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Comparison of Liquefaction Susceptibility Maps of Saruhanlı Town (Turkey) Based on Various Liquefaction Indices

Year 2013, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 279 - 302, 05.07.2013

Abstract

In this study, liquefaction susceptibility maps of the Saruhanlı district of Manisa (Turkey) were prepared based on different methods for the evaluation of liquefaction potential and various liquefaction indices. Three main fault zones are present near the study area, namely Bergama, Buyuk Menderes, and Gediz Graben. The Gediz Graben controls the seismicity of the area. The total length of this fault zone is about 150 km, and it is about 33 km from the study site. By considering historical earthquakes within the Gediz Graben and its length, a design earthquake with a moment magnitude of 7.1 was selected for the study site. A peak ground acceleration of 0.28g was calculated for the study site using attenuation relationships developed for Turkey. In order to analyze liquefaction susceptibility of the Saruhanlı region, results from a total of 28 cone penetration tests (CPT)  were evaluated. Four different CPT-based methods were used for the calculation of factor of safety against liquefaction. These factors of safety were used to define the liquefaction indices. Three different liquefaction indices were used to develop the liquefaction susceptibility maps of the area. Hence, a total of twelve liquefaction susceptibility maps were prepared to evaluate liquefaction potential of the area. In additon,liquefaction susceptibility maps were prepared using varying depths of the ground water table to determine the effect of seasonal ground water level changes on the liquefaction severity. Besides, liquefaction-induced ground settlement maps were also prepared for the study site. 

Key words: Liquefaction, liquefaction susceptibility maps, liquefaction index, CPT, Saruhanlı.

