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Çocuk Endokrinoloji Bakış Açısıyla Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı

Year 2021, Volume: 28 Issue: COVİD-19 ÖZEL SAYI, 209 - 213, 01.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.906320

Abstract

Tüm dünyayı sarsan yeni koronavirüs hastalığının erişkin çağda endokrinolojik hastalığı olan bireylerde daha ağır seyrettiği bilinmektedir. Çocukluk çağında obezitenin yüksek mortalite oranları ile ilişkisi öne sürülmektedir. Diyabet ekibi ile yakın iletişim halinde olması gereken Tip 1 diyabet (T1D) tanılı hastaların uzaktan eğitim ve teletıp yöntemleri ile desteklenmesi gerekmektedir. Adrenal yetmezlik ve T1D nedeniyle izlenen hastalar enfekte olmaları halinde özel yaklaşımlarla tedavilerinde değişikliklere gereksinim duyacaklardır. Karantina kuralları gereği rutin alışkanlıklarının dışına çıkan çocuklarda obezite sıklığında artış, bunun bir sonucu olarak da puberte prekoks sıklığında artış görülmektedir. Çocuklara evde dahi olsa egzersiz yapılması, sağlıklı beslenme rutinlerinden uzaklaşmamaları gerektiği hatırlatılmalı, çocuklar bu konuda desteklenmelidir.

