Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Effects of Immunostimulants (Zinc, Levamisole, Vitamin AD3E) Use Together With Enterotoxemia Vaccine on Immunoglobulins in Sheep

Year 2019, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 57 - 65, 30.09.2019

Abstract

Objective:In this study, levamisole, zinc and vitamin AD3E
were used with enterotoxemia vaccine in sheep, in order to investigate their
immunostimulant activities and also to make a comparison among them regarding
their immunostimulatory properties.

Materials and Methods: For this purpose 40 sheep were divided into 4 groups, each group consisted of 10 sheep. Group I only vaccinated against enterotoxemia. In groups II, III and IV besides enterotoxemia vaccine, levamisole, zinc and vitamin AD3E were used respectively. Blood samples were taken on days 0 and 35 of the experiment.  Serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgA
and IgE) were determined using ELISA kits specific to sheep immunoglobulins.
Hematological parameters and serum zinc levels were also determined. 

Results:Levamisole-treated group showed a significant
increase in serum level of IgM, and zinc-treated group demonstrated a
significant increase in serum IgG level (P<0.05). In day 35, serum IgM level
was the highest in levamisole group (group II) based on its levels in groups
III and IV (P<0.05) and also IgG level was highest in group II when compared
to its levels in groups III and IV (P<0.01). In group II, statistically
significant decrease in total WBC and lymphocyte counts and statistically
significant increase in thrombocyte counts were determined on day 35
(P<0.05). In group III, statistically significant decrease in total WBC,
neutrophil counts and hematocrit values were detected (P<0.05), although,
these changes were within physiologically normal limits.

Conclusion:In conclusion, in this study levamisole
stimulated the increase in IgM levels and zinc stimulated the increase in IgG
levels without inducing adverse effect and the increase in antibody production
resulted in the enhancement of humoral immune response to enterotoxemia vaccine.
The use of levamisole and zinc as immunostimulant together with vaccination is
recommended.

Supporting Institution

Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Directorate of Scientific Research Projects

Project Number

Project No: TYL-2016-5450

Thanks

This study was supported by Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Directorate of Scientific Research Projects (Project No: TYL-2016-5450), and we thank them for their support.

