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Düzce İlinde Kentsel ve Yarı kentsel Örnekleme Noktalarında Atmosferik İnorganik İyonların Kaynaklarının Belirlenmesi

Year 2018, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 259 - 268, 01.03.2018

Abstract

Bu
çalışmada, Düzce ilinde atmosferik partiküllerin (PM10)  yapısında bulunan suda çözünür inorganik iyonların
konsantrasyonları belirlenmiştir. Örneklemeler eş zamanlı olarak kentsel ve
yarı kentsel özellikte iki örnekleme noktasında, yaz ve kış olmak üzere iki
mevsimde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Partikül madde örneklerinde bulunan inorganik
iyonların analizleri için iyon kromotografisi cihazı kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada,
iyonların yaz ve kış konsantrasyonlarını karşılaştırmak için Mann-Whitney U
testi uygulanmıştır. Test sonuçlarına göre kentsel örnekleme alanında SO42-
ve Ca2+ iyonları dışında, yarı kentsel örnekleme alanında ise NO2-,
Mg2 +, NH4+ iyonları dışında tüm iyonlar
istatiksel olarak anlamlı (p <0.05,% 95 güven seviyesi) mevsimsel farklar
göstermiştir. Ölçülen iyonik türlerinin
kaynaklarının açıklanabilmesi amacı ile veri setlerine Temel bileşenler analizi
(PCA) tekniği uygulanmıştır. PCA çalışması sonucunda kentsel bölgede
inorganik iyonlara ait sistem varyansının yaklaşık % 88'ini yarı kentsel
örnekleme noktasında % 80'ini açıklayabilen toplam 3 faktör belirlenmiştir. Bu
faktörler altında toplanan iyonlar incelendiğinde Düzce atmosferinde inorganik
iyon içeriğinin en önemli kaynaklarının, trafik, yanma, deniz tuzu ve toprak
olduğu belirlenmiştir.           Kirleticilerin
uzun menzilli taşınımını belirlemek için çalışmaya HYSPLIT modeli
uygulanmıştır. Böylece, hava kütlelerinin geri yörüngeleri ve kaynak bölgeleri
tespit edilmiştir.