References

  • 1. Erichsen MM, Løvås K, Fougner KJ, Svartberg J, Hauge ER, Bollerslev J, et al. Normal overall mortality rate in Addison's disease, but young patients are at risk of premature death. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;160(2):233-7.
  • 2. ESPE Physician Information on COVID-19 and Pediatric Endocrine Diseases Disease specific information and advice: ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY available at: https://www.eurospe.org/media/2331/espe-physicians-information-on-covid-19-and-adrenal-insufficiency.pdf [Internet]. 2020.
  • 3. Alzahrani AS, Mukhtar N, Aljomaiah A, Aljamei H, Bakhsh A, Alsudani N, et al. The Impact of COVID-19 Viral Infection on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. Endocr Pract. 2021;27(2):83-9.
  • 4. Tan T, Khoo B, Mills EG, Phylactou M, Patel B, Eng PC, et al. Association between high serum total cortisol concentrations and mortality from COVID-19. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(8):659-60.
  • 5. Leow MK, Kwek DS, Ng AW, Ong KC, Kaw GJ, Lee LS. Hypocortisolism in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;63(2):197-202.
  • 6. Dekkers OM, Horváth-Puhó E, Jørgensen JO, Cannegieter SC, Ehrenstein V, Vandenbroucke JP, et al. Multisystem morbidity and mortality in Cushing's syndrome: a cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(6):2277-84.
  • 7. Arlt W, Baldeweg SE, Pearce SHS, Simpson HL. ENDOCRINOLOGY IN THE TIME OF COVID-19: Management of adrenal insufficiency. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(1):G25-G32.
  • 8. Lönnrot M, Lynch KF, Elding Larsson H, Lernmark Å, Rewers MJ, Törn C, et al. Respiratory infections are temporally associated with initiation of type 1 diabetes autoimmunity: the TEDDY study. Diabetologia. 2017;60(10):1931-40.
  • 9. Yang JK, Lin SS, Ji XJ, Guo LM. Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2010;47(3):193-9.
  • 10. Bindom SM, Lazartigues E. The sweeter side of ACE2: physiological evidence for a role in diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009;302(2):193-202.
  • 11. Unsworth R, Wallace S, Oliver NS, Yeung S, Kshirsagar A, Naidu H, et al. New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes in Children During COVID-19: Multicenter Regional Findings in the U.K. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(11):e170-e1.
  • 12. Tittel SR, Rosenbauer J, Kamrath C, Ziegler J, Reschke F, Hammersen J, et al. Did the COVID-19 Lockdown Affect the Incidence of Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes in Germany? Diabetes Care. 2020;43(11):e172-e3.
  • 13. Dayal D, Gupta S, Raithatha D, Jayashree M. Missing during COVID-19 lockdown: Children with onset of type 1 diabetes. Acta Paediatr. 2020;109(10):2144-6.
  • 14. Kamrath C, Mönkemöller K, Biester T, Rohrer TR, Warncke K, Hammersen J, et al. Ketoacidosis in Children and Adolescents With Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany. JAMA. 2020;324(8):801-4.
  • 15. DiMeglio LA, Albanese-O'Neill A, Muñoz CE, Maahs DM. COVID-19 and Children With Diabetes-Updates, Unknowns, and Next Steps: First, Do No Extrapolation. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(11):2631-4.
  • 16. Cardona-Hernandez R, Cherubini V, Iafusco D, Schiaffini R, Luo X, Maahs DM. Children and youth with diabetes are not at increased risk for hospitalization due to COVID-19. Pediatr Diabetes. 2021;22(2):202-6.
  • 17. Nogueira-de-Almeida CA, Del Ciampo LA, Ferraz IS, Del Ciampo IRL, Contini AA, Ued FDV. COVID-19 and obesity in childhood and adolescence: a clinical review. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2020;96(5):546-58.
  • 18. Passanisi S, Pecoraro M, Pira F, Alibrandi A, Donia V, Lonia P, et al. Quarantine Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic From the Perspective of Pediatric Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: A Web-Based Survey. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:491.
  • 19. Schiaffini R, Barbetti F, Rapini N, Inzaghi E, Deodati A, Patera IP, et al. School and pre-school children with type 1 diabetes during Covid-19 quarantine: The synergic effect of parental care and technology. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;166:108302.
