Çağdaş Popülizm Literatürünün Değerlendirilmesine Eleştirel Bir Katkı

Year 2023, Volume: 31 Issue: 56, 389 - 410, 28.04.2023

Hasan Faruk USLU

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2023.02.18

Abstract

Bu çalışma popülizm olgusu üzerindeki liberal ve ampirik özellikleri baskın olan çağdaş siyaset bilimi literatürünün pek de yeni olmadığını ve Soğuk Savaş dönemi Amerikan sosyal bilimleri tarafından üretilen popülizm anlayışını yeniden tahkim etmeye çalıştığını ileri sürmektedir. 1950’li yıllardaki Amerikan revizyonizm okulu tarafından başlatılan tartışmalarda popülizm kavramı tarihsel bağlamından kopartılarak ve olumsuz özellikler yüklenerek oldukça pejoratif bir içerik kazanmıştır. Çağdaş literatür Soğuk Savaş döneminin ikiz totaliterler düşüncesini, neoliberal iktisat politikalarının yaygınlaşmaya başlaması ve Sosyalizmin çöküşünden sonra, aşırılıklar teorisine dönüştürerek, merkez neoliberal politikalardan her sapmanın popülizm olarak etiketlenip, bir tehdit olarak anlaşılmasına yol açmıştır. Hegemonik olan bu normatif yönelim sebebi ile çağdaş siyaset bilimi literatürü popülizm olgusunun özneleri ve aktörleri ve artmakta olduğu düşünülen popülist iktidar ile ne yapılacağı konusunda önemli katkılar sunmakla birlikte, hiç de tesadüf olmayan bir şekilde, popülist iktidar ilişkilerinin toplumsal bağlamı hakkında ise büyük oranda sessiz kalmaktadır. Bu eksikliği giderme noktasında, diyalektik-materyalist yaklaşımın önerdiği bütüncül bir iktidar ilişkileri analizi yoluyla popülizm kavramı birlikte düşünülmelidir.

Keywords

Çağdaş Popülizm Literatürü, İktidar İlişkileri, Kapitalizm, Neoliberalizm, Öznelci Yaklaşımlar

A Critical Contribution to the Evaluation of Contemporary Populism Literature

Abstract

This article argues that the hegemony of liberal and empirical political science in contemporary populism literature is hardly new. It is the re-articulation of the dominant populism understanding directed by American social scientists within the context of the Cold War. The concept of populism in the 1950s American revisionism school debates has been freed from its historical contexts and gathered pejorative connotations. Contemporary literature transformed the Cold War idea of twin totalitarianism into the theory of extremes after the neoliberal restructuring of capitalism in the 1980s and the collapse of the USSR in 1991. In this way, any deviation from the centrist policies of neoliberal democracy is labelled as populism and thus is considered a threat. Due to this normative tendency, which is hegemonic, contemporary literature on populism has provided significant contributions to the analysis of the subjects of populism and what to do with the increasing power of populist actors. Still, no coincidence, it remains silent on the social context of populist power relations. Responding to this discrepancy, populism has to be integrated with an analysis of unified power relations proposed by the dialectical-materialist approaches.

Keywords

Contemporary Populism Literature, Power Relations, Capitalism, Neoliberalism, Subjectivist Approaches

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