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THE EFFECT OF MILITARY EXPENDITURES ON ECONOMIC GROWTH AND UNEMPLOYMENT: EVIDENCE FROM TURKEY

Year 2021, Volume: 31 Issue: 2, 913 - 928, 20.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.898944

Abstract

Nowadays, military expenditures have an important share in public expenditures of countries. Although military expenditures have an important share in public expenditures, it is considered that military expenditures are unproductive in the economic growth and development process. The point in question, increases in military expenditures may cause less spending on economic and social fields. Thus, in this study, it is aimed to investigate the effect of military spending on economic growth and unemployment in Turkey. A data set which based on the period 1988-2019 was used to examine the relations between variables. According to the findings of Maki (2012) cointegration test, a cointegration relationship was found between military expenditure (ME), economic growth (EG) and unemployment (UNEMP). The FMOLS estimator was used for the estimation of long run coefficients in the study. According to the results, it has been determined that military expenditures increase economic growth and unemployment in the long term. This results showed that military expenditure led to growth that not based on employment in Turkey.

References

  • References Akbaş, Y.E., Zeren, F. and Özekicioğlu, H. (2013). Türkiye’de Parasal Aktarım Mekanizması: Yapısal VAR Analizi. C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 14(2), 187-198.
  • Arı, A. and Özcan, B. (2015). Tüketim-Gelir Oranının Durağanlığı: Türkiye Örneği. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(3), 23-46.
  • Aydemir, A.F., Özdemir, D., Kabadayı, B. and Emsen, Ö.S. (2016). G-20 Ülkelerinde İşsizlik ve Askeri Harcamalar Arasındaki İlişkiler, in 7th International Conference on Eurasian Economies (437-444. pp) Kaposvar, Hungary.
  • Barker, T., Dunne, P. and Smith, R. (1991). Measuring the Peace Dividend in the United Kingdom. Journal of Peace Research, 28(4), 345-358.
  • Barro, R. (1990). Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 103-125.
  • Benoit, E. (1973). Defense and Economic Growth in Developing Countries. Lexington: Lexington Books.
  • Benoit, E. (1978). Growth and Defense in Developing Countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 26(2), 271-280.
  • Biswas, B. and Ram, R. (1986). Military Expenditures and Economic Growth in Less Developed Countries: An Augmented Model and Further Evidence. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 34(2), 361-372.
  • Campbell, J.Y. and Perron, P. (1991). Pitfalls and Opportunities: What Macroeconomists Should Know About Unit Roots. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 6, 141-201.
  • Canbay, Ş. and Mercan, D. (2020). Unemployment Effects of Military Spending in Turkey. Journal of Yasar University, 15(60), 941-952.
  • Cappelen, A., Gleditsch, N.P. and Bjerkholt, O. (1984). Military Spending and Economic Growth in the OECD Countries. Journal of Peace Research, 21(4), 361-373.
  • Chester, E. (1978). Military Spending and Capitalist Stability. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2(3), 293-298.
  • Değer, S. (1986). Economic Development and Defense Expenditure. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 35(1), 179-196.
  • Değer, S. and Sen, S. (1995). Military Expenditure and Developing Countries. K. Hartley and T. Sandler (Ed.), in Handbook of Defense Economics (275-307. pp). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
  • Değer, S. and Smith, R. (1983). Military Expenditure and Growth in Less Developed Countries. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 27(2), 335-353.
