Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Masculinity and Seeking Psychological Help: A Review Based on Social Identity Theory

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 4, 677 - 686, 25.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1227948

Abstract

To improve their quality of life and mental health, people need psychological help. Past research revealed that although participants reported low levels of life satisfaction, they were hesitant to seek psychological help. In the literature, this situation has been defined as mental health treatment gap. In this context, research focuses on reducing the treatment gap by identifying factors that facilitate and hinder seeking psychological help. Many studies consistently report that men are more reluctant to seek psychological help than women. Therefore, there is a need for a more detailed examination of the factors that affect men's reluctance to seek psychological help. Based on this fact, the study's primary purpose is to provide enlightening information about why men avoid seeking psychological help and the factors that encourage them to seek help. In this study, masculinity's role in seeking help is emphasized in the context of Social Identity Theory. However, past research findings on situations and contexts in which men are willing to seek psychological help are presented. Practitioners and researchers in the mental health field, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, and psychological counselors, can learn a lot from the review's opinions on the role of traditional masculine norms in seeking psychological help.

References

  • Abrams D, Hogg MA (2010) Social ıdentity and self-categorization. In The Sage Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination (Eds JF Dovidio, M Hewstone, P Glick, VM Esses):179-194. London, UK, Sage.
  • Addis ME, Reigeluth CS, Schwab JR (2016) Social norms, social construction, and the psychology of men and masculinity. In APA Handbook for the Psychology of Men and Masculinities (Eds SR Wester, J Wong): 81-104. Washington DC, American Psychological Association.
  • Akçay S (2018) Aslında Güçlü Değilmişim: Erkeklerin Ruhsal Hastalık Deneyimleri. Ankara, Nika Yayınevi.
  • Aruta JJBR, Maria A, Mascarenhas J (2022) Self-compassion promotes mental help-seeking in older, not in younger, counselors. Curr Psychol, doi: 10.1007/s12144-022-03054-6.
  • Atik G, Yalçın İ (2011) Help-seeking attitudes of university students: The role of personality traits and demographic factors. S Afr J Psychol, 41:328-338.
  • Bolak-Boratav H Okman-Fişek G, Eslen-Ziya H (2017) Erkekliğin Türkiye Halleri. İstanbul, Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Booth NR, McDermott RC, Cheng HL, Borgogna NC (2019) Masculine gender role stress and self-stigma of seeking help: The moderating of self-compassion and self-coldness. J Couns Psychol, 66:755-762.
  • Bosson JK, Vandello JA (2013) Manhood, womanhood, and the importance of context: A reply to commentaries. Psychol Men Masc, 14:125–128.
  • Brannon R, Juni S (1984) A scale for measuring attitudes about masculinity. Psychological Documents, 14:573-607.
  • Buscemi J, Murphy JG, Martens MP, McDevitt-Murphy ME, Dennhardt AA, Skidmore JR (2010) Help-seeking for alcohol-related problems in college students: Correlates and preferred resources. Psychol Addict Behav, 24:571–580.
  • Connell RW (2019) Erkeklikler (Çev. Ç Konukcu). İstanbul, Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • Corney RH (1990) Sex differences in general practice attendance and help seeking for minor illness. J Psychosom Res, 34:525–534.
  • Courtenay WH (2000) Behavioural factors associated with disease, injury, and death among men: Evidence and implications for prevention. J Mens Stud, 9:81-142.
  • Çamaş G (2017) Üniversite öğrencilerinde psikolojik yardım aramaya ilişkin damgalama düzeylerinin özyeterlik aile bütünlük duygusu ve sosyal destek ile ilişkisi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Çebi E, Demir A (2020) Help-Seeking attitudes of university students in Turkey. Int J Adv Couns, 42:37–47.
  • Demyan AL, Anderson T (2012) Effects of a brief media intervention on expectations, attitudes, and intentions of mental health help seeking. J Couns Psychol, 59:222–229.
  • Dschaak ZA, Spiker DA, Berney EC, Miller ME, Hammer JH (2021) Collegian help seeking: the role of self-compassion and self-coldness. J Ment Health, 30:284-291.
  • Eagly AH, Crowley M (1986) Gender and helping behavior. a meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Psychol Bull, 100:283-308.
  • Eisenberg D, Hunt J, Speer N (2012) Help seeking for mental health on college campuses: review of evidence and next steps for research and practice. Harv Rev Psychiatry, 20:222–232.
