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Comparison of illegal logging crimes and penalties in forest laws in some selected countries

Year 2022, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 90 - 95, 29.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1017597

Abstract

Illegal logging, one of the crimes that damage the forests most, may cost human life as well as tax losses in the world. Only even with commercial concerns, 908 people were killed in 35 countries between 2002 and 2013 due to environmental conflicts. However, the absence of comprehensive international legal norms on forest crimes indicates that domestic law is primarily responsible for determining the nature, scope and consequences of these crimes. In this study, Brazil, Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which are among the top countries that suffer the most from forest crimes, and Türkiye, which experienced a significant increase in forest crimes after 2015, were examined in terms of illegal logging crime, forest law and the fine balances related to this crime. It is aimed to discover if there is a relationship between punishment/fine and the number of crimes.

References

  • Bayraktaroğlu, H., 1969. Sosyal düzen, hukuk ve orman hukuku. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 1-16.
  • Boekhout van Solinge, T., 2014. Researching illegal logging and deforestation. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 3(2): 35‐48. doi:10.5204/ijcjsd.v3i2.179
  • Birben, Ü., Ünal, H.E., İmal, U., 2019. Orman suçlarında toplumsal algı (Kırıkkale İli Örneği). Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2): 495-505 . DOI: 10.24011/barofd.541853
  • CHATHAM HOUSE, 2018. What are the Trends in Forest Governance? Accessed: https://forestgovernance.chathamhouse.org/ Access date: 25.07.2021
  • Erdönmez, C., Yurdakul Erol, S., 2021. Türkiye’de ulusal ormancılık politikasının tarihsel gelişimi açısından bir dönüm noktası: 1255 sayılı yasa . Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1): 182-201. DOI: 10.24011/barofd.805525
  • FAO, 2020a. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020: Main report. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9825en
  • FAO, 2020b. Global Forest Resources Assessments Country Reports Accessed: http://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/fra-2020/country-reports/en/ Access date: 24.08.2021
  • FAO. 2021a. FAO Database, Brezilya Ulusal Orman Yasası Accessed: http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC012382/ Access date: 11.06.2021
  • FAO. 2021b. Law No. 18/2013 on the prevention and eradication of Forest Destruction. Accessed: http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/ details/en/c/LEX-FAOC137703 Access date: 11.06.2021
  • FAO. 2021c. Indonesia Forestry Act No. 41 of 1999. Accessed: http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/ins36649.pdf/ Access date: 13.08.2021
  • FAO. 2021d. Congo - Dem. Rep. of (National level) Loi nº 11-2002 portant Code forestier. Accessed: http://www.fao.org/faolex/ results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC034383/ Access date: 03.07.2021
  • FAO and UNEP, 2020. The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people. Rome. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8642en
  • Freitas, F.L., Sparovek, G., Berndes, G., Persson, U.M., Englund, O., Barretto, A., Mörtberg, U., 2018. Potential increase of legal deforestation in Brazilian Amazon after Forest Act revision. Nature Sustainability, 1(11): 665.
  • GREENPEACE, 2003. State of Conflict. An Investigation into the Landgrabbers, Loggers and Lawless Frontiers in Pará State, Amazon. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International. Accessed: https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/legacy/Global/usa/report/2007/8/state-of-conflict.pdf Access date: 23.08.2021
  • GREENPEACE, 2021a. Brazil and the Amazon Forest. Accessed: https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/issues/brazil-and-the-amazon-forest/ Access date: 23.08.2021
  • GREENPEACE, 2021b. Indonesia makes it to 2008 Guinness World Records as fastest forest destroyer on the planet. Accessed: https://www.greenpeace.org/philippines/story/1371/ indonesia-makes-it-to-2008-guinness-world-records-as-fastest-forest-destroyer-on-the-planet/ Access date: 29.08.2021
  • Güneş, Y., 2004. Orman suçlarının ceza hukuku açısından incelenmesi. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 54(1): 143-164.
