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Çağdaş Popülizm Literatürünün Değerlendirilmesine Eleştirel Bir Katkı

Year 2023, Volume: 31 Issue: 56, 389 - 410, 28.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.02.18

Abstract

Bu çalışma popülizm olgusu üzerindeki liberal ve ampirik özellikleri baskın olan çağdaş siyaset bilimi literatürünün pek de yeni olmadığını ve Soğuk Savaş dönemi Amerikan sosyal bilimleri tarafından üretilen popülizm anlayışını yeniden tahkim etmeye çalıştığını ileri sürmektedir. 1950’li yıllardaki Amerikan revizyonizm okulu tarafından başlatılan tartışmalarda popülizm kavramı tarihsel bağlamından kopartılarak ve olumsuz özellikler yüklenerek oldukça pejoratif bir içerik kazanmıştır. Çağdaş literatür Soğuk Savaş döneminin ikiz totaliterler düşüncesini, neoliberal iktisat politikalarının yaygınlaşmaya başlaması ve Sosyalizmin çöküşünden sonra, aşırılıklar teorisine dönüştürerek, merkez neoliberal politikalardan her sapmanın popülizm olarak etiketlenip, bir tehdit olarak anlaşılmasına yol açmıştır. Hegemonik olan bu normatif yönelim sebebi ile çağdaş siyaset bilimi literatürü popülizm olgusunun özneleri ve aktörleri ve artmakta olduğu düşünülen popülist iktidar ile ne yapılacağı konusunda önemli katkılar sunmakla birlikte, hiç de tesadüf olmayan bir şekilde, popülist iktidar ilişkilerinin toplumsal bağlamı hakkında ise büyük oranda sessiz kalmaktadır. Bu eksikliği giderme noktasında, diyalektik-materyalist yaklaşımın önerdiği bütüncül bir iktidar ilişkileri analizi yoluyla popülizm kavramı birlikte düşünülmelidir.

Supporting Institution

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Project Number

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Thanks

Sosyoekonomi dergisi editörüne ve hakemlerine katkılarından dolayı teşekkür ederim.

References

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  • Ateş, K. (2018), “Popülizm eleştirisinin eleştirisine giriş: Halkı savumak gerekir”, Birikim, 353, 54-65.
  • Baykan, T.S. (2018), “İdare-i maslahatçılıktan popülizme Türkiye’de duyarlı siyasal pratik: Popülizm yapıyorsun”, Birikim, 353, 15-36.
  • Baykan, T.S. (2019), “Türkiye’de ideolojik ve programatik olmayan parti-seçmen bağları üzerine kavramsal bir tartışma: Popülizm, personalizm, patronaj”, Toplum ve Bilim, 147, 10-45.
  • Baykan, T.S. (2021), “Deva, Gelecek Partisi ve Türkiye’nin sosyo-kültürel dönüşümü: Post-popülist muhafazakarlığın yükselişi”, Birikim, 384, 12-31.
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  • Bottomore, T. (1987), Siyaset Sosyolojisi, (Çev. Erol Mutlu), Ankara: Teori Yayınları.
  • Brown, K. & A. Mondon (2020), “Populism, the media, and the mainstreaming of the far right: The Guardian’s coverage of populism as a case study”, Politics, 41(3), 279-295.
  • Burtenshaw, R. & A. Jäger (2018), “The Guardian's Populism Panic”, Jacobin, <https://jacobinmag.com/2018/12/guardian-populism-europe-cas-mudde-hillary-clinton-immigration-tony-blair>, 23.04.2021.
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  • D’Eramo, M. (2013), “Populism and The New Oligarchy”, New Left Review, 82, <https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii82/articles/marco-d-eramo-populism-and-the-new-oligarchy>, 23.04.2021.
  • De Vreese, C.H. et al. (2017), “Populism as an Expression of Political Communication Content and Style: A New Perspective”. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(4), 423-438.
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  • Houwen, T. (2011), “The non-European roots of the concept of populism”, Sussex European Institute Working Paper No 120, <https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=sei-working-paper-no-120.pdf&site=266>, 23.04.2021.
  • Inglehart, R. & P. Norris (2016), “Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash”, HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP16-026, <https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/trump-brexit-and-rise-populism-economic-have-nots-and-cultural-backlash>, 23.04.2021.
  • Jäger, A. (2017), “The semantic drift: Images of populism in post-war American historiography and their relevance for (European) political science”, Constellations, 24, 310-323.
  • Jäger, A. (2018), “Popülizm Savaşların Ön Saflarında”, Birikim-Güncel (28 Haziran 2018).
  • Jäger, A. (2020), “Populists, Producers and the Politics of Rentiership”, The Political Quarterly, 91(2), 343-350.
  • Jäger, A. & A. Borriello (2020), “Making Sense of Populism”, Catalyst, 3(4), <https://catalyst-journal.com/vol3/no4/making-sense-of-populism>, 23.04.2021.
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  • Kaltwasser, C.R. et al. (2017), “Populism: An Overview of the Concept and the State of the Art”, in: C.R. Kaltwasser et al. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Populism (1-24), UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Krastev, I. (2017), “Çoğunlukçu Gelecekler”, içinde: H. Geiselberger (ed.), Büyük Gerileme: Zamanımızın Ruh Hali Üstüne Uluslararası Bir Tartışma (87-100), İstanbul: Metis.
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  • Mudde, C. (2017), “Populism: An Ideational Approach”, in: C.R. Kaltwasser et al. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Populism (27-47), UK: Oxford University Press.
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  • Panizza, F. (2005), “Introduction: Populism and the Mirror of Democracy”, in: F. Panizza (ed.), Populism and the Mirror of Democracy (1-31), London-New York: Verso.
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A Critical Contribution to the Evaluation of Contemporary Populism Literature

