention performance online and in the laboratory – A brief report. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/4kg8b
• Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., Gosling, S.D. (2011). Amazon’s mechanical turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 6, 3–5.
• Chambers, C. D., Brown, M. (2003).Timing accuracy under Microsoft Windows revealed through external chronometry. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 35, 96–108.
• Chetverikov, A., Upravitelev, P. (2016). Online versus offline: The Web as a medium for response time data collection. Behavior Research Methods, 48, 1086–1099.
• Clifford, S., Jerit, J. (2014). Is There a cost to convenience? An experimental comparison of data quality in laboratory and online studies. J. Exp. Political Sci, 1, 120–131.
• Costa, A.,La Fougére, C., Pogarell, O.etal. (2013). Impulsivity is Related to aStriatal DopamineTransporter Availability in Healthy Males. Psychiatry Research. 211, 251-256.
• Çağlar, E., Koruç, Z. (2006). D2 Dikkat Testinin Sporcularda Güvenilirliği ve Geçerliği. Hacettepe Journal of Sport Sciences, 17(2), 58-80.
• De Man, J., Campbell, L., Tabana, H., Wouters, E. (2021). The pandemic of online research in times of COVID-19. BMJ open, 11(2), e043866.
• Erdoğdu, M., Aytaç, G. & Aydın, İ. (2023). Web Tabanlı Oyun Aracılığıyla Sporda Dürtüsel Davranış Ölçümleri. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 21 (2) , 162-177. DOI: 10.33689/spormetre.1173219
• Erdoğdu, Artuner, Demirbaş ve Aytaç, (2022). Sporcu Sağlığında Güncel Yaklaşım: Bilgisayar Tabanlı Psikolojik Ölçümler . Türkiye Sağlık Enstitüleri Başkanlığı Dergisi, 5 (3) , 43-55. DOI: 10.54537/tusebdergisi.1173181
• Erdoğdu, M., Karar, E. N. & Aytaç, G. (2023). Web Tabanlı Psikoloji Deneylerinin Çevrimiçi Tasarımı Ve Uygulamaları. Türkiye Sağlık Enstitüleri Başkanlığı Dergisi, 6 (1) , 38-53. DOI: 10.54537/tusebdergisi.1177366
• Garaizar, P., Vadillo, M. A. (2014). Accuracy and precision of visual stimulus timing in PsychoPy: No timing errors in standard usage. PLoS ONE, 9, e112033
• Garaizar, P., Vadillo, M. A., López-de-Ipiña, D., Matute, H. (2014). Measuring software timing errors in the presentation of visual stimuli in cognitive neuroscience experiments. PLoS One, 9, e85108.
• Gupta, R., Kar, B. R.,Srinivasan, N. (2011). Cognitivemotivational deficits in ADHD: development of a classification system. Child Neuropsychology;17(1):67-81.
• Hoff, H. (2002). Lehrbuch der Psychiatric,vol II. Basel: Benno Schwabe; 1956; p 554. Aktaran Sandberg S, Barton J. Historical development. In:Sandberg S,ed.
• Hunt, M. K., Hopko, D. R., Bare, R., Lejuez, C. W., Robinson, E. V. (2005). Construct validity of the Balloon Analog Risk Task (BART). Assessment, 12(4), 416–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105278740
• Ivarsson, A., Johnson, U., Andersen, M. B., Fallby, J., Altemyr, M. (2015). It pays to pay attention: A mindfulness-based program for injury prevention with soccer players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 27(3), 319–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2015.1008072
• İnce, G., Yıldırım, A. (2018). The effect of apparatus use on athletes' attention performance in sports branches playing with Ball: Pilot Study. International Journal of Sport, Exercise & Training Sciences, 122–130. https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.445340
• İyilikci, O. (2019). Davranışsal Deneyler Tasarlanırken, Uyaran Sunumu ve Tepki Zamanı Kaydında Yaşanan Zamanlama sorunları. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 22(43), 14–24. https://doi.org/10.31828/tpy1301996120180414m000002
• Laufer, M.W., Denhoff,E.,Solomons, G. (2011). Hyperkinetic impulse disorder in children's behavior problems. J Atten Disord;15(8):620-5.
• Lejuez, C. W., Read, J. P., Kahler, C. W., Richards, J. B., Ramsey, S. E., Stuart, G. L., Strong, D. R., Brown, R. A. (2002). Evaluation of a behavioral measure of risk taking: The Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8(2), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-898x.8.2.75
• Lev, A., Elbaum, T., Berger, C., & Braw, Y. (2022). Feigned ADHD Associated Cognitive Impairment: Utility of Integrating an Eye-tracker and the MOXO-dCPT. Journal of Attention Disorders, 26(9), 1212–1222. https://doi.org/10.1177/10870547211063643
• Li, X., Liang, Z., Kleiner, M., Lu, Z. L. (2010). RT-box: A device for highly accurate response time measurements. Behavior Research Methods, 42, 212–225.