  • INTERPOL, 2019. Global Forestry Enforcement, Strengthening Law Enforcement Cooperation Against Forestry Crime. Accessed: https://www.interpol.int/Crimes/Environmental-crime/Forestry-crime Access date: 23.08.2021
  • Lawson, S., 2014. Illegal logging in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Energy, Environment and Resources EER, 2014. Accessed: https://landportal.org/nl/node/14122 Access date: 23.08.2021
  • Lawson, S., MacFaul, L., 2010. Illegal logging and related trade. Chatham house, 2010. Accessed: http://awsassets.panda.org/ downloads/chatham_house_illegallogging_2010.pdf Access date: 23.08.2021 Mercimek, A., 2019. Kastamonu orman bölge müdürlüğünde orman suçlarında toplum bilinci ve hukukun etkinliği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bartın Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bartın.
  • Mevzuat. 2021a Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Orman Kanunu. Kanun No: 6831. Accessed: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.6831.pdf Access date: 06.06.2021
  • Mevzuat, 2021b. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Türk Ceza Kanunu. Kanun No: 5237. Accessed: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat? MevzuatNo=5237&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5 Access date: 09.09.2021
  • Nellemann, C., INTERPOL Environmental Crime Programme (eds). 2012. Green Carbon, Black Trade: Illegal Logging, Tax Fraud and Laundering in the Worlds Tropical Forests. A Rapid Response Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal. Accessed: https://www.grida.no/publications/126 Access date: 13.09.2021
  • OGM, 2021. Resmi İstatistikler, Ormancılık İstatistikleri. Accessed: https://www.ogm.gov.tr/tr/e-kutuphane/resmi-istatistikler Access date: 30.06.2021
  • Planalto. 2021. Presidência da República Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos LEI Nº 12.651, DE 25 DE MAIO DE 2012. Accessed: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2012/lei/L12651.htm#art17%C2%A73. Access date: 09.09.2021
  • Şen, G., Toksoy, D., 2004. Orman köylüsünün sosyo-ekonomik yapısının orman suçlarına etkileri üzerine bir araştırma Karadere Orman İşletme Müdürlüğü örneği. Gazi Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1): 1303-2399.
  • Şener, F.N., Tolunay, A., 2016. Sürdürülebilir orman yönetimi süreçlerinde Türkiye’nin konum analizi. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2): 146-157. DOI: 10.24011/barofd.270082
  • Toprak, M., 2017. Açıklamalı – İçtihatlı Orman Suçları. 2. Baskı, Adalet yayınevi, ISBN: 9786053000976 Ankara.
  • Uğur, A., 2021. Antroposen: iklim krizi mi yoksa uygarlık krizi mi? REFLEKTİF Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(3): 557–579. https://doi.org/10.47613/reflektif.2021.46
  • UN, 2020a.World Economic Situation and Prospects. ISBN: 978-92-1-109181-6. United Nations. 2020
  • UN, 2020b. National Account Statistics. Accessed: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/CountryProfile Access date: 27.08.2021
  • UN 2012. International Law. Wildlife and Forest Crime Analytic Toolkithttps://www.unodc.org/documents/Wildlife/Toolkit_e.pdf Access date: 21.08.2021
  • UNDP, 2020. Human Development Report 2020. The Next Frontier Human Development and the Anthropocene. United Nations Development Programme. Accessed: https://hdr.undp.org/sites/ default/files/hdr2020.pdf Access date: 15.08.2021
  • Wich, S.A., Riswan,. Jenson, J., Refisch, J., Nellemann, C. (eds). 2011. Orangutans and the economics of sustainable forest management in Sumatra. Accessed: https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/ 8027 Access date: 13.08.2021
  • World Bank, 2019. Illegal logging, Fishing and Wildlife Trade: The costs and How to Combat it. Worldbank Group Report. October 2019.
  • World Bank, 2020. United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects. Accessed: https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=BR Access date: 01.07.2021
  • Yılmaz, A., 2018. Orman, köylü ve devlet: Ormandan faydalanma, koruma ve orman suçları bağlamında orman köylüsü ve devlet ilişkileri. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(4): 665-690. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.420833
  • Yüksel, B., Akbulut, S., İpek, A., Baysal, İ., 2008. Türkiye'de orman kaçakçılık suçları ve kaçakçı profilinin değerlendirilmesi: Akyazı ve Hendek örneği. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 59(1): 1-14.
  • Zimmermann, M.E., 2003. The black market for wildlife. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 36(5): 1657-1661.