Year 2023, Volume: 31 Issue: 56, 389 - 410, 28.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.02.18

Abstract

This article argues that the hegemony of liberal and empirical political science in contemporary populism literature is hardly new. It is the re-articulation of the dominant populism understanding directed by American social scientists within the context of the Cold War. The concept of populism in the 1950s American revisionism school debates has been freed from its historical contexts and gathered pejorative connotations. Contemporary literature transformed the Cold War idea of twin totalitarianism into the theory of extremes after the neoliberal restructuring of capitalism in the 1980s and the collapse of the USSR in 1991. In this way, any deviation from the centrist policies of neoliberal democracy is labelled as populism and thus is considered a threat. Due to this normative tendency, which is hegemonic, contemporary literature on populism has provided significant contributions to the analysis of the subjects of populism and what to do with the increasing power of populist actors. Still, no coincidence, it remains silent on the social context of populist power relations. Responding to this discrepancy, populism has to be integrated with an analysis of unified power relations proposed by the dialectical-materialist approaches.

Project Number

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References

  • Akkerman, A. et al. (2014), “How Populists Are the People? Measuring Populist Attitudes in Voters”, Comparative Political Studies, 47(9), 1324-1353.
  • Appadurai, A. (2017), “Demokrasi Yorgunluğu”, içinde: H. Geiserberger (ed.), Büyük Gerileme: Zamanımızın Ruh Hali Üstüne Uluslararası Bir Tartışma (17-29), İstanbul: Metis.
  • Ateş, K. (2018), “Popülizm eleştirisinin eleştirisine giriş: Halkı savumak gerekir”, Birikim, 353, 54-65.
  • Baykan, T.S. (2018), “İdare-i maslahatçılıktan popülizme Türkiye’de duyarlı siyasal pratik: Popülizm yapıyorsun”, Birikim, 353, 15-36.
  • Baykan, T.S. (2019), “Türkiye’de ideolojik ve programatik olmayan parti-seçmen bağları üzerine kavramsal bir tartışma: Popülizm, personalizm, patronaj”, Toplum ve Bilim, 147, 10-45.
  • Baykan, T.S. (2021), “Deva, Gelecek Partisi ve Türkiye’nin sosyo-kültürel dönüşümü: Post-popülist muhafazakarlığın yükselişi”, Birikim, 384, 12-31.
  • Bekmen, A. & B.A. Özden (2021), “Bu Sayıda”, Toplum ve Bilim, 155, 3-8.
  • Bottomore, T. (1987), Siyaset Sosyolojisi, (Çev. Erol Mutlu), Ankara: Teori Yayınları.
  • Brown, K. & A. Mondon (2020), “Populism, the media, and the mainstreaming of the far right: The Guardian’s coverage of populism as a case study”, Politics, 41(3), 279-295.
  • Burtenshaw, R. & A. Jäger (2018), “The Guardian's Populism Panic”, Jacobin, <https://jacobinmag.com/2018/12/guardian-populism-europe-cas-mudde-hillary-clinton-immigration-tony-blair>, 23.04.2021.
  • De la Torre, C. (2019), “Global populism: histories, trajectories, problems, and challenges”, in: C. de la Torre (ed.), Routledge Handbook of Global Populism (1-27), London-New York: Routledge.
  • De Cleen, B. & J. Glynos (2021), “Beyond populism studies”, Journal of Language and Politics, 20(1), 178-195.
  • D’Eramo, M. (2013), “Populism and The New Oligarchy”, New Left Review, 82, <https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii82/articles/marco-d-eramo-populism-and-the-new-oligarchy>, 23.04.2021.
  • De Vreese, C.H. et al. (2017), “Populism as an Expression of Political Communication Content and Style: A New Perspective”. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 23(4), 423-438.
  • Finchelstein, F. (2019), Faşizmden Popülizme (Çev. Ali Karatay), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Foster, J.B. (2017), “This Is Not Populism”, Monthly Review, <https://monthlyreview.org/2017/06/01/this-is-not-populism/>, 23.04.2021.
  • Frank, T. (2020), “We need to reclaim populism from right. It has a long, proud leftwing history”, Guardian, <https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/sep/12/we-need-to-reclaim-populism-from-the-right-it-has-a-long-proud-leftwing-history>, 30.04.2021.
  • Fuentes, J.F. (2020), “Populism: The Timeline of a Concept”, Contribution to the History of Concepts, 15(1), 47-68.
  • Geiselberger, H. (2017), “Önsöz”, in: H. Geiselberger (ed.), Büyük Gerileme: Zamanımızın Ruh Hali Üstüne Uluslararası Bir Tartışma (9-15), İstanbul: Metis.
  • Gerbaudo, P. (2018), Maske ve Bayrak: Popülizm, Yurttaşçılık ve Küresel Protesto, (Çev. Diyar Saraçoğlu), İstanbul: Kafka Kitap.
  • Hawkins, K.A. (2009), “Is Chávez Populist? Measuring Populist Discourse in Comparative Perspective”, Comparative Political Studies, 42(8), 1040-1067.
  • Hawkins, K.A. & C.R. Kaltwasser (2017), “What the (Ideational) Study of Populism Can Teach Us, and What It Can't”, Swiss Political Science Review, 24(4), 526-542.