• Liebrenz, M., Gamma, A., Ivanov, I., Buadze, A., Eich, D. (2015). Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Associations between subtype and lifetime substance use – a clinical study. F1000Research, 4, 407. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6780.1
• MOXO ADHD Analytics PerformanceExcellence. (2023). https://www.moxoadhdtest.com MOXO Türkiye. http://www.moxoturkiye.com
• Neurotech (2013). 8th annual The Neorotech Investing & Partnering Conference. Advances in Drugs, Devices & Diagnostics fort he Brain and Nervous System. May 23-24.
• NeuroTechnology Solutions. (2014). MOXO ADHD analytics Professional guide(Version EU 1.00). Israel.
• Miguel CS, Martins PA, Moleda N, Klein M, Chaim-Avancini T, Gobbo MA ve ark. (2016). Cognition and impulsivity in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with and without cocaine and/or crack dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend, 160, 97–104.
• Neath, I., Earle, A., Hallett, D., Surprenant, A. M. (2011). Response time accuracy in Apple Macintosh computers. Behavior Research Methods, 43, 353–362.
• Oktay, B. (2022). Deneysel psikolojide çevrimiçi veri toplama: Avantajları, dezavantajları, Etik Konular ve uygulamaları. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.874942
• Plant, R. R., Hammond, N., Whitehouse, T. (2002). Toward an experimental timing standards lab: Benchmarking precision in the real world. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 34, 218–226.
• Sauter, M., Draschkow, D., Mack, W. (2020). Building, hosting and recruiting: A brief introduction to running behavioral experiments online. Brain Sciences, 10(4), 251. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10040251 Stewart, N. (2006). A PC parallel port button box provides millisecond response time accuracy under Linux. Behavior Research Methods, 38, 170–173.
• Slobodin, O., Blankers, M., Kapitány-Fövény, M., Kaye, S., Berger, I., Johnson, B., Demetrovics, Z., van den Brink, W., van de Glind, G. (2020). Differential diagnosis in patients with substance use disorder and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using continuous performance test. European Addiction Research, 26(3), 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1159/000506334
• Slobodin, O., Cassuto, H.ve Berger, I. (2015). Age-Related changes in distractibility: developmental trajectory of sustained attention in ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 1-11. Tamm, L., Trello-Rishel, K., Riggs, P., Nakonezny, P.A., Acosta, M., Bailey G. ve ark., (2013). Predictors of treatment response in adolescents with comorbid substance use disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Subst Abuse Treat, 44(2), 224–30.
• Ulukan, M., Tekin, M. (2020). Okçuların i̇mgeleme becerileri ile dikkat düzeyleri arasındaki i̇lişkinin i̇ncelenmesi. Turkish Studies-Educational Sciences, 15(4), 3099–3110. https://doi.org/10.47423/turkishstudies.43631
• Vaughan, R. S., Laborde, S. (2020). Attention, working-memory control, working-memory capacity, and sport performance: The moderating role of athletic expertise. European Journal of Sport Science, 21(2), 240–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1739143
• Valera, E.M., Faraone,S., Murray, K.E. etal. (2007). Meta-analysis of Structural Imaging Findings in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 61, 1369.
• van Ede, F., & Nobre, A. C. (2022). Turning attention inside out: how working memory serves behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, Forthcoming.
• Volkow, N.D.,Wang, G.J., Kollins,S.H.etal. (2009). Evaluating Dopamine Reward Pathway in ADHD: Clinical Implications.The Journal of the American Medical Association. 302, 1084-1091.
• Voss, A., Leonhart, R., Stahl, C. (2007). How to make your own response boxes: A step-by-step guide for the construction of reliable and inexpensive parallel-port response pads from computer mice. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 797–801.
• Woo, J., Rajagopalan, P., & Andamon, M. M. (2022). An evaluation of measured indoor conditions and student performance using d2 Test of Attention. Building and Environment, 214, 108940.
• Wulf, G., Prinz, W. (2001). Directing attention to movement effects enhances learning: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 648-660
• Zhou, H., Fishbach, A. (2016). The pitfall of experimenting on the web: How unattended selective attrition leads to surprising (yet false) research conclusions. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol, 111, 493–504.
• Ziereis, S., Jansen, P. (2015). Effects of physical activity on executive function and motor performance in children with ADHD, Research in Developmental Disabilities, 38, 181–91. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.12.005
• Zwierko, T., Florkiewicz, B., Fogtman, S., Kszak-Krzyżanowska, A. (2014). The ability to maintain attention during visuomotor task performance in handball players and non-athletes, Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine, 7(3), 99–106.