Seçilen bazı ülkelerin orman kanunlarındaki yasa dışı ağaç kesim suçları ve cezalarının karşılaştırması

Year 2022, Volume: 23 Issue: 1, 90 - 95, 29.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1017597

Abstract

Ormana en çok zarar veren suçlardan biri olan kaçak kesim dünyada vergi kayıplarının yanında insan hayatına da mal olabilmektedir. Sadece ticari kaygılarla bile 2002 ile 2013 yılları arasında 35 ülkede 908 kişi çevre çalışmaları nedeniyle öldürülmüştür. Buna rağmen orman suçlarıyla ilgili kapsamlı uluslararası yasal normların olmaması, bu suçların niteliğini, kapsamını ve sonuçlarını belirlemek için öncelikle iç hukukun sorumlu olduğu gösterir. Bu çalışmada, orman suçlarından en çok zarar gören ülkelerin üst sıralarında yer alan Brezilya, Endonezya ve Kongo Demokratik Cumhuriyeti ile, orman suçları konusunda 2015 yılı sonrasında kayda değer bir artış yaşayan Türkiye’nin kaçak kesim suçu, orman kanunu ve bu suça ilişkin ceza dengeleri incelenmiş, ceza ve suç adedi arasında ilişki olup olmadığının keşfedilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