References

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Atmospheric Environment, 43, 2911-2918. 6. Contini, D., Belosi, F., Gambaro, A., Cesari, D., Stortini, A.M., Bove, M.C., (2012). Comparison of PM10 concentrations and metal content in three different sites of the Venice Lagoon: An analysis of possible aerosol sources. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 24(11), 1954–1965. 7. Gu, J., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Pitz, M., Diemer, J., Zimmermann, R., Soentgen, J., Peters, A., Cyrys, J., (2013). Spatial and temporal variability of PM sources in Augsburg, Germany. Atmospheric Environment, 71, 131-139. 8. Ambade, B., (2014). Seasonal variation and sources of heavy metals in hilltop of Dongargarh, Central India. Urban Climate, 9, 155–165. 9. Galindo, N., Molto, J.G., Varea, M., Chofre C., Yubero, E., (2013). Seasonal and interannual trends in PM levels and associated inorganic ions in southeastern Spain. Microchemical Journal, 110, 81-88. 10.http://www.csb.gov.tr/db/ced/editordosya/Duzce2015.pdf. 11. Bozkurt, Z., (2017). Seasonal variation of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM10 in a city of northwestern Turkey. Environmental Forensics, 19(1), 1-13. 12. Calvo, A.I., Pont, V., Liousse, C., Dupre, B., Mariscal, A., Zouiten, C., Gardrat, E., Castera, P., Lacaux, C. G., Castro, A., Fraile, R., (2008). Chemical composition of urban aerosols in Toulouse, France during CAPITOUL experiment. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 102, 307–323. 13. Deshmukh, D.K., Tsai, Y.I., Deb, M.K., Mkoma, S.L., (2012). Characterization of Dicarboxylates and Inorganic Ions in Urban PM10 Aerosols in the Eastern Central India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 12, 592–607. 14.Kong, S., Wen, B., Chen, K., Yin, Y., Li, L., Li, Q., Yuan, L., Li, X., Sun, X., (2014). Ion chemistry for atmospheric size-segregated aerosol and depositions at an offshore site of Yangtze River Delta Region, China. Atmospheric Research, 147(148), 205-226. 15. Chakraborty, A., Gupta, T., (2010). Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of Submicron (PM1) Aerosol in Kanpur Region, India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 10, 433–445. 16. Tsai, Y.I., Sopajaree, K., Kuo, S.C., Hsin, T.Y., (2015). Chemical Composition and Size-Fractionated Origins of Aerosols over a Remote Coastal Site in Southern Taiwan. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 15, 2549–2570. 17. Wang, H., Zhu, B., Shen, L., Xu, H., An, J., Xue, G., Cao, J., (2015). Water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols measured in five sites in the Yangtze River Delta, China: Size- fractionated, seasonal variations and sorces. Atmospheric Environment, 123, 370-379. 18. Huang, X., Liu, Z., Zhang, J., Wen, T., Ji, D., Wang, Y., (2016). Seasonal variation and secondary formation of size-segregated aerosol water-soluble inorganic ions during pollution episodes in Beijing. Atmospferic Research, 168, 70-79. 19. Duan, F.K., He, K.B., Ma, Y.L., Yang, F.M., Yu, X.C., Cadle, S.H., Chan, T., Mulawa, P.A., (2006). Concentration and chemical characteristics of PM in Beijing, China: 2001–2002. Science of the Total Environment, 355, 264-275. 20. Pekey, B., Bulut, Z.B., Pekey, H., Doğan, G., Zararsız, A., Efe, N., Tuncel, G., (2010). Indoor/outdoor concentrations and elemental composition of PM10/PM2.5 in urban/industrial areas of Kocaeli City, Turkey. Indoor Air, 20, 112-125. 21. Stein, A.F., Draxler, R.R, Rolph, G.D., Stunder, B.J.B., Cohen, M.D., and Ngan, F., 2015. NOAA's HYSPLIT atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling system. Bull American Meteorological Society, 96, 2059-2077. 22. Rolph, G., Stein, A., and Stunder, B., 2017. Real-time Environmental Applications and Display sYstem: READY. Environmental Modelling & Software, 95, 210-228 23. Xiu, G., Zhang,D., Chen,J., Huang, X., Chen, Z., Guo, H., Pan, J., (2004). Characterization of major water-soluble inorganic ions in size-fractionated particulate matters in Shanghai campus ambient air. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 227–236. 24. Mouli, P.C., Mohan, S.V., Reddy S.J., (2006). Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Aerosol (PM10) at a Semi-Arid Urban Site: İnfluence of Terrestrial Sources. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 117, 291–305. 25. Liu, Q., Liu, Y., Yin, J., Zhang, M., Zhang, T., (2014). Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM10 during Asian dust storm and non-dust storm days in Beijing. Atmospheric Environment, 91, 85-94. 26. Meng, C.C., Wang, L.T., Zhang, F.F., Wei, Z., Ma, S.M., Ma, X., Yang, J., (2016). Characteristics of concentrations and water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 in Handan City, Hebei province, China. Atmospheric Research, 171, 133–146. 27. Achilleos, S., Wolfson, J.M., Ferguson, S.T., Kang, C.M., Hadjimitsis, D.G., Hadjicharalambous, M., Achilleos, C., Christodoulou, A., Nisanzti, A., Papoutsa, C., Themistocleous, K., Athanasatos, S., Perdikou, S., Koutrakis, P. (2016). Spatial variability of fine and coarse particle composition and sources in Cyprus. Atmospheric Research, 169, 255-270. 28. Bove, M.C., Brotto, P., Calzolai, G., Cassola F., Cavalli, F., Fermo, P., Hjorth, J., Massabò, D., Nava, S., Piazzalunga, A., Schembari, C., Prati, P., (2016). PM10 source apportionment applying PMF and chemical tracer analysis to shipborne measurements in the Western Mediterranean. Atmospheric Environment 125, 140–151. 29. Sharma, S.K., Mandal, T.K., Saxena, M., Rashmi, Rohtash, Sharma, A., Gautam, R., (2014). Source apportionment of PM10 by using positive matrix factorization at an urban site of Delhi, India. Urban Climate, 10, 656–670. 30. Callen, M.S., Cruz, M.T., Lopez, J.M., Navarro, M.V., Mastral A.M., (2009). Comparision of receptor models for source apportionment of the PM10 in Zaragoza (Spain). Chemosphere, 76, 1120–1129. 31. Aldabe, J., Elustondo, D., Santamaría, C., Lasheras, E., Pandolfi, M., Alastuey, A., Querol, X., Santamaría, J.M., (2011). Chemical characterisation and source apportionment of PM2.5 and PM10 at rural, urban and traffic sites in Navarra (North of Spain). Atmospheric Research, 102 (1–2), 191–205. 32. Murillo, J.H., Roman, R.S., Marin, J.F.R., Ramos, A.C., Jimenez, S.B., Gonzale, B.C., Baumgardner, D.G., (2013). Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in the metropolitan area of Costa Rica, Central America. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 4,181-19
Year 2018, Volume: 30 Issue: 1, 259 - 268, 01.03.2018