References

  • KOERI-NEMC, Bogaziçi University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI), National Earthquake Monitoring Center (NEMC),
  • http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/default.htm
  • (accessed on 5 April 2010).
  • at Çiftçi, N.B., and Bozkurt, E., “Pattern of normal faulting in the Gediz Graben, SW Turkey”, Tectonophysics, 473(1-2): 234-260, (2009).
  • Çiftçi, N.B., and Bozkurt, E., “Evolution of the miocene sedimentary fill of the Gediz Graben, SW Turkey”, Sedimentary Geology, 216(3-4): 49 – 79, (2009).
  • Metli, F., Tan, T., Baykul, A., Akalin, H.L., Avsar, M., Turkbilegi, H., Sun, A., Saygili, N., Isin, R., “Environment geology and area usage potential of Manisa city and its vicinity”, Geological Investigations Department, MTA, Ankara, Report No. 10480 (in Turkish), (2001).
  • at http://www.sayisalgrafik.com.tr/deprem/tr_frames.h tm, (Accessed on 12 May 2009).
  • Wells, D.L., Coppersmith, K.J., “New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture
  • displacement”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 84(4): 974–1002, (1994).
  • Ulusay, R., and Tuncay, E., Sonmez, H., and Gokceoglu, C., “An attenuation relationship based on Turkish strong motion data and iso- acceleration map of Turkey”, Engineering Geology, 74: 265–291, (2004).
  • Seed, H.B., Idriss, I.M., “Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential”, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 97(9): 1249- 1273, (1971).
  • Lee, D.H., Ku, C.S., Yuan, H., “A study of the liquefaction risk potential at Yuanlin, Taiwan”, Engineering Geology, 71: 97–117, (2003).
  • Bulut, İ., Sağlam, M., Bektaş, İ.A., Şahin, M.S., Demir, M., Uran, Ş., Üçkardeşler, C., Güner, F., Araz, A.H., “Geological and geotechnical report of the sites requiring detailed geotechnical investigations for the town planning of Saruhanlı (Manisa) municipality”, Report No. ILB-I/45- 039-004 , Ankara-Turkey (in Turkish), (2006).
  • Tsuchida, H., “Prediction and countermeasure against liquefaction in sand deposits”, Abstract of the Seminar of the Port and Harbour Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, Yokosuka, Japan, 3.1–3.33 (in Japanese), (1970).
  • Youd, T.L, et al., “Liquefaction resistance of soils: Summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF workshops on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils”, Journal of Geotechnical
  • Engineering, ASCE; 127(10):817–833, (2001).
  • Geoenvironmental [15] Robertson, P.K., Wride (Fear), C.E., “Evaluating cyclic liquefaction potential using the cone penetration
  • Journal, 35(3): 442–459, (1998).
  • Geotechnical [16] Boulanger, R.W., Idriss, I.M.,
  • “State normalization of penetration resistance and the effect of overburden stress on liquefaction resistance”, Proceedings 11th International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering and 3rd International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, 2: 484–491, (2004).
  • Juang, C.H., Fang. S.Y., Khor. E.H., “First- Order Reliability Method for Probabilistic Liquefaction Triggering Analysis Using CPT”, Journal
  • Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132 (3): 337– 350, (2006).
  • and Moss, R.E.S., Seed, R.B., Kayen, R.E., Stewart, J.P., Der Kiureghian, A., Cetin, K.O., “CPT- Based
  • assessment of in situ seismic soil liquefaction potential”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(8): 1032– 1051, (2006).
  • deterministic [19] Robertson, P.K., “Estimation of minimum undrained shear strength for flow liquefaction using the CPT”, In: P. Sêco e Pinto (Ed.), Earthquake geotechnical engineering, Balkema, Rotterdam, 1021–1028, (1999).
  • Zhang, G., Robertson, P.K., Brachman, R.W.I., “Estimating
  • settlements from CPT for level ground”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 39(5): 1168– 1180, (2002).
  • ground [21] Liao, S.S.C., Whitman, R.V., “Catalogue of A and Liquefaction
  • Occurrences During Earthquakes”, Research Report, Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts
  • Cambridge, Mass, (1986).
  • Non-Liquefaction Institute of
  • Technology, [22] Seed, H.B., Idriss, I.M., “Ground motions and soil
  • Earthquake Engineering Research Institute Monograph, Oakland, California, (1982).
  • Hynes, M.E., Olsen, R.S., ”Influence of confining stress on liquefaction resistance”, Proceeding
  • Physics and Mechanics of Soil Liquefaction, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 145- 152, (1999). Workshop
  • on Idriss, I.M., Boulanger, R.W., “Semi-empirical procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential during earthquakes”, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 26(2-4): 115–130, (2006).
  • Çetin, K.O., Seed, R.B., Der Kiureghian, A., Tokimatsu, K., Harder, L.F., Jr. Kayen, R.E., Moss, R.E.S., “Standard penetration test-based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil liquefaction potential”, Journal of Geotechnical
  • Engineering. 130(12): 1314–1340, (2004).
  • Geoenvironmental [26] Iwasaki, T., Tokida, K., Tatsuoka, F., Watanabe, S.,
  • “Microzonation for soil liquefaction potential using simplified methods”, In: Proceedings of the
  • microzonation, Seattle, USA, 3: 1319–1330, (1982). S., Sato, H., 3th International Conference
  • on JSHE, Highway Bridge Design Guide Book, Japan Society of Highway Engineering, Tokyo (In Japanese), (1990).
  • Juang, C.H., Yuan, H., Lee, D.H., Lin, P.S., “A simplified cone penetration test–based method for evaluating liquefaction potential of soils”, Journal
  • Geoenvironmental Engineering, 129(1): 66– 80, (2003).
  • and Sönmez, H., Gökçeoğlu, C., “A liquefaction severity index suggested for engineering practice”, Environmental Geology, 48: 81–91, (2005). [30] Day, R.W., “Geotechnical Handbook”,
  • McGraw-Hill Engineering
  • Company Inc., U.S.A, (2002).
  • Ishihara, K., Yoshimine, M., “Evaluation of sand settlements
  • liquefaction during earthquakes”, Soils and Foundations, 32(1): 173–188, (1992).
  • Skemton, A.W and MacDonald, D.H., “The allowable settlement of buildings”, ICE Proceedings: Engineering Divisions, 5( 6): 727–768, (1956).
  • Çetin, K.O., Bilge, H.T., Wu, J., Kammerer, A.M., Seed R.B., “Probabilistic model for the assessment reconsolidation
  • Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 135(3): 387–398, (2009).
  • induced settlements”,
Year 2013, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 279 - 302, 05.07.2013