  • Erdoğan E (2017) Türkiye'de Gençlerin İyi Olma Hali Saha Araştırması Bulguları. İstanbul, Habitat Derneği.
  • Erkan S, Özbay Y, Cihangir Çankaya Z, Terzi Ş (2012) Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşadıkları problemler ve psikolojik yardım arama gönüllülükleri. Eğitim ve Bilim, 37:94-107.
  • Feder J, Levant RF, Dean J (2010) Boys and violence: A gender-informed analysis. Psychol Violence, 1:3–12.
  • Fonseca AJ (2010) Salem health psychology & mental health. In Men's Mental Health (Eds. NA Piotrowski). Pasadena, CA, Salem Press.
  • Galdas PM, Cheater F, Marshall P (2005) Men and health help-seeking behaviour: literature review. J Adv Nurs, 49:616–623.
  • Gilligan C (1979) Woman’s place in man’s life cycle. Harv Educ Rev, 49:431-446.
  • Gonzalez JM, Alegría M, Prihoda TJ (2005) How do attitudes toward mental health treatment vary by age, gender, and ethnicity/race in young adults? J Community Psychol, 33:611–629.
  • Good GE, Thomson DA, Brathwaite AD (2005) Men and therapy: Critical concepts, theoretical frameworks, and research recommendations. J Clin Psychol, 61:699–711.
  • Goodwin J, Behan L, Kelly P, McCarthy K, Horgan A (2016) Help-seeking behaviors and mental well-being of first year undergraduate university students. Psychiatry Res, 246:129–135.
  • Gök A (2019) Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım arama tutumları. (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Güç E (2014) Üniversite öğrencilerinin kendini damgalama, stresle başa çıkma tarzları ve psikolojik yardım arama tutumlarının incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Gürsoy O, Gizir CA (2018) Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım almaya yönelik tutumları: sosyal damgalanma, kendini damgalama, öznel sıkıntıları açma, benlik saygısı ve cinsiyetin rolü. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 8:137-155.
  • Hammer JH, Parent MC, Spiker DA (2018) Mental Help Seeking Attitudes Scale (MHSAS): Development, reliability, validity, and comparison with the ATSPPH-SF and IASMHS-PO. J Couns Psychol, 65:74–85.
  • Heath P (2019) Masculinity and psychological help seeking: an application of social ıdentity theory (Graduate thesis). Iowa, Iowa State University.
  • Heath PJ, Brenner RE, Lannin DG, Vogel DL (2018) Self-compassion moderates the relationship of perceived public and anticipated self-stigma of seeking help. Stigma Health, 3:65–68.
  • Heath PJ, Brenner RE, Vogel DL, Lannin DG, Strass HA (2017) Masculinity and barriers to seeking counseling: The buffering role of self-compassion. J Couns Psychol, 64:94–103.
  • Hogg MA (2016) Social identity theory. In Understanding Peace and Conflict Through Social Identity Theory: Contemporary Global Perspectives (Eds. S McKeown, R Haji, N Ferguson):3–17. Cham, Springer.
  • Hser YI, Maglione M, Polinsky ML, Anglin MD (1998) Predicting drug treatment entry among treatment-seeking individuals. J Subst Abuse Treat, 15:213–220.
  • Husaini BA, Moore ST, Cain VA (1994) Psychiatric symptoms and help-seeking behavior among the elderly: an analysis of racial and gender differences. J Gerontol Soc Work, 21:177–196.
  • Isacco A, Talovic E, Chromik L, Yallum N (2013) Addressing men’s mental health through a strength-based approach. In Lifestyle Medicine (Ed. JM Rippe). Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press.
  • Kalkan M, Odacı H (2016) Cinsiyet ve cinsiyet rolünün psikolojik yardım almaya ilişkin tutumlarla ilişkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3:57-64.
  • Kantar A (2021) Erkek cinsiyet rolü stresi ile psikolojik yardım arama tutumu arasındaki ilişkide kendini damgalama ve öz şefkatin rolü (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Kawa I, Carter J D, Joyce PR, Doughty CJ, Frampton CM, Wells JE et al. (2005) Gender differences in bipolar disorder: Age of onset, course, comorbidity, and symptom presentation. Bipolar Disord, 7:119–125.
  • Kızıldağ S, Demirtaş-Zorbaz S, Gençtanırım D, Arıcı F (2012) Hacettepe Üniversitesi öğrencilerinin psikolojik danışma yardımı almaya ve bu yardımın sunulduğu birimlere ilişkin görüşleri. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 8:185-196.
  • Koichi R, Miyamoto Y, Akiyama M, Takamura S (2009) Awareness of early warning signs and help-seeking behaviours among patients with schizophrenia who utilize social rehabilitation facilities in Japan. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs, 16:694–702.
  • Komiya N, Good GE, Sherrod NB (2000) Emotional openness as a predictor of college students’ attitudes toward seeking psychological help. J Couns Psychol, 47:138–143.