References

  • Abdelrahman MM, Al-Karablieh EK (2002). Effect of vitamins AD3E injection on reproductive performance and net cash revenue of Awassi sheep raised under semiintensive system. J King Saud Univ, 14, 1, 15-22.Akbari MoghaddamKakhki R, Bakhshalinejad R, Shafiee M (2016). Effect of dietary zinc and α-tocopheryl acetate on broiler performance, immune responses, antioxidant enzyme activities, minerals and vitamin concentration in blood and tissues of broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 221, 12-26. Ali SH, Abdel-Fattah YE, Shaimaa AM (2012). Biochemical, immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of levamisole at different storage conditions and administration routes. Pak J BiolSci, 15, 20, 986-991.Aly SM, Abd-Allah O, Mahmoud A, Gafer H (2010).Efficiency of levamisole in improving the immune response of catfish (Clariasgariepenus) to Aeromonashydrophila vaccine: Clinico- pathological studies. MAJ, 1, 1, 8-17.Anonymous (2015). Sheep 201 A beginner’s Guide to Raising Sheep, Meat, milk, or wool.http://www.sheep101.info/201/meatwoolmilk.html. Date: 15.12.2015 20:40Anugu S, Petersson-Wolfe CS, Combs GF, Petersson KH (2013).Effect of vitamin E on the immune system of ewes during late pregnancy and lactation. Small Rumin Res, 111, 1-3, 83- 89.Baldassi L (2005). Clostridial Toxins - Potent Poisons, Potent Medicines. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis, 11, 4, 391-411.Bao B, Prasad AS, Beck FW, Snell D, Suneja A, Sarkar FH, Doshi N, Fitzgerald JT, Swerdlow P (2008). Zinc supplementation decreases oxidative stress, incidence of infection, and generation of inflammatory cytokines in sickle cell disease patients. Transl Res, 152, 2, 67-80.Başoğlu A (1998). Veteriner İç Hastalıklarında Klinik Muayene, Bahçıvanlar Basım, sayfa 129-136, Konya.Biberstein EL, Hirsh DC (1999).The Clostridia, chapter 44, in “Veterinary Microbiology” Editors, DC Hirsh and YC Zee, First Edition, Blackwell Science, Malden, US.Bisalla M, Adamu S, Ibrahim ND, Lawal IA, Esievo KA (2009). Effect of immunomodulation with levamisole on the course and pathogenesis of acute experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection in sheep. Afr J Biotechnol, 8, 5, 827-834.BlechaF (2001). Immunomodulators for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in food-producing animals.Vet Clin North Am Food AnimPract, 17, 3, 621-633.Bokori-Brown M, Savva CG, Fernandes da Costa SP, Naylor CE, Basak AK, Titball RW (2011). Molecular basis of toxicity of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin. FEBS J, 278, 23, 4589-4601.Bonaventura P, Benedetti, G, Albarède F, Miossec P (2015). Zinc and its role in immunity and inflammation. Autoimmun Rev, 14, 4, 277-285.Callahan GN, Yates RM (2014). Basic Veterinary Immunology, 1st Ed. University Press of Colorado, chapter 11, Boulder, US.Chandra RK (1997). Nutrition and the immune system: an introduction. Am J Clin Nutr, 66, 2, 460-463.Chandra RK, Kumari S (1994). Nutrition and immunity: an overview. J Nutr, 124, 8, 1433-1435.Chandy ML, Soman C, Kumar SP, Kurup S, Jose R (2016). Understanding molecular mechanisms in multivariant actions of levamisole as an anti-helminthic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-neoplastic and immunomodulatory drug. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Med Pathol, 28, 4, 354-357.Dalimi A, Motamedi GR, Farzan A (1999). The efficacy of combine application of levamisole and enterotoxemia vaccine in sheep. Arch RaziIns, 50.Day MJ, Schultz RD (2011). Veterinary immunology: Principles and Practice, 2nd Ed. Manson Publishing Ltd, chapter 2, London, UK.de la Rosa C, Hogue DE, Thonney ML (1997). Vaccination schedules to raise antibody concentrations against ε-toxin of Clostridium perfringens in ewes and their triplet lambs. J Anim Sci, 75, 9, 2328-2334.Dörücü M, İspir Ü, Türk C (2005). Levamisolün gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss, W)’nın bazı kan parametrelerine etkisinin araştırılması. Fırat Üniv Fen Müh Bil Derg, 17, 2, 405-411.El Hendy HA, Yousef MI, Abo El-Naga NI (2001). Effect of dietary zinc deficiency on hematological and biochemical parameters and concentrations of zinc, copper, and iron in growing rats. Toxicology, 167, 2, 163-170.Elgert KD (1996). Immunology: understanding the Immune System, 1st Ed. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, chapter 4, New York, US.Eze JI, Ayogu LC, Abonyi FO, Eze UU (2015). The beneficial effect of dietary zinc supplementation on anaemia and immunosuppression in Trypanosoma brucei infected rats. Exp Parasitol, 154, 87-92.Fan X, Liu S, Liu G, Zhao J, Jiao H, Wang X, Song Z, Lin H (2015). Vitamin A deficiency impairs mucin expression and suppresses the mucosal immune function of the respiratory tract in chicks. PLoS One, 10, 9, 1-16.Freedman JC, Theoret JR, Wisniewski JA, Uzal FA, Rood JI, McClane BA (2015). Clostridium perfringens type A-E toxin plasmids. Res Microbiol, 166, 4, 264-279.Gershwin LJ (1999). Immune responses to infectious agents,chapter 2, in “Veterinary Microbilogy” Editors, DC Hirsh and YC Zee, First Edition, Blackwell Science, Malden, US.Gershwin LJ (2008). Clinical veterinary immunology, chapter 6, in “Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals” Editors, JJ Kaneko, JW Harvey and ML Bruss, Sixth Edition, Elsevier Science Publishing Co, San Diego, US.Gokbulut C, Yalinkilinc HS, Aksit D,Veneziano V (2014). Comparative pharmacokinetics of levamisole-oxyclozanide combination in sheep and goats following per os administration. Can J Vet Res, 78, 4, 316-320.Gopalakannan A, Arul V (2006). Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intake of chitin, chitosan and levamisole on the immune system of Cyprinuscarpio and control of Aeromonashydrophila infection in ponds. Aquaculture, 255, 1-4, 179-187.Greco G, Madio A, Buonavoglia D, Totaro M, Corrente M, Martella V, Buonavoglia C (2005). Clostridium perfringens toxin-types in lambs and kids affected with gastroenteric pathologies in Italy. Vet J, 170, 3, 346-350.Gürsoy O (2006). Economics and profitability of sheep and goat production in Turkey under new support regimes and market conditions. Small Rumin Res, 62, 3, 181-191.Guzman-Rivero M, Verduguez-Orellana A, Cordova M, Maldonado L, Medina M, Sejas E, Åkesson B (2014). Effect of zinc on immune functions in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Biomed PrevNutr, 4, 2, 245-250.Habib MA, Soofi S, Sheraz A, Bhatti ZS, Okayasu H, Zaidi SZ, Molodecky NA, Pallansch MA, Sutter RW,Bhutta ZA (2015). Zinc supplementation fails to increase the immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine: A randomized controlled trial. Vaccine, 33, 6, 819-825.Kizil O, Gul Y (2008). Effects of vitamin AD3E and C on immune responses of cattle to trivalent foot and mouth disease vaccine. Rev Med Vet, 159, 12, 599-602.Krakowski L, KrzyzÇanowski J, Wrona Z, Siwicki AK (1999). The effect of nonspecific immunostimulation of pregnant mares with 1,3/1,6 glucan and levamisole on the immunoglobulin levels in colostrum, selected indices of nonspecific cellular and humoral immunity in foals in neonatal and postnatal period. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 68, 1, 1-11.Layana JE, Fernandez Miyakawa ME, Uzal FA (2006). Evaluation of different fluids for detection of Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin in sheep with experimental enterotoxemia. Anaerobe, 12, 4, 204-206.Lewis CJ (2007). Clostridial diseases,chapter 23, in “Diseases of Sheep” Editor, ID Aitken, Fourth Edition, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.Li J, Adams v, Bannam TL, Miyamoto K, Garcia JP, Uzal FA, Rood JI, McClane BA (2013). Toxin Plasmids of Clostridium perfringens. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 77, 2, 208-233.MaĭchukIuF, Mikuli SG (1981). Effects of levamisole on immunoglobulin secretion into lacrimal fluid in experimental herpetic keratitis. Vopr Virusol, 1, 103-105.Mastan SA (2015). Use of immunostimulants in aquaculture disease management. Int J Fish Aquat Stud, 2, 4, 277-280.Mix E, Goertsches R, Zettl UK (2006). Immunoglobulins - basic considerations. J Neurol, 253, 5, 9-17.Mohri M, Seifi HA, Zamani Sani SH (2004). Effects of oral administration of levamisole on non-specific immunity, serum proteins and health in normal colostrum-fed neonatal dairy calves. Comp Clin Path, 13, 3, 132-136.Morris S. (2009). Economics of sheep production. Small Rumin Res, 86, 59-62.Mulero V, Esteban MA, Munoz J,Meseguer J (1998). Dietary intake of levamisole enhances the immune response and disease resistance of the marine teleost gilthead seabream (Sparusaurata L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol, 8, 1, 49-62.Naimi D, Vakili R, Sepehri Moghadam H (2014). Effect of different levels of vitamin AD3E on performance, response of humoral immune and percentage of tibia ash broilers. Adv Environ Biol, 8, 9, 303-306.Nicoara E, Crisan A (2003). Possibilities to modulate the immune response during infections. Timisoara Med J, 53, 3-4, 303-307.Niilo L (1988). Clostridium perfringens Type C enterotoxemia. Can Vet J, 29, 658-664.Pekmezci D, Cakiroglu D (2009). Investigation of immunmodulatory effects of levamisole and vitamin E on immunity and some blood parameters in newborn Jersey calves. Vet Res Commun, 33, 7, 711-721.Prasad T, Kundu MS (1995). Serum IgG and IgM responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in weaned calves fed milk supplemented with Zn and Cu. Nutrition, 11, 5, 712-715.Priyantha MAR, Siriwardhana BAMP, Liyanagunawardana N,Vipulasiri AA (2012). Effect of vitamin AD3E supplementation for hemorrhagic septicemia vaccine in laboratory mice. Int J Livest Prod, 3, 5, 53-56.Quinn PJ, Markey BK, Leonard FC, FitzPatrick ES, Fanning S, Hartigan PJ (2011). Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease, 2ndEd. Wiley-Blackwell, chapter 3, Chichester, UK.Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD (2007). Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats, 10th Ed. Elsevier Saunders, Chapter 17, Edinburgh, Scotland.Ramana DBV, Saxena MJ, Ravikanth K, Adarsh, Maini S (2015). Post vaccination immune response potentiation against Blue Tongue vaccination with Stresomix in Deccani lambs and sheep. Br Microbiol Res J, 8, 5, 613-617.Redondo LM, Farber M, Venzano A, Jost BH, Parma YR, Fernandez-Miyakawa ME (2013). Sudden death syndrome in adult cows associated with Clostridium perfringens type E. Anaerobe, 20, 1-4.Rink L, Gabriel P (2000). Zinc and the immune system. Proc Nutr Soc, 59, 4, 541-552.SamantaAK, Dass RS, Rawat M, Mishra SC, Mehra UR (2006). Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on serum α-tocopherol and immune status of crossbred calves. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 19, 4, 500-506. Schroeder HW, Cavacini L (2010) Structure and Function of Immunoglobulins. J Allergy ClinImmunol, 125, 2, 41-52.Senthilkumar V, Thirunavukkarasu M, Kathiravan G (2008). Economic losses due to enterotoxaemia in sheep. Indian J Sci Technol, 1, 6, 1-3.Shah D, Londhe V, Mazumder R, Parikh R (2011). Can levamisole alone maintain the immunity. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 3, 2,161-164.Shrestha A, Uzal FA, McClane BA (2016). The interaction of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin with receptor claudins. Anaerobe, 41, 18-26.Sikka P, Lal D (2006). Studies on Vitamin Mineral Interactions in Relation to Passive Transfer of Immunoglobulins in Buffalo Calves. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 19, 6, 825-830.Sikka P, Lall D, Arora U, Sethi RK (2002). Growth and passive immunity in response to micronutrient supplementation in new-born calves of Murrah buffaloes given fat soluble vitamins during late pregnancy. Livest Prod Sci, 75, 3, 301-311.Sobhanirad S, Naserian AA (2012). Effects of high dietary zinc concentration and zinc sources on hematology and biochemistry of blood serum in Holstein dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 177, 3-4, 242-246.Songer JG (1996). Clostridial Enteric Diseases of Domestic Animals. Clin Microbiol Rev, 9, 2, 216-234. Songer JG (1997). Clostridial Diseases of Animals, chapter 10, in “The Clostridia: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis” Editors, JI Rood, BA McClane, JG Songer and RW Titball, First Edition, Academic Press, San Diego, US.Songer JG (2010). Enteric Clostridia, chapter 13, in “Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals” Editors, CL Gyles, JF Prescott, JG Songer and CO Thoen, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., Iowa, US.Srivastava PK, Pandey AK (2015). Role of immunostimulants in immune responses of fish and shellfish. Biochem Cell Arch, 15, 1, 47-73.Stelletta C, Cuteri V, Bonizzi L, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Orsi F, Nisoli L, Lulla D, Morgante M (2004). Effect of levamisole administration on bluetongue vaccination in sheep. Vet Ital, 40, 4, 635-639.Syed Ali Fathima KM, Annalakshmi T, Xavier Innocent B (2012). Immunostimulant effect of vitamin-A in Channa punctatus challenged with Aeromonashydrophila: haematological evaluation. J App Pharm Sci, 2, 11, 123-126.Tengerdy RP (1989). Vitamin E, immune response, and disease resistance. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 570, 335-344.Tengerdy RP (1990). The role of vitamin E in immune response and disease resistance. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 587, 24-33.Thompson I, Choubert G, Houlihan DF, Secombes CJ (1995). The effect of dietary vitamin A and astaxanthin on the immunocompetence of rainbow trout. Aquaculture, 133, 2, 91-102.Tizard IR (2004). Veterinary Immunology, an introduction, 7th Ed. WB Saunders, chapter 13, London, UK.Undiandeye UJ, Oderinde BS, El-Yuguda A, Baba SS (2014). Immunostimulatory effect of levamisole on the immune response of goats to Peste des PetitsRuminants (PPR) vaccination. World J Vaccines, 4, 2, 88-95.Uzal FA (2004). Diagnosis of Clostridium Perfringens intestinal infections in sheep and goats. Anaerobe, 10, 2, 135-143.Uzal FA, Songer JG (2008). Diagnosis of Clostridium Perfringens intestinal infections in sheep and goats. J Vet Diagn Invest, 20, 3, 253-265.Villamor E, Fawzi WW (2005). Effects of vitamin A supplementation on immune responses and correlation with clinical outcomes. Clin Microbiol Rev, 18, 3, 446-464.Wanamaker BP, Massey KL (2015). Applied pharmacology for veterinary technicians, 5th Ed. Saunders Elsevier, Chapter 17, St. Louis, US.Zeng J, Deng G, Wang J, Zhou J, Liu X, Xie Q, Wang Y (2011). Potential protective immunogenicity of recombinant Clostridium perfringens α–β1– β2 fusion toxin in mice, sows and cows. Vaccine, 29, 5459-5466.
Year 2019, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 57 - 65, 30.09.2019