References

  • Bayraktaroğlu, H., 1969. Sosyal düzen, hukuk ve orman hukuku. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 1-16.
  • Boekhout van Solinge, T., 2014. Researching illegal logging and deforestation. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 3(2): 35‐48. doi:10.5204/ijcjsd.v3i2.179
  • Birben, Ü., Ünal, H.E., İmal, U., 2019. Orman suçlarında toplumsal algı (Kırıkkale İli Örneği). Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2): 495-505 . DOI: 10.24011/barofd.541853
  • CHATHAM HOUSE, 2018. What are the Trends in Forest Governance? Accessed: https://forestgovernance.chathamhouse.org/ Access date: 25.07.2021
  • Erdönmez, C., Yurdakul Erol, S., 2021. Türkiye’de ulusal ormancılık politikasının tarihsel gelişimi açısından bir dönüm noktası: 1255 sayılı yasa . Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1): 182-201. DOI: 10.24011/barofd.805525
  • FAO, 2020a. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020: Main report. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9825en
  • FAO, 2020b. Global Forest Resources Assessments Country Reports Accessed: http://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/fra-2020/country-reports/en/ Access date: 24.08.2021
  • FAO. 2021a. FAO Database, Brezilya Ulusal Orman Yasası Accessed: http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC012382/ Access date: 11.06.2021
  • FAO. 2021b. Law No. 18/2013 on the prevention and eradication of Forest Destruction. Accessed: http://www.fao.org/faolex/results/ details/en/c/LEX-FAOC137703 Access date: 11.06.2021
  • FAO. 2021c. Indonesia Forestry Act No. 41 of 1999. Accessed: http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/ins36649.pdf/ Access date: 13.08.2021
  • FAO. 2021d. Congo - Dem. Rep. of (National level) Loi nº 11-2002 portant Code forestier. Accessed: http://www.fao.org/faolex/ results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC034383/ Access date: 03.07.2021
  • FAO and UNEP, 2020. The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people. Rome. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8642en
  • Freitas, F.L., Sparovek, G., Berndes, G., Persson, U.M., Englund, O., Barretto, A., Mörtberg, U., 2018. Potential increase of legal deforestation in Brazilian Amazon after Forest Act revision. Nature Sustainability, 1(11): 665.
  • GREENPEACE, 2003. State of Conflict. An Investigation into the Landgrabbers, Loggers and Lawless Frontiers in Pará State, Amazon. Amsterdam: Greenpeace International. Accessed: https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/wp-content/uploads/legacy/Global/usa/report/2007/8/state-of-conflict.pdf Access date: 23.08.2021
  • GREENPEACE, 2021a. Brazil and the Amazon Forest. Accessed: https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/issues/brazil-and-the-amazon-forest/ Access date: 23.08.2021
  • GREENPEACE, 2021b. Indonesia makes it to 2008 Guinness World Records as fastest forest destroyer on the planet. Accessed: https://www.greenpeace.org/philippines/story/1371/ indonesia-makes-it-to-2008-guinness-world-records-as-fastest-forest-destroyer-on-the-planet/ Access date: 29.08.2021
  • Güneş, Y., 2004. Orman suçlarının ceza hukuku açısından incelenmesi. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 54(1): 143-164.
  • INTERPOL, 2019. Global Forestry Enforcement, Strengthening Law Enforcement Cooperation Against Forestry Crime. Accessed: https://www.interpol.int/Crimes/Environmental-crime/Forestry-crime Access date: 23.08.2021
  • Lawson, S., 2014. Illegal logging in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Energy, Environment and Resources EER, 2014. Accessed: https://landportal.org/nl/node/14122 Access date: 23.08.2021
  • Lawson, S., MacFaul, L., 2010. Illegal logging and related trade. Chatham house, 2010. Accessed: http://awsassets.panda.org/ downloads/chatham_house_illegallogging_2010.pdf Access date: 23.08.2021 Mercimek, A., 2019. Kastamonu orman bölge müdürlüğünde orman suçlarında toplum bilinci ve hukukun etkinliği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bartın Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bartın.
  • Mevzuat. 2021a Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Orman Kanunu. Kanun No: 6831. Accessed: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.6831.pdf Access date: 06.06.2021
  • Mevzuat, 2021b. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Türk Ceza Kanunu. Kanun No: 5237. Accessed: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat? MevzuatNo=5237&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5 Access date: 09.09.2021
  • Nellemann, C., INTERPOL Environmental Crime Programme (eds). 2012. Green Carbon, Black Trade: Illegal Logging, Tax Fraud and Laundering in the Worlds Tropical Forests. A Rapid Response Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, GRID-Arendal. Accessed: https://www.grida.no/publications/126 Access date: 13.09.2021
  • OGM, 2021. Resmi İstatistikler, Ormancılık İstatistikleri. Accessed: https://www.ogm.gov.tr/tr/e-kutuphane/resmi-istatistikler Access date: 30.06.2021
  • Planalto. 2021. Presidência da República Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos LEI Nº 12.651, DE 25 DE MAIO DE 2012. Accessed: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2012/lei/L12651.htm#art17%C2%A73. Access date: 09.09.2021
  • Şen, G., Toksoy, D., 2004. Orman köylüsünün sosyo-ekonomik yapısının orman suçlarına etkileri üzerine bir araştırma Karadere Orman İşletme Müdürlüğü örneği. Gazi Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1): 1303-2399.
  • Şener, F.N., Tolunay, A., 2016. Sürdürülebilir orman yönetimi süreçlerinde Türkiye’nin konum analizi. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2): 146-157. DOI: 10.24011/barofd.270082
  • Toprak, M., 2017. Açıklamalı – İçtihatlı Orman Suçları. 2. Baskı, Adalet yayınevi, ISBN: 9786053000976 Ankara.
  • Uğur, A., 2021. Antroposen: iklim krizi mi yoksa uygarlık krizi mi? REFLEKTİF Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(3): 557–579. https://doi.org/10.47613/reflektif.2021.46
  • UN, 2020a.World Economic Situation and Prospects. ISBN: 978-92-1-109181-6. United Nations. 2020
  • UN, 2020b. National Account Statistics. Accessed: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/CountryProfile Access date: 27.08.2021
  • UN 2012. International Law. Wildlife and Forest Crime Analytic Toolkithttps://www.unodc.org/documents/Wildlife/Toolkit_e.pdf Access date: 21.08.2021
  • UNDP, 2020. Human Development Report 2020. The Next Frontier Human Development and the Anthropocene. United Nations Development Programme. Accessed: https://hdr.undp.org/sites/ default/files/hdr2020.pdf Access date: 15.08.2021
  • Wich, S.A., Riswan,. Jenson, J., Refisch, J., Nellemann, C. (eds). 2011. Orangutans and the economics of sustainable forest management in Sumatra. Accessed: https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/ 8027 Access date: 13.08.2021
  • World Bank, 2019. Illegal logging, Fishing and Wildlife Trade: The costs and How to Combat it. Worldbank Group Report. October 2019.
  • World Bank, 2020. United Nations Population Division. World Population Prospects. Accessed: https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=BR Access date: 01.07.2021
  • Yılmaz, A., 2018. Orman, köylü ve devlet: Ormandan faydalanma, koruma ve orman suçları bağlamında orman köylüsü ve devlet ilişkileri. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 20(4): 665-690. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.420833
  • Yüksel, B., Akbulut, S., İpek, A., Baysal, İ., 2008. Türkiye'de orman kaçakçılık suçları ve kaçakçı profilinin değerlendirilmesi: Akyazı ve Hendek örneği. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 59(1): 1-14.
  • Zimmermann, M.E., 2003. The black market for wildlife. Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 36(5): 1657-1661.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Derleme
Authors