  • Koydemir Özden S (2010) Self-aspects, perceived social support, gender, and willingness to seek psychological help. Int J Ment Health, 39:44-60.
  • Levant RF, Wimer DJ, Williams CM, Smalley KB, Noronha D (2009) The relationships between masculinity variables, health risk behaviors and attitudes toward seeking psychological help. Int J Mens Health, 8:3–21.
  • Ludwikowski WMA, Vogel D, Armstrong PI (2009) Attitudes toward career counseling: The role of public and self-stigma. J Couns Psychol, 56:408–416.
  • Mahalik JR, Burns SM (2011) Predicting health behaviors in young men that put them at risk for heart disease. Psychol Men Mas, 12:1–12.
  • Mahalik JR, Good GE, Englar-Carlson M (2003) Masculinity scripts, presenting concerns, and help seeking: Implications for practice and training. Prof Psychol Res Pr, 34:123–131.
  • Mansfield AK, Addis ME, Courtenay W (2005) Measurement of men's help seeking: development and evaluation of the barriers to help seeking scale. Psychol Men Masc, 6:95-108.
  • Neff KD (2003a) The development and validation of a scale to measure selfcompassion. Self Identity, 2:223–250.
  • Neff KD (2003b) Self-compassion: an alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self Identity, 2:85–101.
  • Neff K, Tirch D (2013) Self-compassion and ACT. In Mindfulness, Acceptance, And Positive Psychology: The Seven Foundations of Well-Being (Eds. TB Kashdan, J Ciarrochi):78–106). Oakland, CA, New Harbinger.
  • Ng CJ, Tan HM, Low WH (2008) Why do Asian men consider as important masculinity attributes? Findings from the Asian men’s attitudes to life events and sexuality (MALES) study. J Men Health, 5:350-355.
  • O'Neil JM, Helms BJ, Gable RK, David L, Wrightsman LS (1986) Gender-role conflict scale: college men's fear of femininity. Sex Roles, 14:335–350.
  • Özbay Y, Terzi Ş, Erkan S, Cihangir Çankaya Z (2011) Üniversite öğrencilerinin profesyonel yardım arama tutumları, cinsiyet rolleri ve kendini saklama düzeyleri. Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi, 1:59-71.
  • Rickwood D, Deane FP, Wilson CJ, Ciarrochi J (2005) Young people’s help- seeking for mental health problems. Australian e-journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 4:218-251.
  • Rochlen AB, Mohr JJ, Hargrove BK (1999) Development of the attitudes toward career counseling scale. J Couns Psychol, 46:196–206.
  • Sakallı N,Türkoğlu Demirel B (2019) “Erkek” olmak ya da olmamak: Sosyal psikolojik açıdan erkeksilik/erkeklik çalışmaları. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 22:52-76.
  • Sancar S (2016) Erkeklik: İmkânsız İktidar, 4. Baskı. İstanbul, Metis Yayınları.
  • Smith JP, Tran GQ, Thompson RD (2008) Can the theory of planned behavior help explain men's psychological help-seeking? Evidence for a mediation effect and clinical implications. Psychol Men Masc, 9:179–192.
  • Sobralske M (2006) Machismo sustains health and illness beliefs of Mexican American men. J Am Acad Nurse Pract, 18:348-350.
  • Tajfel H (1979). Individuals and groups in social psychology. Br J Soc Clin Psychol, 18:183–190.
  • Tajfel H, Turner JC (1979) An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (Eds. WG Austin, S Worchel):33-37. Monterey, CA, Brooks/Cole.
  • Tajfel H, Turner JC (2004) The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In Political Psychology: Key Readings (Eds. JT Jost, J Sidanius):94-109. London, UK, Psychology Press.
  • Tajfel H, Billig MG, Bundy RP, Flament C (1971) Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. Eur J Soc Psychol, 2:149–178.
  • Terry L, Leary MR (2011) Self-compassion, self-regulation, and health. Self Identity, 10:352-362.
  • Terry DJ, Hogg MA, White KM (2000) Attitude-behavior relations: social identity and group membership. In Attitudes, Behavior, and Social Context: The Role of Norms and Group Membership, (Eds. DJ Terry, MA Hogg):67-93. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Thompson EH, Pleck JH (1986) The structure of male role norms. Am Behav Sci, 29:531–543.
  • Topkaya N (2011) Psikolojik yardım alma niyetinin sosyal damgalanma, tedavi korkusu, beklenen yarar, beklenen risk ve tutum faktörleriyle modellenmesi (Doktora tezi). İzmir, Ege Üniversitesi.
  • Topkaya N (2014a) Psikolojik yardım alma niyetini yordamada demografik, bireysel ve çevresel faktörler. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 29:1-11.
  • Topkaya N (2014b) Psikolojik yardım almaya ilişkin tutumu yordamada cinsiyet, psikolojik yardım alma nedeniyle kendini damgalama ve sosyal damgalanma. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 14:1-17.
  • Topkaya N (2021) Predictors of attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help among Turkish college students. Child Youth Serv Rev, 120:105782.