  • Destek, M.A. and Okumuş, I. (2016). Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in BRICS and MIST Countries: Evidence from Bootstrap Panel Granger Causality Analysis. South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics, 14(2), 175-186.
  • Dickey, D.A. and Fuller, W.A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427-431.
  • Dunne, P. (1996). Economic Effects of Military Expenditure in Developing Countries: A Survey. N. Gleditsch, O. Bjerkholt, A. Cappelen, R. Smith and P. Dunne (Ed.), in The Peace Dividend Contributions to Economic Analysis (439-464. pp), 235, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Dunne, P., Nikolaidou, E. and Vougas, D. (2001). Defence Spending and Economic Growth: A Causal Analysis for Greece and Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 12(1), 5-26.
  • Dunne, P. and Watson, D. (2000). Military Expenditure and Employment in South Africa. Defence and Peace Economics, 11(4), 587-596.
  • Durgun, Ö. and Timur, M.C. (2017). Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Analizi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 54, 126-137.
  • Erdugan, F. and Özçelik, Ö. (2020). Savunma Harcamaları ve İstihdam İlişkisi: Panel Veri Analizi. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 152-168.
  • Eshag, É. (1983). Fiscal and Monetary Policies and Problems in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fontanel, J. (1995). The Economics of Disarmament. K. Hartley and T. Sandler (Ed.). in Handbook of Defense Economics (563-590. pp). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
  • Giray, F. (2004). Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 181-199.
  • Göv, A. (2017). Relationship Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Structural Breaks Cointegration Analysis in The Case of Turkey. Journal of Applied Research in Finance and Economics, 3(1), 10-18.
  • Gregory, A.W. and Hansen, B.E. (1996). Residual-Based Tests for Cointegration in Models with Regime Shifts. Journal of Econometrics, 70(1), 99-126.
  • Gürsoy, S. and Kartal, K. (2020). Takas Ekonomisinden Altın Paraya, Kâğıt Paradan Dijital (Sanal) Paraya Dönüşüm: Kripto Paralar; Bitcoin ve Blockchain Sistemlerinin Araştırılması. S. Gürsoy and D. Agcadag (Ed.). in İktisat ve İşletme Alanında Değişen Yaklaşımlar (79-106. pp). İksad Yayınevi.
  • Hatemi-J,A. (2008). Tests for Cointegration with two Unknown Regime Shifts with an Application to Financial Market Integration. Empirical Economics, 35(3), 497-505.
  • Hou, N. and Chen, A.B. (2013). Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Evidence from System GMM Estimates. Defence and Peace Economics, 24(3), 183-193.
  • Huang, J.T. and Kao, A.P. (2005). Does Defence Spending Matter to Employment in Taiwan?. Defence and Peace Economics, 16(2), 101-115.
  • Islam, M.O. (2015). The Relation Between Military Expenditure & Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Evidence from a Panel of 41 Developing Countries. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 6(4), 57-65.
  • Karakurt, B. Şentürk, S.H. and Şahingöz, B. (2018). Türkiye’de Savunma Harcamalarının Enflasyon Üzerindeki Etkisi: Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi. Maliye Dergisi, 175(Temmuz-Aralık), 154-170.
  • Korkmaz, Ö. and Bilgin, T. (2017). Askeri Harcamalar ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 2017(18), 289-316.
  • Künü, S. (2013). Kamu Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkileri: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erzurum.
  • Lim, D. (1983). Another Look at Growth and Defense in Less Developed Countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 31(2), 377-384.
  • Lobont, O.R., Glont, O.R., Badea, L. and Vatavu, S. (2019). Correlation of Military Expenditures and Economic Growth: Lessons for Romania. Quality & Quantity, 53, 2957-2968.
  • Looney, R.E. (1994). The Economics of Third World Defense Expenditures. London: Jaı Press, Inc