  • Hawkins, K.A. et al. (2019), “Measuring Populist Discourse: The Global Populism Database”, Paper presented at the 2019 EPSA Annual Conference in Belfast, UK, June 20-22, <https://populism.byu.edu/App_Data/Publications/Global%20Populism%20Database%20Paper.pdf>, 24.04.2021.
  • Heinisch, R.C. et al. (2017), “Preface”, in: R.C. Heinisch et al. (eds.), Political Populism: A Handbook (5-8), Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.
  • Houwen, T. (2011), “The non-European roots of the concept of populism”, Sussex European Institute Working Paper No 120, <https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=sei-working-paper-no-120.pdf&site=266>, 23.04.2021.
  • Inglehart, R. & P. Norris (2016), “Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash”, HKS Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP16-026, <https://www.hks.harvard.edu/publications/trump-brexit-and-rise-populism-economic-have-nots-and-cultural-backlash>, 23.04.2021.
  • Jäger, A. (2017), “The semantic drift: Images of populism in post-war American historiography and their relevance for (European) political science”, Constellations, 24, 310-323.
  • Jäger, A. (2018), “Popülizm Savaşların Ön Saflarında”, Birikim-Güncel (28 Haziran 2018).
  • Jäger, A. (2020), “Populists, Producers and the Politics of Rentiership”, The Political Quarterly, 91(2), 343-350.
  • Jäger, A. & A. Borriello (2020), “Making Sense of Populism”, Catalyst, 3(4), <https://catalyst-journal.com/vol3/no4/making-sense-of-populism>, 23.04.2021.
  • Jessop, B. (2004), “Developments in Marxist Theory”, in: K. Nash & A. Scott (eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Political Sociology (7-16), Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Kaltwasser, C.R. et al. (2017), “Populism: An Overview of the Concept and the State of the Art”, in: C.R. Kaltwasser et al. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Populism (1-24), UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Krastev, I. (2017), “Çoğunlukçu Gelecekler”, içinde: H. Geiselberger (ed.), Büyük Gerileme: Zamanımızın Ruh Hali Üstüne Uluslararası Bir Tartışma (87-100), İstanbul: Metis.
  • Laclau, E. (2005a), On populist reason, London: Verso.
  • Laclau, E. (2005b), “Populism: What’s in a Name?”, in: F. Panizza (ed.), Populism and the Mirror of Democracy (32-49), London-New York: Verso.
  • Lara, M.P. (2018), “A conceptual analysis of the term ‘populism’”, Thesis Eleven, 149(1), 31-47.
  • Lewis, P. et al. (2019), “Revealed: the rise and rise of populist rhetoric”, Guardian, <https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2019/mar/06/revealed-the-rise-and-rise-of-populist-rhetoric>, 23.04.2021.
  • Löwy, M. (2019), “The far right: a global phenomenon”, International Viewpoint, <https://internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article5890>, 23.04.2021.
  • Meny, Y. & Y. Surel (2002), “The Constitutive Ambiguity of Populism”, in: Y. Meny & Y Surel (eds.), Democracies and the Populist Challenge (1-21), UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Moffitt, B. (2020), Popülizmin Küresel Yükselişi: Performans, Siyasi Üslup ve Temsil, (Çev. Onur Özgür), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Mudde, C. (2004), “The Populist Zeitgeist”, Government and Opposition, 39(4), 541-563.
  • Mudde, C. (2017), “Populism: An Ideational Approach”, in: C.R. Kaltwasser et al. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Populism (27-47), UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Mudde, C. & C.R. Kaltwasser (2019), Popülizm: Kısa Bir Giriş, (Çev. S. Erdem Türközü), Ankara: Nika Yayınevi.
  • Müller, J.W. (2017), Popülizm Nedir?, (Çev. Onur Yıldız), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Müller, J.W. (2019), “Is This Really How It Ends? Democracy’s Midlife Crisis”, The Nation, <https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/how-democracies-dies-how-democracy-ends-book-review/>, 24.04.2021.
  • Ostiguy, P. (2017), “Populism: A Socio-Cultural Approach”, in: C.R. Kaltwasser et al. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Populism (73-97), UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Panizza, F. (2005), “Introduction: Populism and the Mirror of Democracy”, in: F. Panizza (ed.), Populism and the Mirror of Democracy (1-31), London-New York: Verso.
  • Pansardi, P. (2012), “Power to and power over: two distinct concepts of power?”, Journal of Political Power, 5(1), 73-89.
  • Pappas, T.S. (2016), “Modern Populism: Research Advances, Conceptual and Methodological Pitfalls, and the Minimal Definition”, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, <https://oxfordre.com/politics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-17?print=pdf>, 10.03.2023.
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There are 70 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hasan Faruk Uslu 0000-0002-7130-3020