  • Topkaya N, Meydan B (2013) Üniversite öğrencilerinin problem yaşadıkları alanlar, yardım kaynakları ve psikolojik yardım alma niyetleri. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3:25-37.
  • Topkaya N, Büyükgöze Kavas A (2015) Algılanan sosyal destek, yaşam doyumu, psikolojik yardım almaya ilişkin tutum ve niyet arasındaki ilişkiler: bir model çalışması. Turkish Studies, 10:979-996.
  • Turner J (1982) Toward a cognitive definition of the group. In Social Identity and Intergroup Relations (Eds. H. Tajfel). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Turner JC (1985) Social categorization and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group behavior. In Advances in Group Processes: Theory and Research (Eds. EJ Lawler):72–121. Greenwich, CT, JAI Press.
  • Turner JC (1987) Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. New York, Basil Blackwell.
  • Turner JC, Reynolds KJ (2012) Self-categorization theory. In Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology Vol. 2 (Eds PAM Van Lange, AW Kruglanski, ET Higgins):399-417. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
  • Türkoğlu B (2013) Fay hattında erkeklikler: çalışma ve işsizlik ekseninde erkekliğe bakış. Mülkiye Dergisi, 37:33-61.
  • Türküm AS (2005) Who seeks help? Examining the differences in attitude of Turkish üniversity students toward seeking psychological help by gender, gender roles, and help-seeking experiences. J Mens Stud, 13:389-401.
  • Üstünel AÖ (2010) The construction of masculine self. (Yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi.
  • Vandello JA, Bosson JK, Cohen D, Burnaford RM, Weaver JR (2008) Precarious manhood. J Pers Soc Psychol, 95:1325-1339.
  • Vessey JT, Howard KI (1993) Who seeks psychotherapy? Psychotherapy (Chic), 30:546–553.
  • Vogel DL, Wade NG, Haake S (2006) Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. J Couns Psychol, 53:325-337.
  • Vogel DL, Heath PJ (2016) Men, masculinities, and help-seeking patterns. In APA Handbook of Men and Masculinities (Eds. YJ Wong, SR Wester):685–707. Washington DC, American Psychological Association.
  • Vogel DL, Wester SR (2003) To seek help or not to seek help: the risks of self-disclosure. J Couns Psychol, 50:351–361.
  • Vogel DL, Heimerdinger-Edwards SR, Hammer JH, Hubbard A (2011) “Boys don't cry”: Examination of the links between endorsement of masculine norms, self-stigma, and help-seeking attitudes for men from diverse backgrounds. J Couns Psychol, 58:368-382.
  • Vogel DL, Shechtman Z, Wade NG (2010) The role of public and self-stigma in predicting attitudes toward group counseling. Couns Psychol, 38:904–922.
  • Vogel DL, Wade NG, Hackler AH (2007a) Perceived public stigma and the willingness to seek counseling: The mediating roles of self-stigma and attitudes toward counseling. J Couns Psychol, 54:40–50.
  • Vogel DL, Wade NG, Hackler AH (2008) Emotional expression and the decision to seek therapy: The mediating roles of the anticipated benefits and risks. J Soc Clin Psychol, 27:254-278.
  • Vogel DL, Wester SR, Larson ML (2007b) Avoidance of counseling: Psychological factors that inhibit seeking help. J Couns Dev, 85:410-422.
  • Vogel DL, Wester SR, Wei M, Boysen GA (2005) The role of outcome expectations and attitudes on decisions to seek professional help. J Couns Psychol, 52:459–470.
  • Wenger LM (2011) Beyond ballistics: expanding our conceptualization of men’s health-related help seeking. Am J Mens Health, 5:488–499.
  • Wimer DJ, Levant RF (2011) The relation of masculinity and help-seeking style with the academic help-seeking behavior of college men. J Mens Stud, 19:256–274.
  • Wong YJ, Ho MHR, Wang SY, Miller ISK (2017) Meta-Analyses of the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and mental health-related outcomes. J Couns Psychol, 64:80-93.
  • Worthley JP, Hostetler AJ, Frye AA (2017) Motivated to seek help: Masculine norms and self-regulated motivation in self-help groups. Psychol Men Masc, 18:20–31.
  • Wyke S, Hunt K, Ford G (1998) Gender differences in consulting a general practitioner for common symptoms of minor illness. Soc Sci Med, 46:901–906.
  • Yalçın İ (2016) Profesyonel psikolojik yardım aramaya ilişkin tutumların yordanmasında benlik kurgusu ve algılanan sosyal desteğin rolü. Eğitim ve Bilim Dergisi, 41:339-349.
  • Yapar B (2021) Erkek toplumsal cinsiyet rolü çatışması, psikolojik yardım aramada kendini damgalama, erkekliğe yönelik algılanan tehdit (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Zhao W, Young RE, Breslow L, Michel NM, Flett GL, Goldberg JO (2015) Attachment style, relationship factors, and mental health stigma among adolescents. Can J Behav Sci, 47:263–271.