Abstract

References

  • KOERI-NEMC, Bogaziçi University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI), National Earthquake Monitoring Center (NEMC),
  • http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/default.htm
  • (accessed on 5 April 2010).
  • at Çiftçi, N.B., and Bozkurt, E., “Pattern of normal faulting in the Gediz Graben, SW Turkey”, Tectonophysics, 473(1-2): 234-260, (2009).
  • Çiftçi, N.B., and Bozkurt, E., “Evolution of the miocene sedimentary fill of the Gediz Graben, SW Turkey”, Sedimentary Geology, 216(3-4): 49 – 79, (2009).
  • Metli, F., Tan, T., Baykul, A., Akalin, H.L., Avsar, M., Turkbilegi, H., Sun, A., Saygili, N., Isin, R., “Environment geology and area usage potential of Manisa city and its vicinity”, Geological Investigations Department, MTA, Ankara, Report No. 10480 (in Turkish), (2001).
  • at http://www.sayisalgrafik.com.tr/deprem/tr_frames.h tm, (Accessed on 12 May 2009).
  • Wells, D.L., Coppersmith, K.J., “New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture
  • displacement”, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 84(4): 974–1002, (1994).
  • Ulusay, R., and Tuncay, E., Sonmez, H., and Gokceoglu, C., “An attenuation relationship based on Turkish strong motion data and iso- acceleration map of Turkey”, Engineering Geology, 74: 265–291, (2004).
  • Seed, H.B., Idriss, I.M., “Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential”, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE, 97(9): 1249- 1273, (1971).
  • Lee, D.H., Ku, C.S., Yuan, H., “A study of the liquefaction risk potential at Yuanlin, Taiwan”, Engineering Geology, 71: 97–117, (2003).
  • Bulut, İ., Sağlam, M., Bektaş, İ.A., Şahin, M.S., Demir, M., Uran, Ş., Üçkardeşler, C., Güner, F., Araz, A.H., “Geological and geotechnical report of the sites requiring detailed geotechnical investigations for the town planning of Saruhanlı (Manisa) municipality”, Report No. ILB-I/45- 039-004 , Ankara-Turkey (in Turkish), (2006).
  • Tsuchida, H., “Prediction and countermeasure against liquefaction in sand deposits”, Abstract of the Seminar of the Port and Harbour Research Institute, Ministry of Transport, Yokosuka, Japan, 3.1–3.33 (in Japanese), (1970).
  • Youd, T.L, et al., “Liquefaction resistance of soils: Summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF workshops on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils”, Journal of Geotechnical
  • Engineering, ASCE; 127(10):817–833, (2001).
  • Geoenvironmental [15] Robertson, P.K., Wride (Fear), C.E., “Evaluating cyclic liquefaction potential using the cone penetration
  • Journal, 35(3): 442–459, (1998).
  • Geotechnical [16] Boulanger, R.W., Idriss, I.M.,
  • “State normalization of penetration resistance and the effect of overburden stress on liquefaction resistance”, Proceedings 11th International Conference on Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering and 3rd International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA, 2: 484–491, (2004).
  • Juang, C.H., Fang. S.Y., Khor. E.H., “First- Order Reliability Method for Probabilistic Liquefaction Triggering Analysis Using CPT”, Journal
  • Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132 (3): 337– 350, (2006).
  • and Moss, R.E.S., Seed, R.B., Kayen, R.E., Stewart, J.P., Der Kiureghian, A., Cetin, K.O., “CPT- Based
  • assessment of in situ seismic soil liquefaction potential”, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 132(8): 1032– 1051, (2006).
  • deterministic [19] Robertson, P.K., “Estimation of minimum undrained shear strength for flow liquefaction using the CPT”, In: P. Sêco e Pinto (Ed.), Earthquake geotechnical engineering, Balkema, Rotterdam, 1021–1028, (1999).
  • Zhang, G., Robertson, P.K., Brachman, R.W.I., “Estimating
  • settlements from CPT for level ground”, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 39(5): 1168– 1180, (2002).
  • ground [21] Liao, S.S.C., Whitman, R.V., “Catalogue of A and Liquefaction
  • Occurrences During Earthquakes”, Research Report, Department of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts
  • Cambridge, Mass, (1986).
  • Non-Liquefaction Institute of
  • Technology, [22] Seed, H.B., Idriss, I.M., “Ground motions and soil
  • Earthquake Engineering Research Institute Monograph, Oakland, California, (1982).
  • Hynes, M.E., Olsen, R.S., ”Influence of confining stress on liquefaction resistance”, Proceeding
  • Physics and Mechanics of Soil Liquefaction, Balkema, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 145- 152, (1999). Workshop
  • on Idriss, I.M., Boulanger, R.W., “Semi-empirical procedures for evaluating liquefaction potential during earthquakes”, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 26(2-4): 115–130, (2006).
  • Çetin, K.O., Seed, R.B., Der Kiureghian, A., Tokimatsu, K., Harder, L.F., Jr. Kayen, R.E., Moss, R.E.S., “Standard penetration test-based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil liquefaction potential”, Journal of Geotechnical
  • Engineering. 130(12): 1314–1340, (2004).
  • Geoenvironmental [26] Iwasaki, T., Tokida, K., Tatsuoka, F., Watanabe, S.,
  • “Microzonation for soil liquefaction potential using simplified methods”, In: Proceedings of the
  • microzonation, Seattle, USA, 3: 1319–1330, (1982). S., Sato, H., 3th International Conference
  • on JSHE, Highway Bridge Design Guide Book, Japan Society of Highway Engineering, Tokyo (In Japanese), (1990).
  • Juang, C.H., Yuan, H., Lee, D.H., Lin, P.S., “A simplified cone penetration test–based method for evaluating liquefaction potential of soils”, Journal
  • Geoenvironmental Engineering, 129(1): 66– 80, (2003).
  • and Sönmez, H., Gökçeoğlu, C., “A liquefaction severity index suggested for engineering practice”, Environmental Geology, 48: 81–91, (2005). [30] Day, R.W., “Geotechnical Handbook”,
  • McGraw-Hill Engineering
  • Company Inc., U.S.A, (2002).
  • Ishihara, K., Yoshimine, M., “Evaluation of sand settlements
  • liquefaction during earthquakes”, Soils and Foundations, 32(1): 173–188, (1992).
  • Skemton, A.W and MacDonald, D.H., “The allowable settlement of buildings”, ICE Proceedings: Engineering Divisions, 5( 6): 727–768, (1956).
  • Çetin, K.O., Bilge, H.T., Wu, J., Kammerer, A.M., Seed R.B., “Probabilistic model for the assessment reconsolidation
  • Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 135(3): 387–398, (2009).
  • induced settlements”,
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Civil Engineering
Authors