  • Looney, R.E. (1997). Excessive Defense Expenditures and Economic Stabilization: The Case of Pakistan. Journal of Policy Modeling, 19(4), 381-406.
  • Lumsdaine, R.L. and Papel, D.H. (1997). Multiple Trend Breaks and the Unit-Root Hypothesis. Review of Economics and Statistics, 79(2), 212-218.
  • Maki, D. (2012). Tests for Cointegration Allowing for an Unknown Number of Breaks. Economic Modelling, 29(5), 2011-2015.
  • Mankiw, N.G., Romer, D. and Weil, D.N. (1992). A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407-437.
  • Ng, S. and Perron, P. (2001). Lag Length Selection and the Construction of Unit Root Tests with Good Size and Power. Econometrica, 69(6), 1519–1554.
  • Ologbenla, P. (2020). Military Expenditure and Macroeconomic Performance-The Case of an Emerging Country. Sciendo, 65(1), 67-83.
  • Payne, J.E. and Ross, K.L. (1992). Defense Spending and the Macroeconomy. Defence Economics, 3(2), 161-168.
  • Phillips, P.C. and Hansen, B.E. (1990). Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regression with I (1) Processes. The Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), 99-125.
  • Phillips, P.C. and Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Qiong, L. and Junhua, H. (2015). Military Expenditure and Unemployment in China. Procedia Economics and Finance, 30, 498-504.
  • Raju, M.H. and Ahmed, Z. (2019). Effect of Military Expenditure on Economic Growth: Evidences from India, Pakistan and China Using Cointegration and Causality Analysis. Asian Journal of German and European Studies, 4(3), 1-8.
  • Ram, R. (1995). Defense Expenditures and Economics Growth. K. Hartley and T. Sandler (Ed.). in Handbook of Defense Economics (251-273. pp). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
  • Romer, D. (2000). Keynesian Macroeconomics without the LM Curve. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(2), 149-169.
  • Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2020), Military Expenditure Database. https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex.
  • Taylor, J.B. (2000). Teaching Modern Macroeconomics at the Principles Level. American Economic Review, 90(2), 90-94.
  • The World Bank (2020), Military Expenditure (US$). https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators.
  • Topal, M.H. (2018a). Türkiye’de Askeri Harcama ve İşsizlik İlişkisi: Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalar Altında Eşbütünleşme Analizi ve Zamanla Değişen Nedensellik. in Uluslararası Politik, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Kongresi (139-158. pp). Venice, Italy.
  • Topal, M.H. (2018b). Türkiye’de Askeri Harcamalar ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Bir Analizi (1960-2016). Maliye Dergisi, 174, 175-202.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2020). https://www.tuik.gov.tr/.
  • Uçan, O., Öztürk, M.B. and Akyıldız, A. (2016). The Defence Spending-Growth Nexus in Turkey. European Scientific Journal, June 2016 (Special Edition), 53-60.
  • Üçler, G. (2017). Türkiye’de Savunma Harcamalarının İşsizlik Üzerine Etkisi: 1980-2014 Dönemi İçin Ekonometrik Bir Analiz. Journal of Yasar University, 12(46), 161-170.
  • Waheed, M., Alam, T. and Ghauri, S.P. (2006). Structural Breaks and Unit Root: Evidence From Pakistani Macroeconomic Time Series. MPRA Paper, No: 1797.
  • Yıldırım, J. and Sezgin, S. (2003). Military Expenditure and Employment in Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 14(2), 129-139.
  • Zhong, M., Chang, T., Tang, D.P., and Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2015). The Causal Nexus Between Military Spending and Unemployment in the G7: A Bootstrap Panel Causality Test. Defence and Peace Economics, 26(6), 609-622.
  • Zivot, E. and Andrews, D.W.K. (1992). Further Evidence on the Great Crash, The Oil-Price Shock, and The Unit-Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 10(3), 251-270.