Erkeklik ve Psikolojik Yardım Arama: Sosyal Kimlik Kuramı Temelli Bir Derleme

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 4, 677 - 686, 25.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1227948

Abstract

Bireylerin ihtiyaç duyduklarında psikolojik yardım almaları hem akıl sağlıkları hem de yaşam kaliteleri açısından önem arz etmektedir. Psikolojik yardım alma davranışına ilişkin yapılan araştırmalarda katılımcıların yaşam memnuniyet düzeylerini düşük olarak belirtmelerine rağmen yardım arama konusunda çekimser tavırlar sergiledikleri ortaya konulmuştur. Alanyazında bu durum, ruh sağlığı tedavi boşluğu (mental health treatment gap) olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda araştırmalar, psikolojik yardım aramayı kolaylaştıran ve engelleyen faktörleri belirleyerek tedavi boşluğunu azaltmaya odaklanmıştır. Hem ulusal hem de yurt dışı alanyazında kadınlara kıyasla erkeklerin psikolojik yardım alma konusunda daha isteksiz davrandıklarını bildiren tutarlı araştırma bulguları bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle, erkeklerin psikolojik yardım arama konusundaki isteksizlikleri üzerinde etkili olan faktörlerin daha detaylı incelenmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çerçeveden hareketle çalışmanın temel amacı, erkeklerin psikolojik yardım almaktan kaçınmalarına neden olan faktörler ve yardım almalarını teşvik eden faktörler hakkında bilgiler sunmaktır. Bu ana amaçtan hareketle çalışmada, Sosyal Kimlik Kuramı bağlamında erkekliğin psikolojik yardım arama sürecindeki rolü üzerinde durulmuştur. Bununla birlikte, erkeklerin psikolojik yardım aramaya istekli oldukları durum ve bağlamlar hakkında geçmiş araştırma bulguları sunulmuştur. Derleme çalışmasının, ruh sağlığı alanında çalışan psikiyatrist, psikolog, sosyal hizmet uzmanı ve psikolojik danışman gibi uygulayıcılar ve araştırmacılar için geleneksel eril normların, psikolojik yardım alma sürecindeki rollerine ilişkin aydınlatıcı fikirler sunacağı düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Abrams D, Hogg MA (2010) Social ıdentity and self-categorization. In The Sage Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination (Eds JF Dovidio, M Hewstone, P Glick, VM Esses):179-194. London, UK, Sage.
  • Addis ME, Reigeluth CS, Schwab JR (2016) Social norms, social construction, and the psychology of men and masculinity. In APA Handbook for the Psychology of Men and Masculinities (Eds SR Wester, J Wong): 81-104. Washington DC, American Psychological Association.
  • Akçay S (2018) Aslında Güçlü Değilmişim: Erkeklerin Ruhsal Hastalık Deneyimleri. Ankara, Nika Yayınevi.
  • Aruta JJBR, Maria A, Mascarenhas J (2022) Self-compassion promotes mental help-seeking in older, not in younger, counselors. Curr Psychol, doi: 10.1007/s12144-022-03054-6.
  • Atik G, Yalçın İ (2011) Help-seeking attitudes of university students: The role of personality traits and demographic factors. S Afr J Psychol, 41:328-338.
  • Bolak-Boratav H Okman-Fişek G, Eslen-Ziya H (2017) Erkekliğin Türkiye Halleri. İstanbul, Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Booth NR, McDermott RC, Cheng HL, Borgogna NC (2019) Masculine gender role stress and self-stigma of seeking help: The moderating of self-compassion and self-coldness. J Couns Psychol, 66:755-762.
  • Bosson JK, Vandello JA (2013) Manhood, womanhood, and the importance of context: A reply to commentaries. Psychol Men Masc, 14:125–128.
  • Brannon R, Juni S (1984) A scale for measuring attitudes about masculinity. Psychological Documents, 14:573-607.
  • Buscemi J, Murphy JG, Martens MP, McDevitt-Murphy ME, Dennhardt AA, Skidmore JR (2010) Help-seeking for alcohol-related problems in college students: Correlates and preferred resources. Psychol Addict Behav, 24:571–580.
  • Connell RW (2019) Erkeklikler (Çev. Ç Konukcu). İstanbul, Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • Corney RH (1990) Sex differences in general practice attendance and help seeking for minor illness. J Psychosom Res, 34:525–534.
  • Courtenay WH (2000) Behavioural factors associated with disease, injury, and death among men: Evidence and implications for prevention. J Mens Stud, 9:81-142.
  • Çamaş G (2017) Üniversite öğrencilerinde psikolojik yardım aramaya ilişkin damgalama düzeylerinin özyeterlik aile bütünlük duygusu ve sosyal destek ile ilişkisi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Çebi E, Demir A (2020) Help-Seeking attitudes of university students in Turkey. Int J Adv Couns, 42:37–47.
  • Demyan AL, Anderson T (2012) Effects of a brief media intervention on expectations, attitudes, and intentions of mental health help seeking. J Couns Psychol, 59:222–229.
  • Dschaak ZA, Spiker DA, Berney EC, Miller ME, Hammer JH (2021) Collegian help seeking: the role of self-compassion and self-coldness. J Ment Health, 30:284-291.
  • Eagly AH, Crowley M (1986) Gender and helping behavior. a meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Psychol Bull, 100:283-308.