  • 20. Klatman EL, Besançon S, Bahendeka S, Mayige M, Ogle GD. COVID-19 and type 1 diabetes: Challenges and actions. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;166:108275.
  • 21. ESPE Physician Information on COVID-19 and Pediatric Endocrine Disease Disease specific information and advice – Type 1 Diabetes https://www.eurospe.org/media/2315/espe-physician-information-on-covid-19-and-type-1-diabetes.pdf [Internet]. 2020.
  • 22. Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) and children with diabetes - International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes. https://www.ispad.org/general/custom.asp?page=CoronavirusinfectionCOVID-19. Accessed 19 Sep 2020 [Internet].
  • 23. Cuschieri S, Grech S. COVID-19: a one-way ticket to a global childhood obesity crisis? J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2020:1-4.
  • 24. Ryan PM, Caplice NM. Is Adipose Tissue a Reservoir for Viral Spread, Immune Activation, and Cytokine Amplification in Coronavirus Disease 2019? Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020;28(7):1191-4.
  • 25. Radzikowska U, Ding M, Tan G, Zhakparov D, Peng Y, Wawrzyniak P, et al. Distribution of ACE2, CD147, CD26, and other SARS-CoV-2 associated molecules in tissues and immune cells in health and in asthma, COPD, obesity, hypertension, and COVID-19 risk factors. Allergy. 2020;75(11):2829-45.
  • 26. Sattar N, McInnes IB, McMurray JJV. Obesity Is a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19 Infection: Multiple Potential Mechanisms. Circulation. 2020;142(1):4-6.
  • 27. Luzi L, Radaelli MG. Influenza and obesity: its odd relationship and the lessons for COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Diabetol. 2020;57(6):759-64.
  • 28. Maier HE, Lopez R, Sanchez N, Ng S, Gresh L, Ojeda S, et al. Obesity Increases the Duration of Influenza A Virus Shedding in Adults. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(9):1378-82.
  • 29. Townsend MJ, Kyle TK, Stanford FC. COVID-19 Vaccination and Obesity: Optimism and Challenges. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2021;29(4):634-5.
  • 30. Karlsson EA, Hertz T, Johnson C, Mehle A, Krammer F, Schultz-Cherry S. Obesity Outweighs Protection Conferred by Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccination. mBio. 2016;7(4).
  • 31. Rebello CJ, Kirwan JP, Greenway FL. Obesity, the most common comorbidity in SARS-CoV-2: is leptin the link? Int J Obes (Lond). 2020;44(9):1810-7.
  • 32. Dietz W, Santos-Burgoa C. Obesity and its Implications for COVID-19 Mortality. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020;28(6):1005.
  • 33. Shekerdemian LS, Mahmood NR, Wolfe KK, Riggs BJ, Ross CE, McKiernan CA, et al. Characteristics and Outcomes of Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(9):868-73.
  • 34. Kass DA, Duggal P, Cingolani O. Obesity could shift severe COVID-19 disease to younger ages. Lancet. 2020;395(10236):1544-5.
  • 35. Parent AS, Rasier G, Gerard A, Heger S, Roth C, Mastronardi C, et al. Early onset of puberty: tracking genetic and environmental factors. Horm Res. 2005;64 Suppl 2:41-7.
  • 36. Sørensen K, Mouritsen A, Aksglaede L, Hagen CP, Mogensen SS, Juul A. Recent secular trends in pubertal timing: implications for evaluation and diagnosis of precocious puberty. Horm Res Paediatr. 2012;77(3):137-45.
  • 37. Stagi S, De Masi S, Bencini E, Losi S, Paci S, Parpagnoli M, et al. Increased incidence of precocious and accelerated puberty in females during and after the Italian lockdown for the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Ital J Pediatr. 2020;46(1):165.
  • 38. Dave H, Yagnik P. Psycho-social impact of COVID-19 pandemic on children in India: The reality. Child Abuse Negl. 2020;108:104663.
  • 39. Boafo A, Greenham S, Alenezi S, Robillard R, Pajer K, Tavakoli P, et al. Could long-term administration of melatonin to prepubertal children affect timing of puberty? A clinician's perspective. Nat Sci Sleep. 2019;11:1-10.