Hüseyin Çalışkan 0000-0002-6558-0822

Filiz Egi Oğuz 0000-0003-0238-9219

Sezgin Özden 0000-0001-6753-3723

Publication Date March 29, 2022
Acceptance Date February 10, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 23 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çalışkan, H., Egi Oğuz, F., & Özden, S. (2022). Comparison of illegal logging crimes and penalties in forest laws in some selected countries. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 23(1), 90-95. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1017597
AMA Çalışkan H, Egi Oğuz F, Özden S. Comparison of illegal logging crimes and penalties in forest laws in some selected countries. Turkish Journal of Forestry. March 2022;23(1):90-95. doi:10.18182/tjf.1017597
Chicago Çalışkan, Hüseyin, Filiz Egi Oğuz, and Sezgin Özden. “Comparison of Illegal Logging Crimes and Penalties in Forest Laws in Some Selected Countries”. Turkish Journal of Forestry 23, no. 1 (March 2022): 90-95. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1017597.
EndNote Çalışkan H, Egi Oğuz F, Özden S (March 1, 2022) Comparison of illegal logging crimes and penalties in forest laws in some selected countries. Turkish Journal of Forestry 23 1 90–95.
IEEE H. Çalışkan, F. Egi Oğuz, and S. Özden, “Comparison of illegal logging crimes and penalties in forest laws in some selected countries”, Turkish Journal of Forestry, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 90–95, 2022, doi: 10.18182/tjf.1017597.
ISNAD Çalışkan, Hüseyin et al. “Comparison of Illegal Logging Crimes and Penalties in Forest Laws in Some Selected Countries”. Turkish Journal of Forestry 23/1 (March 2022), 90-95. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.1017597.
JAMA Çalışkan H, Egi Oğuz F, Özden S. Comparison of illegal logging crimes and penalties in forest laws in some selected countries. Turkish Journal of Forestry. 2022;23:90–95.
MLA Çalışkan, Hüseyin et al. “Comparison of Illegal Logging Crimes and Penalties in Forest Laws in Some Selected Countries”. Turkish Journal of Forestry, vol. 23, no. 1, 2022, pp. 90-95, doi:10.18182/tjf.1017597.
Vancouver Çalışkan H, Egi Oğuz F, Özden S. Comparison of illegal logging crimes and penalties in forest laws in some selected countries. Turkish Journal of Forestry. 2022;23(1):90-5.