  • Eisenberg D, Hunt J, Speer N (2012) Help seeking for mental health on college campuses: review of evidence and next steps for research and practice. Harv Rev Psychiatry, 20:222–232.
  • Erdoğan E (2017) Türkiye'de Gençlerin İyi Olma Hali Saha Araştırması Bulguları. İstanbul, Habitat Derneği.
  • Erkan S, Özbay Y, Cihangir Çankaya Z, Terzi Ş (2012) Üniversite öğrencilerinin yaşadıkları problemler ve psikolojik yardım arama gönüllülükleri. Eğitim ve Bilim, 37:94-107.
  • Feder J, Levant RF, Dean J (2010) Boys and violence: A gender-informed analysis. Psychol Violence, 1:3–12.
  • Fonseca AJ (2010) Salem health psychology & mental health. In Men's Mental Health (Eds. NA Piotrowski). Pasadena, CA, Salem Press.
  • Galdas PM, Cheater F, Marshall P (2005) Men and health help-seeking behaviour: literature review. J Adv Nurs, 49:616–623.
  • Gilligan C (1979) Woman’s place in man’s life cycle. Harv Educ Rev, 49:431-446.
  • Gonzalez JM, Alegría M, Prihoda TJ (2005) How do attitudes toward mental health treatment vary by age, gender, and ethnicity/race in young adults? J Community Psychol, 33:611–629.
  • Good GE, Thomson DA, Brathwaite AD (2005) Men and therapy: Critical concepts, theoretical frameworks, and research recommendations. J Clin Psychol, 61:699–711.
  • Goodwin J, Behan L, Kelly P, McCarthy K, Horgan A (2016) Help-seeking behaviors and mental well-being of first year undergraduate university students. Psychiatry Res, 246:129–135.
  • Gök A (2019) Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım arama tutumları. (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Güç E (2014) Üniversite öğrencilerinin kendini damgalama, stresle başa çıkma tarzları ve psikolojik yardım arama tutumlarının incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Gürsoy O, Gizir CA (2018) Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik yardım almaya yönelik tutumları: sosyal damgalanma, kendini damgalama, öznel sıkıntıları açma, benlik saygısı ve cinsiyetin rolü. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 8:137-155.
  • Hammer JH, Parent MC, Spiker DA (2018) Mental Help Seeking Attitudes Scale (MHSAS): Development, reliability, validity, and comparison with the ATSPPH-SF and IASMHS-PO. J Couns Psychol, 65:74–85.
  • Heath P (2019) Masculinity and psychological help seeking: an application of social ıdentity theory (Graduate thesis). Iowa, Iowa State University.
  • Heath PJ, Brenner RE, Lannin DG, Vogel DL (2018) Self-compassion moderates the relationship of perceived public and anticipated self-stigma of seeking help. Stigma Health, 3:65–68.
  • Heath PJ, Brenner RE, Vogel DL, Lannin DG, Strass HA (2017) Masculinity and barriers to seeking counseling: The buffering role of self-compassion. J Couns Psychol, 64:94–103.
  • Hogg MA (2016) Social identity theory. In Understanding Peace and Conflict Through Social Identity Theory: Contemporary Global Perspectives (Eds. S McKeown, R Haji, N Ferguson):3–17. Cham, Springer.
  • Hser YI, Maglione M, Polinsky ML, Anglin MD (1998) Predicting drug treatment entry among treatment-seeking individuals. J Subst Abuse Treat, 15:213–220.
  • Husaini BA, Moore ST, Cain VA (1994) Psychiatric symptoms and help-seeking behavior among the elderly: an analysis of racial and gender differences. J Gerontol Soc Work, 21:177–196.
  • Isacco A, Talovic E, Chromik L, Yallum N (2013) Addressing men’s mental health through a strength-based approach. In Lifestyle Medicine (Ed. JM Rippe). Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press.
  • Kalkan M, Odacı H (2016) Cinsiyet ve cinsiyet rolünün psikolojik yardım almaya ilişkin tutumlarla ilişkisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3:57-64.
  • Kantar A (2021) Erkek cinsiyet rolü stresi ile psikolojik yardım arama tutumu arasındaki ilişkide kendini damgalama ve öz şefkatin rolü (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Kawa I, Carter J D, Joyce PR, Doughty CJ, Frampton CM, Wells JE et al. (2005) Gender differences in bipolar disorder: Age of onset, course, comorbidity, and symptom presentation. Bipolar Disord, 7:119–125.
  • Kızıldağ S, Demirtaş-Zorbaz S, Gençtanırım D, Arıcı F (2012) Hacettepe Üniversitesi öğrencilerinin psikolojik danışma yardımı almaya ve bu yardımın sunulduğu birimlere ilişkin görüşleri. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 8:185-196.
  • Koichi R, Miyamoto Y, Akiyama M, Takamura S (2009) Awareness of early warning signs and help-seeking behaviours among patients with schizophrenia who utilize social rehabilitation facilities in Japan. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs, 16:694–702.
  • Komiya N, Good GE, Sherrod NB (2000) Emotional openness as a predictor of college students’ attitudes toward seeking psychological help. J Couns Psychol, 47:138–143.
  • Koydemir Özden S (2010) Self-aspects, perceived social support, gender, and willingness to seek psychological help. Int J Ment Health, 39:44-60.