Novel Coronavirus Disease from Pediatric Endocrinology Perspective

Year 2021, Volume: 28 Issue: COVİD-19 ÖZEL SAYI, 209 - 213, 01.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.17343/sdutfd.906320

Abstract

The new coronavirus disease, which affects the whole world, has a more severe course in individuals with endocrinological disease in adulthood. Childhood obesity is suggested to be associated with high mortality rates. Patients diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes (T1D) who need to be in close contact with the diabetes team should be supported with online education and telemedicine methods. Patients who are followed with adrenal insufficiency and T1D diagnosis will need changes in their treatment with special approaches if they become infected. There is an increase in the frequency of obesity in children who go beyond their routine habits due to quarantine rules, and as a result, the frequency of precocious puberty increases. Children should be reminded to exercise even at home and not to stay away from healthy eating routines, and they should be supported in this regard.

References

  • 1. Erichsen MM, Løvås K, Fougner KJ, Svartberg J, Hauge ER, Bollerslev J, et al. Normal overall mortality rate in Addison's disease, but young patients are at risk of premature death. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009;160(2):233-7.
  • 2. ESPE Physician Information on COVID-19 and Pediatric Endocrine Diseases Disease specific information and advice: ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY available at: https://www.eurospe.org/media/2331/espe-physicians-information-on-covid-19-and-adrenal-insufficiency.pdf [Internet]. 2020.
  • 3. Alzahrani AS, Mukhtar N, Aljomaiah A, Aljamei H, Bakhsh A, Alsudani N, et al. The Impact of COVID-19 Viral Infection on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. Endocr Pract. 2021;27(2):83-9.
  • 4. Tan T, Khoo B, Mills EG, Phylactou M, Patel B, Eng PC, et al. Association between high serum total cortisol concentrations and mortality from COVID-19. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(8):659-60.
  • 5. Leow MK, Kwek DS, Ng AW, Ong KC, Kaw GJ, Lee LS. Hypocortisolism in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;63(2):197-202.
  • 6. Dekkers OM, Horváth-Puhó E, Jørgensen JO, Cannegieter SC, Ehrenstein V, Vandenbroucke JP, et al. Multisystem morbidity and mortality in Cushing's syndrome: a cohort study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(6):2277-84.
  • 7. Arlt W, Baldeweg SE, Pearce SHS, Simpson HL. ENDOCRINOLOGY IN THE TIME OF COVID-19: Management of adrenal insufficiency. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(1):G25-G32.
  • 8. Lönnrot M, Lynch KF, Elding Larsson H, Lernmark Å, Rewers MJ, Törn C, et al. Respiratory infections are temporally associated with initiation of type 1 diabetes autoimmunity: the TEDDY study. Diabetologia. 2017;60(10):1931-40.
  • 9. Yang JK, Lin SS, Ji XJ, Guo LM. Binding of SARS coronavirus to its receptor damages islets and causes acute diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2010;47(3):193-9.
  • 10. Bindom SM, Lazartigues E. The sweeter side of ACE2: physiological evidence for a role in diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009;302(2):193-202.
  • 11. Unsworth R, Wallace S, Oliver NS, Yeung S, Kshirsagar A, Naidu H, et al. New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes in Children During COVID-19: Multicenter Regional Findings in the U.K. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(11):e170-e1.
  • 12. Tittel SR, Rosenbauer J, Kamrath C, Ziegler J, Reschke F, Hammersen J, et al. Did the COVID-19 Lockdown Affect the Incidence of Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes in Germany? Diabetes Care. 2020;43(11):e172-e3.
  • 13. Dayal D, Gupta S, Raithatha D, Jayashree M. Missing during COVID-19 lockdown: Children with onset of type 1 diabetes. Acta Paediatr. 2020;109(10):2144-6.
  • 14. Kamrath C, Mönkemöller K, Biester T, Rohrer TR, Warncke K, Hammersen J, et al. Ketoacidosis in Children and Adolescents With Newly Diagnosed Type 1 Diabetes During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany. JAMA. 2020;324(8):801-4.
  • 15. DiMeglio LA, Albanese-O'Neill A, Muñoz CE, Maahs DM. COVID-19 and Children With Diabetes-Updates, Unknowns, and Next Steps: First, Do No Extrapolation. Diabetes Care. 2020;43(11):2631-4.
  • 16. Cardona-Hernandez R, Cherubini V, Iafusco D, Schiaffini R, Luo X, Maahs DM. Children and youth with diabetes are not at increased risk for hospitalization due to COVID-19. Pediatr Diabetes. 2021;22(2):202-6.
  • 17. Nogueira-de-Almeida CA, Del Ciampo LA, Ferraz IS, Del Ciampo IRL, Contini AA, Ued FDV. COVID-19 and obesity in childhood and adolescence: a clinical review. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2020;96(5):546-58.