ASKERİ HARCAMALARIN EKONOMİK BÜYÜME VE İŞSİZLİK ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: TÜRKİYE'DEN KANITLAR

Year 2021, Volume: 31 Issue: 2, 913 - 928, 20.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.898944

Abstract

Günümüzde askeri harcamalar, ülkelerin kamu harcamaları içerisinde önemli bir paya sahiptir. Askeri harcamalar, kamu harcamaları içerisinde önemli bir paya sahip olmakla birlikte bu harcamaların ekonomilk büyüme ve kalkınma sürecinde verimsiz olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Söz konusu askeri harcamalardaki artışlar, ekonomik ve sosyal nitelikteki alanlara daha az harcama yapılmasına neden olabilmektedir. Ekonomik ve sosyal nitelikteki alanlara daha az kaynak ayrılması ise büyüme ve istihdamı etkilemektedir. Buradan hareketle yapılan bu çalışmada, Türkiye'de askeri harcamaların ekonomik büyüme ve işsizlik üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkileri incelemek için 1988-2019 dönemine dayalı bir veri seti kullanılmıştır. Maki (2012) eşbütünleşme testinin bulgularına göre askeri harcamalar, ekonomik büyüme ve işsizlik arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi bulunmuştur. Çalışmada uzun dönem katsayılarının tahmini için FMOLS tahmincisi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, askeri harcamaların, uzun vadede ekonomik büyümeyi ve işsizliği artırdığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, Türkiye’de askeri harcamaların istihdama dayalı olmayan bir büyümeye neden olduğunu göstermiştir.