Abstract

References

  • 1. Lin, J.J., (2002). Characterization of water-soluble ion species in urban ambient particles. Environmental International, 28, 55–61. 2. Li, X., Wang, Y., Guo, X., Wang, Y. (2013). Seasonal variation and source apportionment of organic and inorganic compounds in PM2.5 and PM10 particulates in Beijing, China. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 25(4), 741–750. 3. Alebic-Juretic, A., Mifka, B., (2017). Secondary Sulfur and Nitrogen Species in PM10 from the Rijeka Bay Area (Croatia). Bulletin of Environ Contamination and Toxicology, 98,133–140. 4. Mariani, R.L. and Mello, W.Z., (2007). PM2.5-10, PM2.5 and associated water soluble inorganic species at a coastal urban site in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. Atmospheric Environment, 41, 2887–2892. 5. Shen, Z., Cao, J., Arimoto, R., Han, Z., Zhang, R., Han, Y., Liu, S., Okuda, T., Nakao, S., Tanaka, S., (2009). Ionic composition of TSP and PM during dust storms and air pollution episodes at Xi’an, China. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 2911-2918. 6. Contini, D., Belosi, F., Gambaro, A., Cesari, D., Stortini, A.M., Bove, M.C., (2012). Comparison of PM10 concentrations and metal content in three different sites of the Venice Lagoon: An analysis of possible aerosol sources. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 24(11), 1954–1965. 7. Gu, J., Schnelle-Kreis, J., Pitz, M., Diemer, J., Zimmermann, R., Soentgen, J., Peters, A., Cyrys, J., (2013). Spatial and temporal variability of PM sources in Augsburg, Germany. Atmospheric Environment, 71, 131-139. 8. Ambade, B., (2014). Seasonal variation and sources of heavy metals in hilltop of Dongargarh, Central India. Urban Climate, 9, 155–165. 9. Galindo, N., Molto, J.G., Varea, M., Chofre C., Yubero, E., (2013). Seasonal and interannual trends in PM levels and associated inorganic ions in southeastern Spain. Microchemical Journal, 110, 81-88. 10.http://www.csb.gov.tr/db/ced/editordosya/Duzce2015.pdf. 11. Bozkurt, Z., (2017). Seasonal variation of water-soluble inorganic ions in PM10 in a city of northwestern Turkey. Environmental Forensics, 19(1), 1-13. 12. Calvo, A.I., Pont, V., Liousse, C., Dupre, B., Mariscal, A., Zouiten, C., Gardrat, E., Castera, P., Lacaux, C. G., Castro, A., Fraile, R., (2008). Chemical composition of urban aerosols in Toulouse, France during CAPITOUL experiment. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 102, 307–323. 13. Deshmukh, D.K., Tsai, Y.I., Deb, M.K., Mkoma, S.L., (2012). Characterization of Dicarboxylates and Inorganic Ions in Urban PM10 Aerosols in the Eastern Central India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 12, 592–607. 14.Kong, S., Wen, B., Chen, K., Yin, Y., Li, L., Li, Q., Yuan, L., Li, X., Sun, X., (2014). Ion chemistry for atmospheric size-segregated aerosol and depositions at an offshore site of Yangtze River Delta Region, China. Atmospheric Research, 147(148), 205-226. 15. Chakraborty, A., Gupta, T., (2010). Chemical Characterization and Source Apportionment of Submicron (PM1) Aerosol in Kanpur Region, India. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 10, 433–445. 16. Tsai, Y.I., Sopajaree, K., Kuo, S.C., Hsin, T.Y., (2015). Chemical Composition and Size-Fractionated Origins of Aerosols over a Remote Coastal Site in Southern Taiwan. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 15, 2549–2570. 17. Wang, H., Zhu, B., Shen, L., Xu, H., An, J., Xue, G., Cao, J., (2015). Water-soluble ions in atmospheric aerosols measured in five sites in the Yangtze River Delta, China: Size- fractionated, seasonal variations and sorces. Atmospheric Environment, 123, 370-379. 