  • 18. Passanisi S, Pecoraro M, Pira F, Alibrandi A, Donia V, Lonia P, et al. Quarantine Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic From the Perspective of Pediatric Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: A Web-Based Survey. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:491.
  • 19. Schiaffini R, Barbetti F, Rapini N, Inzaghi E, Deodati A, Patera IP, et al. School and pre-school children with type 1 diabetes during Covid-19 quarantine: The synergic effect of parental care and technology. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;166:108302.
  • 20. Klatman EL, Besançon S, Bahendeka S, Mayige M, Ogle GD. COVID-19 and type 1 diabetes: Challenges and actions. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020;166:108275.
  • 21. ESPE Physician Information on COVID-19 and Pediatric Endocrine Disease Disease specific information and advice – Type 1 Diabetes https://www.eurospe.org/media/2315/espe-physician-information-on-covid-19-and-type-1-diabetes.pdf [Internet]. 2020.
  • 22. Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) and children with diabetes - International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes. https://www.ispad.org/general/custom.asp?page=CoronavirusinfectionCOVID-19. Accessed 19 Sep 2020 [Internet].
  • 23. Cuschieri S, Grech S. COVID-19: a one-way ticket to a global childhood obesity crisis? J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2020:1-4.
  • 24. Ryan PM, Caplice NM. Is Adipose Tissue a Reservoir for Viral Spread, Immune Activation, and Cytokine Amplification in Coronavirus Disease 2019? Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020;28(7):1191-4.
  • 25. Radzikowska U, Ding M, Tan G, Zhakparov D, Peng Y, Wawrzyniak P, et al. Distribution of ACE2, CD147, CD26, and other SARS-CoV-2 associated molecules in tissues and immune cells in health and in asthma, COPD, obesity, hypertension, and COVID-19 risk factors. Allergy. 2020;75(11):2829-45.
  • 26. Sattar N, McInnes IB, McMurray JJV. Obesity Is a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19 Infection: Multiple Potential Mechanisms. Circulation. 2020;142(1):4-6.
  • 27. Luzi L, Radaelli MG. Influenza and obesity: its odd relationship and the lessons for COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Diabetol. 2020;57(6):759-64.
  • 28. Maier HE, Lopez R, Sanchez N, Ng S, Gresh L, Ojeda S, et al. Obesity Increases the Duration of Influenza A Virus Shedding in Adults. J Infect Dis. 2018;218(9):1378-82.
  • 29. Townsend MJ, Kyle TK, Stanford FC. COVID-19 Vaccination and Obesity: Optimism and Challenges. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2021;29(4):634-5.
  • 30. Karlsson EA, Hertz T, Johnson C, Mehle A, Krammer F, Schultz-Cherry S. Obesity Outweighs Protection Conferred by Adjuvanted Influenza Vaccination. mBio. 2016;7(4).
  • 31. Rebello CJ, Kirwan JP, Greenway FL. Obesity, the most common comorbidity in SARS-CoV-2: is leptin the link? Int J Obes (Lond). 2020;44(9):1810-7.
  • 32. Dietz W, Santos-Burgoa C. Obesity and its Implications for COVID-19 Mortality. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020;28(6):1005.
  • 33. Shekerdemian LS, Mahmood NR, Wolfe KK, Riggs BJ, Ross CE, McKiernan CA, et al. Characteristics and Outcomes of Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(9):868-73.
  • 34. Kass DA, Duggal P, Cingolani O. Obesity could shift severe COVID-19 disease to younger ages. Lancet. 2020;395(10236):1544-5.
  • 35. Parent AS, Rasier G, Gerard A, Heger S, Roth C, Mastronardi C, et al. Early onset of puberty: tracking genetic and environmental factors. Horm Res. 2005;64 Suppl 2:41-7.
  • 36. Sørensen K, Mouritsen A, Aksglaede L, Hagen CP, Mogensen SS, Juul A. Recent secular trends in pubertal timing: implications for evaluation and diagnosis of precocious puberty. Horm Res Paediatr. 2012;77(3):137-45.
  • 37. Stagi S, De Masi S, Bencini E, Losi S, Paci S, Parpagnoli M, et al. Increased incidence of precocious and accelerated puberty in females during and after the Italian lockdown for the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Ital J Pediatr. 2020;46(1):165.
  • 38. Dave H, Yagnik P. Psycho-social impact of COVID-19 pandemic on children in India: The reality. Child Abuse Negl. 2020;108:104663.
  • 39. Boafo A, Greenham S, Alenezi S, Robillard R, Pajer K, Tavakoli P, et al. Could long-term administration of melatonin to prepubertal children affect timing of puberty? A clinician's perspective. Nat Sci Sleep. 2019;11:1-10.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Clinical Sciences, Health Care Administration
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Müge Atar 0000-0002-9153-8580

Publication Date May 1, 2021
Submission Date March 30, 2021
Acceptance Date April 17, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 28 Issue: COVİD-19 ÖZEL SAYI

Cite

Vancouver Atar M. Çocuk Endokrinoloji Bakış Açısıyla Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı. Med J SDU. 2021;28(COVİD-19 ÖZEL SAYI):209-13.

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