References

  • References Akbaş, Y.E., Zeren, F. and Özekicioğlu, H. (2013). Türkiye’de Parasal Aktarım Mekanizması: Yapısal VAR Analizi. C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 14(2), 187-198.
  • Arı, A. and Özcan, B. (2015). Tüketim-Gelir Oranının Durağanlığı: Türkiye Örneği. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(3), 23-46.
  • Aydemir, A.F., Özdemir, D., Kabadayı, B. and Emsen, Ö.S. (2016). G-20 Ülkelerinde İşsizlik ve Askeri Harcamalar Arasındaki İlişkiler, in 7th International Conference on Eurasian Economies (437-444. pp) Kaposvar, Hungary.
  • Barker, T., Dunne, P. and Smith, R. (1991). Measuring the Peace Dividend in the United Kingdom. Journal of Peace Research, 28(4), 345-358.
  • Barro, R. (1990). Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 103-125.
  • Benoit, E. (1973). Defense and Economic Growth in Developing Countries. Lexington: Lexington Books.
  • Benoit, E. (1978). Growth and Defense in Developing Countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 26(2), 271-280.
  • Biswas, B. and Ram, R. (1986). Military Expenditures and Economic Growth in Less Developed Countries: An Augmented Model and Further Evidence. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 34(2), 361-372.
  • Campbell, J.Y. and Perron, P. (1991). Pitfalls and Opportunities: What Macroeconomists Should Know About Unit Roots. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 6, 141-201.
  • Canbay, Ş. and Mercan, D. (2020). Unemployment Effects of Military Spending in Turkey. Journal of Yasar University, 15(60), 941-952.
  • Cappelen, A., Gleditsch, N.P. and Bjerkholt, O. (1984). Military Spending and Economic Growth in the OECD Countries. Journal of Peace Research, 21(4), 361-373.
  • Chester, E. (1978). Military Spending and Capitalist Stability. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2(3), 293-298.
  • Değer, S. (1986). Economic Development and Defense Expenditure. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 35(1), 179-196.
  • Değer, S. and Sen, S. (1995). Military Expenditure and Developing Countries. K. Hartley and T. Sandler (Ed.), in Handbook of Defense Economics (275-307. pp). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
  • Değer, S. and Smith, R. (1983). Military Expenditure and Growth in Less Developed Countries. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 27(2), 335-353.
  • Destek, M.A. and Okumuş, I. (2016). Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in BRICS and MIST Countries: Evidence from Bootstrap Panel Granger Causality Analysis. South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics, 14(2), 175-186.
  • Dickey, D.A. and Fuller, W.A. (1979). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427-431.
  • Dunne, P. (1996). Economic Effects of Military Expenditure in Developing Countries: A Survey. N. Gleditsch, O. Bjerkholt, A. Cappelen, R. Smith and P. Dunne (Ed.), in The Peace Dividend Contributions to Economic Analysis (439-464. pp), 235, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Dunne, P., Nikolaidou, E. and Vougas, D. (2001). Defence Spending and Economic Growth: A Causal Analysis for Greece and Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 12(1), 5-26.
  • Dunne, P. and Watson, D. (2000). Military Expenditure and Employment in South Africa. Defence and Peace Economics, 11(4), 587-596.
  • Durgun, Ö. and Timur, M.C. (2017). Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye Analizi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 54, 126-137.
  • Erdugan, F. and Özçelik, Ö. (2020). Savunma Harcamaları ve İstihdam İlişkisi: Panel Veri Analizi. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 152-168.
  • Eshag, É. (1983). Fiscal and Monetary Policies and Problems in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fontanel, J. (1995). The Economics of Disarmament. K. Hartley and T. Sandler (Ed.). in Handbook of Defense Economics (563-590. pp). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
  • Giray, F. (2004). Savunma Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 181-199.
  • Göv, A. (2017). Relationship Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Structural Breaks Cointegration Analysis in The Case of Turkey. Journal of Applied Research in Finance and Economics, 3(1), 10-18.
  • Gregory, A.W. and Hansen, B.E. (1996). Residual-Based Tests for Cointegration in Models with Regime Shifts. Journal of Econometrics, 70(1), 99-126.
  • Gürsoy, S. and Kartal, K. (2020). Takas Ekonomisinden Altın Paraya, Kâğıt Paradan Dijital (Sanal) Paraya Dönüşüm: Kripto Paralar; Bitcoin ve Blockchain Sistemlerinin Araştırılması. S. Gürsoy and D. Agcadag (Ed.). in İktisat ve İşletme Alanında Değişen Yaklaşımlar (79-106. pp). İksad Yayınevi.
  • Hatemi-J,A. (2008). Tests for Cointegration with two Unknown Regime Shifts with an Application to Financial Market Integration. Empirical Economics, 35(3), 497-505.
  • Hou, N. and Chen, A.B. (2013). Military Expenditure and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Evidence from System GMM Estimates. Defence and Peace Economics, 24(3), 183-193.
  • Huang, J.T. and Kao, A.P. (2005). Does Defence Spending Matter to Employment in Taiwan?. Defence and Peace Economics, 16(2), 101-115.
  • Islam, M.O. (2015). The Relation Between Military Expenditure & Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Evidence from a Panel of 41 Developing Countries. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 6(4), 57-65.