18. Huang, X., Liu, Z., Zhang, J., Wen, T., Ji, D., Wang, Y., (2016). Seasonal variation and secondary formation of size-segregated aerosol water-soluble inorganic ions during pollution episodes in Beijing. Atmospferic Research, 168, 70-79. 19. Duan, F.K., He, K.B., Ma, Y.L., Yang, F.M., Yu, X.C., Cadle, S.H., Chan, T., Mulawa, P.A., (2006). Concentration and chemical characteristics of PM in Beijing, China: 2001–2002. Science of the Total Environment, 355, 264-275. 20. Pekey, B., Bulut, Z.B., Pekey, H., Doğan, G., Zararsız, A., Efe, N., Tuncel, G., (2010). Indoor/outdoor concentrations and elemental composition of PM10/PM2.5 in urban/industrial areas of Kocaeli City, Turkey. Indoor Air, 20, 112-125. 21. Stein, A.F., Draxler, R.R, Rolph, G.D., Stunder, B.J.B., Cohen, M.D., and Ngan, F., 2015. NOAA's HYSPLIT atmospheric transport and dispersion modeling system. Bull American Meteorological Society, 96, 2059-2077. 22. Rolph, G., Stein, A., and Stunder, B., 2017. Real-time Environmental Applications and Display sYstem: READY. Environmental Modelling & Software, 95, 210-228 23. Xiu, G., Zhang,D., Chen,J., Huang, X., Chen, Z., Guo, H., Pan, J., (2004). Characterization of major water-soluble inorganic ions in size-fractionated particulate matters in Shanghai campus ambient air. Atmospheric Environment, 38, 227–236. 24. Mouli, P.C., Mohan, S.V., Reddy S.J., (2006). Chemical Composition of Atmospheric Aerosol (PM10) at a Semi-Arid Urban Site: İnfluence of Terrestrial Sources. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 117, 291–305. 25. Liu, Q., Liu, Y., Yin, J., Zhang, M., Zhang, T., (2014). Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM10 during Asian dust storm and non-dust storm days in Beijing. Atmospheric Environment, 91, 85-94. 26. Meng, C.C., Wang, L.T., Zhang, F.F., Wei, Z., Ma, S.M., Ma, X., Yang, J., (2016). Characteristics of concentrations and water-soluble inorganic ions in PM2.5 in Handan City, Hebei province, China. Atmospheric Research, 171, 133–146. 27. Achilleos, S., Wolfson, J.M., Ferguson, S.T., Kang, C.M., Hadjimitsis, D.G., Hadjicharalambous, M., Achilleos, C., Christodoulou, A., Nisanzti, A., Papoutsa, C., Themistocleous, K., Athanasatos, S., Perdikou, S., Koutrakis, P. (2016). Spatial variability of fine and coarse particle composition and sources in Cyprus. Atmospheric Research, 169, 255-270. 28. Bove, M.C., Brotto, P., Calzolai, G., Cassola F., Cavalli, F., Fermo, P., Hjorth, J., Massabò, D., Nava, S., Piazzalunga, A., Schembari, C., Prati, P., (2016). PM10 source apportionment applying PMF and chemical tracer analysis to shipborne measurements in the Western Mediterranean. Atmospheric Environment 125, 140–151. 29. Sharma, S.K., Mandal, T.K., Saxena, M., Rashmi, Rohtash, Sharma, A., Gautam, R., (2014). Source apportionment of PM10 by using positive matrix factorization at an urban site of Delhi, India. Urban Climate, 10, 656–670. 30. Callen, M.S., Cruz, M.T., Lopez, J.M., Navarro, M.V., Mastral A.M., (2009). Comparision of receptor models for source apportionment of the PM10 in Zaragoza (Spain). Chemosphere, 76, 1120–1129. 31. Aldabe, J., Elustondo, D., Santamaría, C., Lasheras, E., Pandolfi, M., Alastuey, A., Querol, X., Santamaría, J.M., (2011). Chemical characterisation and source apportionment of PM2.5 and PM10 at rural, urban and traffic sites in Navarra (North of Spain). Atmospheric Research, 102 (1–2), 191–205. 32. Murillo, J.H., Roman, R.S., Marin, J.F.R., Ramos, A.C., Jimenez, S.B., Gonzale, B.C., Baumgardner, D.G., (2013). Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 in the metropolitan area of Costa Rica, Central America. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 4,181-19
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section MBD
Authors