  • Levant RF, Wimer DJ, Williams CM, Smalley KB, Noronha D (2009) The relationships between masculinity variables, health risk behaviors and attitudes toward seeking psychological help. Int J Mens Health, 8:3–21.
  • Ludwikowski WMA, Vogel D, Armstrong PI (2009) Attitudes toward career counseling: The role of public and self-stigma. J Couns Psychol, 56:408–416.
  • Mahalik JR, Burns SM (2011) Predicting health behaviors in young men that put them at risk for heart disease. Psychol Men Mas, 12:1–12.
  • Mahalik JR, Good GE, Englar-Carlson M (2003) Masculinity scripts, presenting concerns, and help seeking: Implications for practice and training. Prof Psychol Res Pr, 34:123–131.
  • Mansfield AK, Addis ME, Courtenay W (2005) Measurement of men's help seeking: development and evaluation of the barriers to help seeking scale. Psychol Men Masc, 6:95-108.
  • Neff KD (2003a) The development and validation of a scale to measure selfcompassion. Self Identity, 2:223–250.
  • Neff KD (2003b) Self-compassion: an alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self Identity, 2:85–101.
  • Neff K, Tirch D (2013) Self-compassion and ACT. In Mindfulness, Acceptance, And Positive Psychology: The Seven Foundations of Well-Being (Eds. TB Kashdan, J Ciarrochi):78–106). Oakland, CA, New Harbinger.
  • Ng CJ, Tan HM, Low WH (2008) Why do Asian men consider as important masculinity attributes? Findings from the Asian men’s attitudes to life events and sexuality (MALES) study. J Men Health, 5:350-355.
  • O'Neil JM, Helms BJ, Gable RK, David L, Wrightsman LS (1986) Gender-role conflict scale: college men's fear of femininity. Sex Roles, 14:335–350.
  • Özbay Y, Terzi Ş, Erkan S, Cihangir Çankaya Z (2011) Üniversite öğrencilerinin profesyonel yardım arama tutumları, cinsiyet rolleri ve kendini saklama düzeyleri. Pegem Eğitim ve Öğretim Dergisi, 1:59-71.
  • Rickwood D, Deane FP, Wilson CJ, Ciarrochi J (2005) Young people’s help- seeking for mental health problems. Australian e-journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 4:218-251.
  • Rochlen AB, Mohr JJ, Hargrove BK (1999) Development of the attitudes toward career counseling scale. J Couns Psychol, 46:196–206.
  • Sakallı N,Türkoğlu Demirel B (2019) “Erkek” olmak ya da olmamak: Sosyal psikolojik açıdan erkeksilik/erkeklik çalışmaları. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 22:52-76.
  • Sancar S (2016) Erkeklik: İmkânsız İktidar, 4. Baskı. İstanbul, Metis Yayınları.
  • Smith JP, Tran GQ, Thompson RD (2008) Can the theory of planned behavior help explain men's psychological help-seeking? Evidence for a mediation effect and clinical implications. Psychol Men Masc, 9:179–192.
  • Sobralske M (2006) Machismo sustains health and illness beliefs of Mexican American men. J Am Acad Nurse Pract, 18:348-350.
  • Tajfel H (1979). Individuals and groups in social psychology. Br J Soc Clin Psychol, 18:183–190.
  • Tajfel H, Turner JC (1979) An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (Eds. WG Austin, S Worchel):33-37. Monterey, CA, Brooks/Cole.
  • Tajfel H, Turner JC (2004) The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In Political Psychology: Key Readings (Eds. JT Jost, J Sidanius):94-109. London, UK, Psychology Press.
  • Tajfel H, Billig MG, Bundy RP, Flament C (1971) Social categorization and intergroup behaviour. Eur J Soc Psychol, 2:149–178.
  • Terry L, Leary MR (2011) Self-compassion, self-regulation, and health. Self Identity, 10:352-362.
  • Terry DJ, Hogg MA, White KM (2000) Attitude-behavior relations: social identity and group membership. In Attitudes, Behavior, and Social Context: The Role of Norms and Group Membership, (Eds. DJ Terry, MA Hogg):67-93. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Thompson EH, Pleck JH (1986) The structure of male role norms. Am Behav Sci, 29:531–543.
  • Topkaya N (2011) Psikolojik yardım alma niyetinin sosyal damgalanma, tedavi korkusu, beklenen yarar, beklenen risk ve tutum faktörleriyle modellenmesi (Doktora tezi). İzmir, Ege Üniversitesi.
  • Topkaya N (2014a) Psikolojik yardım alma niyetini yordamada demografik, bireysel ve çevresel faktörler. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 29:1-11.
  • Topkaya N (2014b) Psikolojik yardım almaya ilişkin tutumu yordamada cinsiyet, psikolojik yardım alma nedeniyle kendini damgalama ve sosyal damgalanma. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 14:1-17.
  • Topkaya N (2021) Predictors of attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help among Turkish college students. Child Youth Serv Rev, 120:105782.
  • Topkaya N, Meydan B (2013) Üniversite öğrencilerinin problem yaşadıkları alanlar, yardım kaynakları ve psikolojik yardım alma niyetleri. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 3:25-37.
  • Topkaya N, Büyükgöze Kavas A (2015) Algılanan sosyal destek, yaşam doyumu, psikolojik yardım almaya ilişkin tutum ve niyet arasındaki ilişkiler: bir model çalışması. Turkish Studies, 10:979-996.