  • Karakurt, B. Şentürk, S.H. and Şahingöz, B. (2018). Türkiye’de Savunma Harcamalarının Enflasyon Üzerindeki Etkisi: Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi. Maliye Dergisi, 175(Temmuz-Aralık), 154-170.
  • Korkmaz, Ö. and Bilgin, T. (2017). Askeri Harcamalar ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 2017(18), 289-316.
  • Künü, S. (2013). Kamu Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkileri: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama. (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Erzurum.
  • Lim, D. (1983). Another Look at Growth and Defense in Less Developed Countries. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 31(2), 377-384.
  • Lobont, O.R., Glont, O.R., Badea, L. and Vatavu, S. (2019). Correlation of Military Expenditures and Economic Growth: Lessons for Romania. Quality & Quantity, 53, 2957-2968.
  • Looney, R.E. (1994). The Economics of Third World Defense Expenditures. London: Jaı Press, Inc
  • Looney, R.E. (1997). Excessive Defense Expenditures and Economic Stabilization: The Case of Pakistan. Journal of Policy Modeling, 19(4), 381-406.
  • Lumsdaine, R.L. and Papel, D.H. (1997). Multiple Trend Breaks and the Unit-Root Hypothesis. Review of Economics and Statistics, 79(2), 212-218.
  • Maki, D. (2012). Tests for Cointegration Allowing for an Unknown Number of Breaks. Economic Modelling, 29(5), 2011-2015.
  • Mankiw, N.G., Romer, D. and Weil, D.N. (1992). A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 407-437.
  • Ng, S. and Perron, P. (2001). Lag Length Selection and the Construction of Unit Root Tests with Good Size and Power. Econometrica, 69(6), 1519–1554.
  • Ologbenla, P. (2020). Military Expenditure and Macroeconomic Performance-The Case of an Emerging Country. Sciendo, 65(1), 67-83.
  • Payne, J.E. and Ross, K.L. (1992). Defense Spending and the Macroeconomy. Defence Economics, 3(2), 161-168.
  • Phillips, P.C. and Hansen, B.E. (1990). Statistical Inference in Instrumental Variables Regression with I (1) Processes. The Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), 99-125.
  • Phillips, P.C. and Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Qiong, L. and Junhua, H. (2015). Military Expenditure and Unemployment in China. Procedia Economics and Finance, 30, 498-504.
  • Raju, M.H. and Ahmed, Z. (2019). Effect of Military Expenditure on Economic Growth: Evidences from India, Pakistan and China Using Cointegration and Causality Analysis. Asian Journal of German and European Studies, 4(3), 1-8.
  • Ram, R. (1995). Defense Expenditures and Economics Growth. K. Hartley and T. Sandler (Ed.). in Handbook of Defense Economics (251-273. pp). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
  • Romer, D. (2000). Keynesian Macroeconomics without the LM Curve. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(2), 149-169.
  • Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2020), Military Expenditure Database. https://www.sipri.org/databases/milex.
  • Taylor, J.B. (2000). Teaching Modern Macroeconomics at the Principles Level. American Economic Review, 90(2), 90-94.
  • The World Bank (2020), Military Expenditure (US$). https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators.
  • Topal, M.H. (2018a). Türkiye’de Askeri Harcama ve İşsizlik İlişkisi: Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalar Altında Eşbütünleşme Analizi ve Zamanla Değişen Nedensellik. in Uluslararası Politik, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Kongresi (139-158. pp). Venice, Italy.
  • Topal, M.H. (2018b). Türkiye’de Askeri Harcamalar ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Bir Analizi (1960-2016). Maliye Dergisi, 174, 175-202.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (2020). https://www.tuik.gov.tr/.
  • Uçan, O., Öztürk, M.B. and Akyıldız, A. (2016). The Defence Spending-Growth Nexus in Turkey. European Scientific Journal, June 2016 (Special Edition), 53-60.
  • Üçler, G. (2017). Türkiye’de Savunma Harcamalarının İşsizlik Üzerine Etkisi: 1980-2014 Dönemi İçin Ekonometrik Bir Analiz. Journal of Yasar University, 12(46), 161-170.
  • Waheed, M., Alam, T. and Ghauri, S.P. (2006). Structural Breaks and Unit Root: Evidence From Pakistani Macroeconomic Time Series. MPRA Paper, No: 1797.
  • Yıldırım, J. and Sezgin, S. (2003). Military Expenditure and Employment in Turkey. Defence and Peace Economics, 14(2), 129-139.
  • Zhong, M., Chang, T., Tang, D.P., and Wolde-Rufael, Y. (2015). The Causal Nexus Between Military Spending and Unemployment in the G7: A Bootstrap Panel Causality Test. Defence and Peace Economics, 26(6), 609-622.
  • Zivot, E. and Andrews, D.W.K. (1992). Further Evidence on the Great Crash, The Oil-Price Shock, and The Unit-Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 10(3), 251-270.
There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Issue
Authors

Turgay Ceyhan 0000-0001-5225-297X

Ahmet Köstekçi 0000-0001-8485-887X

Publication Date May 20, 2021
Submission Date March 18, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 31 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ceyhan, T., & Köstekçi, A. (2021). THE EFFECT OF MILITARY EXPENDITURES ON ECONOMIC GROWTH AND UNEMPLOYMENT: EVIDENCE FROM TURKEY. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 31(2), 913-928. https://doi.org/10.18069/firatsbed.898944