Zehra Bozkurt

Publication Date March 1, 2018
Submission Date October 27, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 30 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Bozkurt, Z. (2018). Düzce İlinde Kentsel ve Yarı kentsel Örnekleme Noktalarında Atmosferik İnorganik İyonların Kaynaklarının Belirlenmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(1), 259-268.
AMA Bozkurt Z. Düzce İlinde Kentsel ve Yarı kentsel Örnekleme Noktalarında Atmosferik İnorganik İyonların Kaynaklarının Belirlenmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. March 2018;30(1):259-268.
Chicago Bozkurt, Zehra. “Düzce İlinde Kentsel Ve Yarı Kentsel Örnekleme Noktalarında Atmosferik İnorganik İyonların Kaynaklarının Belirlenmesi”. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 30, no. 1 (March 2018): 259-68.
EndNote Bozkurt Z (March 1, 2018) Düzce İlinde Kentsel ve Yarı kentsel Örnekleme Noktalarında Atmosferik İnorganik İyonların Kaynaklarının Belirlenmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 30 1 259–268.
IEEE Z. Bozkurt, “Düzce İlinde Kentsel ve Yarı kentsel Örnekleme Noktalarında Atmosferik İnorganik İyonların Kaynaklarının Belirlenmesi”, Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 259–268, 2018.
ISNAD Bozkurt, Zehra. “Düzce İlinde Kentsel Ve Yarı Kentsel Örnekleme Noktalarında Atmosferik İnorganik İyonların Kaynaklarının Belirlenmesi”. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 30/1 (March 2018), 259-268.
JAMA Bozkurt Z. Düzce İlinde Kentsel ve Yarı kentsel Örnekleme Noktalarında Atmosferik İnorganik İyonların Kaynaklarının Belirlenmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2018;30:259–268.
MLA Bozkurt, Zehra. “Düzce İlinde Kentsel Ve Yarı Kentsel Örnekleme Noktalarında Atmosferik İnorganik İyonların Kaynaklarının Belirlenmesi”. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 30, no. 1, 2018, pp. 259-68.
Vancouver Bozkurt Z. Düzce İlinde Kentsel ve Yarı kentsel Örnekleme Noktalarında Atmosferik İnorganik İyonların Kaynaklarının Belirlenmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi. 2018;30(1):259-68.