  • Turner J (1982) Toward a cognitive definition of the group. In Social Identity and Intergroup Relations (Eds. H. Tajfel). Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Turner JC (1985) Social categorization and the self-concept: A social cognitive theory of group behavior. In Advances in Group Processes: Theory and Research (Eds. EJ Lawler):72–121. Greenwich, CT, JAI Press.
  • Turner JC (1987) Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. New York, Basil Blackwell.
  • Turner JC, Reynolds KJ (2012) Self-categorization theory. In Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology Vol. 2 (Eds PAM Van Lange, AW Kruglanski, ET Higgins):399-417. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.
  • Türkoğlu B (2013) Fay hattında erkeklikler: çalışma ve işsizlik ekseninde erkekliğe bakış. Mülkiye Dergisi, 37:33-61.
  • Türküm AS (2005) Who seeks help? Examining the differences in attitude of Turkish üniversity students toward seeking psychological help by gender, gender roles, and help-seeking experiences. J Mens Stud, 13:389-401.
  • Üstünel AÖ (2010) The construction of masculine self. (Yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi.
  • Vandello JA, Bosson JK, Cohen D, Burnaford RM, Weaver JR (2008) Precarious manhood. J Pers Soc Psychol, 95:1325-1339.
  • Vessey JT, Howard KI (1993) Who seeks psychotherapy? Psychotherapy (Chic), 30:546–553.
  • Vogel DL, Wade NG, Haake S (2006) Measuring the self-stigma associated with seeking psychological help. J Couns Psychol, 53:325-337.
  • Vogel DL, Heath PJ (2016) Men, masculinities, and help-seeking patterns. In APA Handbook of Men and Masculinities (Eds. YJ Wong, SR Wester):685–707. Washington DC, American Psychological Association.
  • Vogel DL, Wester SR (2003) To seek help or not to seek help: the risks of self-disclosure. J Couns Psychol, 50:351–361.
  • Vogel DL, Heimerdinger-Edwards SR, Hammer JH, Hubbard A (2011) “Boys don't cry”: Examination of the links between endorsement of masculine norms, self-stigma, and help-seeking attitudes for men from diverse backgrounds. J Couns Psychol, 58:368-382.
  • Vogel DL, Shechtman Z, Wade NG (2010) The role of public and self-stigma in predicting attitudes toward group counseling. Couns Psychol, 38:904–922.
  • Vogel DL, Wade NG, Hackler AH (2007a) Perceived public stigma and the willingness to seek counseling: The mediating roles of self-stigma and attitudes toward counseling. J Couns Psychol, 54:40–50.
  • Vogel DL, Wade NG, Hackler AH (2008) Emotional expression and the decision to seek therapy: The mediating roles of the anticipated benefits and risks. J Soc Clin Psychol, 27:254-278.
  • Vogel DL, Wester SR, Larson ML (2007b) Avoidance of counseling: Psychological factors that inhibit seeking help. J Couns Dev, 85:410-422.
  • Vogel DL, Wester SR, Wei M, Boysen GA (2005) The role of outcome expectations and attitudes on decisions to seek professional help. J Couns Psychol, 52:459–470.
  • Wenger LM (2011) Beyond ballistics: expanding our conceptualization of men’s health-related help seeking. Am J Mens Health, 5:488–499.
  • Wimer DJ, Levant RF (2011) The relation of masculinity and help-seeking style with the academic help-seeking behavior of college men. J Mens Stud, 19:256–274.
  • Wong YJ, Ho MHR, Wang SY, Miller ISK (2017) Meta-Analyses of the relationship between conformity to masculine norms and mental health-related outcomes. J Couns Psychol, 64:80-93.
  • Worthley JP, Hostetler AJ, Frye AA (2017) Motivated to seek help: Masculine norms and self-regulated motivation in self-help groups. Psychol Men Masc, 18:20–31.
  • Wyke S, Hunt K, Ford G (1998) Gender differences in consulting a general practitioner for common symptoms of minor illness. Soc Sci Med, 46:901–906.
  • Yalçın İ (2016) Profesyonel psikolojik yardım aramaya ilişkin tutumların yordanmasında benlik kurgusu ve algılanan sosyal desteğin rolü. Eğitim ve Bilim Dergisi, 41:339-349.
  • Yapar B (2021) Erkek toplumsal cinsiyet rolü çatışması, psikolojik yardım aramada kendini damgalama, erkekliğe yönelik algılanan tehdit (Yüksek lisans tezi). Ankara, Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
  • Zhao W, Young RE, Breslow L, Michel NM, Flett GL, Goldberg JO (2015) Attachment style, relationship factors, and mental health stigma among adolescents. Can J Behav Sci, 47:263–271.
There are 102 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology, Behaviour-Personality Assessment in Psychology
Journal Section Review
Authors

Adem Kantar 0000-0001-8486-9376

İlhan Yalçın 0000-0002-6407-9606

Publication Date December 25, 2023
Acceptance Date April 1, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 15 Issue: 4

Cite

AMA Kantar A, Yalçın İ. Masculinity and Seeking Psychological Help: A Review Based on Social Identity Theory. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. December 2023;15(4):677-686. doi:10.18863/pgy.1227948

Creative Commons License
Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.