Mustafa Ozer

Mehmet Orhan This is me

Nihat Isık This is me

Ali Ates This is me

Publication Date July 5, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 26 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ozer, M., Orhan, M., Isık, N., Ates, A. (2013). Comparison of Liquefaction Susceptibility Maps of Saruhanlı Town (Turkey) Based on Various Liquefaction Indices. Gazi University Journal of Science, 26(2), 279-302.
AMA Ozer M, Orhan M, Isık N, Ates A. Comparison of Liquefaction Susceptibility Maps of Saruhanlı Town (Turkey) Based on Various Liquefaction Indices. Gazi University Journal of Science. July 2013;26(2):279-302.
Chicago Ozer, Mustafa, Mehmet Orhan, Nihat Isık, and Ali Ates. “Comparison of Liquefaction Susceptibility Maps of Saruhanlı Town (Turkey) Based on Various Liquefaction Indices”. Gazi University Journal of Science 26, no. 2 (July 2013): 279-302.
EndNote Ozer M, Orhan M, Isık N, Ates A (July 1, 2013) Comparison of Liquefaction Susceptibility Maps of Saruhanlı Town (Turkey) Based on Various Liquefaction Indices. Gazi University Journal of Science 26 2 279–302.
IEEE M. Ozer, M. Orhan, N. Isık, and A. Ates, “Comparison of Liquefaction Susceptibility Maps of Saruhanlı Town (Turkey) Based on Various Liquefaction Indices”, Gazi University Journal of Science, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 279–302, 2013.
ISNAD Ozer, Mustafa et al. “Comparison of Liquefaction Susceptibility Maps of Saruhanlı Town (Turkey) Based on Various Liquefaction Indices”. Gazi University Journal of Science 26/2 (July 2013), 279-302.
JAMA Ozer M, Orhan M, Isık N, Ates A. Comparison of Liquefaction Susceptibility Maps of Saruhanlı Town (Turkey) Based on Various Liquefaction Indices. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2013;26:279–302.
MLA Ozer, Mustafa et al. “Comparison of Liquefaction Susceptibility Maps of Saruhanlı Town (Turkey) Based on Various Liquefaction Indices”. Gazi University Journal of Science, vol. 26, no. 2, 2013, pp. 279-02.
Vancouver Ozer M, Orhan M, Isık N, Ates A. Comparison of Liquefaction Susceptibility Maps of Saruhanlı Town (Turkey) Based on Various Liquefaction Indices. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2013;26(2):279-302.