Project Number -
Publication Date April 28, 2023
Submission Date May 12, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 31 Issue: 56

Cite

APA Uslu, H. F. (2023). Çağdaş Popülizm Literatürünün Değerlendirilmesine Eleştirel Bir Katkı. Sosyoekonomi, 31(56), 389-410. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.02.18
AMA Uslu HF. Çağdaş Popülizm Literatürünün Değerlendirilmesine Eleştirel Bir Katkı. Sosyoekonomi. April 2023;31(56):389-410. doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.02.18
Chicago Uslu, Hasan Faruk. “Çağdaş Popülizm Literatürünün Değerlendirilmesine Eleştirel Bir Katkı”. Sosyoekonomi 31, no. 56 (April 2023): 389-410. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.02.18.
EndNote Uslu HF (April 1, 2023) Çağdaş Popülizm Literatürünün Değerlendirilmesine Eleştirel Bir Katkı. Sosyoekonomi 31 56 389–410.
IEEE H. F. Uslu, “Çağdaş Popülizm Literatürünün Değerlendirilmesine Eleştirel Bir Katkı”, Sosyoekonomi, vol. 31, no. 56, pp. 389–410, 2023, doi: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.02.18.
ISNAD Uslu, Hasan Faruk. “Çağdaş Popülizm Literatürünün Değerlendirilmesine Eleştirel Bir Katkı”. Sosyoekonomi 31/56 (April 2023), 389-410. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.02.18.
JAMA Uslu HF. Çağdaş Popülizm Literatürünün Değerlendirilmesine Eleştirel Bir Katkı. Sosyoekonomi. 2023;31:389–410.
MLA Uslu, Hasan Faruk. “Çağdaş Popülizm Literatürünün Değerlendirilmesine Eleştirel Bir Katkı”. Sosyoekonomi, vol. 31, no. 56, 2023, pp. 389-10, doi:10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.02.18.
Vancouver Uslu HF. Çağdaş Popülizm Literatürünün Değerlendirilmesine Eleştirel Bir Katkı. Sosyoekonomi. 2023;31(56):389-410.