Abstract

Project Number

Project No: TYL-2016-5450

References

  • Abdelrahman MM, Al-Karablieh EK (2002). Effect of vitamins AD3E injection on reproductive performance and net cash revenue of Awassi sheep raised under semiintensive system. J King Saud Univ, 14, 1, 15-22.Akbari MoghaddamKakhki R, Bakhshalinejad R, Shafiee M (2016). Effect of dietary zinc and α-tocopheryl acetate on broiler performance, immune responses, antioxidant enzyme activities, minerals and vitamin concentration in blood and tissues of broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 221, 12-26. Ali SH, Abdel-Fattah YE, Shaimaa AM (2012). Biochemical, immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of levamisole at different storage conditions and administration routes. Pak J BiolSci, 15, 20, 986-991.Aly SM, Abd-Allah O, Mahmoud A, Gafer H (2010).Efficiency of levamisole in improving the immune response of catfish (Clariasgariepenus) to Aeromonashydrophila vaccine: Clinico- pathological studies. MAJ, 1, 1, 8-17.Anonymous (2015). Sheep 201 A beginner’s Guide to Raising Sheep, Meat, milk, or wool.http://www.sheep101.info/201/meatwoolmilk.html. Date: 15.12.2015 20:40Anugu S, Petersson-Wolfe CS, Combs GF, Petersson KH (2013).Effect of vitamin E on the immune system of ewes during late pregnancy and lactation. Small Rumin Res, 111, 1-3, 83- 89.Baldassi L (2005). Clostridial Toxins - Potent Poisons, Potent Medicines. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis, 11, 4, 391-411.Bao B, Prasad AS, Beck FW, Snell D, Suneja A, Sarkar FH, Doshi N, Fitzgerald JT, Swerdlow P (2008). Zinc supplementation decreases oxidative stress, incidence of infection, and generation of inflammatory cytokines in sickle cell disease patients. Transl Res, 152, 2, 67-80.Başoğlu A (1998). Veteriner İç Hastalıklarında Klinik Muayene, Bahçıvanlar Basım, sayfa 129-136, Konya.Biberstein EL, Hirsh DC (1999).The Clostridia, chapter 44, in “Veterinary Microbiology” Editors, DC Hirsh and YC Zee, First Edition, Blackwell Science, Malden, US.Bisalla M, Adamu S, Ibrahim ND, Lawal IA, Esievo KA (2009). Effect of immunomodulation with levamisole on the course and pathogenesis of acute experimental Trypanosoma congolense infection in sheep. Afr J Biotechnol, 8, 5, 827-834.BlechaF (2001). Immunomodulators for prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in food-producing animals.Vet Clin North Am Food AnimPract, 17, 3, 621-633.Bokori-Brown M, Savva CG, Fernandes da Costa SP, Naylor CE, Basak AK, Titball RW (2011). Molecular basis of toxicity of Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin. FEBS J, 278, 23, 4589-4601.Bonaventura P, Benedetti, G, Albarède F, Miossec P (2015). Zinc and its role in immunity and inflammation. Autoimmun Rev, 14, 4, 277-285.Callahan GN, Yates RM (2014). Basic Veterinary Immunology, 1st Ed. University Press of Colorado, chapter 11, Boulder, US.Chandra RK (1997). Nutrition and the immune system: an introduction. Am J Clin Nutr, 66, 2, 460-463.Chandra RK, Kumari S (1994). Nutrition and immunity: an overview. J Nutr, 124, 8, 1433-1435.Chandy ML, Soman C, Kumar SP, Kurup S, Jose R (2016). Understanding molecular mechanisms in multivariant actions of levamisole as an anti-helminthic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-neoplastic and immunomodulatory drug. J Oral Maxillofac Surg Med Pathol, 28, 4, 354-357.Dalimi A, Motamedi GR, Farzan A (1999). The efficacy of combine application of levamisole and enterotoxemia vaccine in sheep. Arch RaziIns, 50.Day MJ, Schultz RD (2011). Veterinary immunology: Principles and Practice, 2nd Ed. Manson Publishing Ltd, chapter 2, London, UK.de la Rosa C, Hogue DE, Thonney ML (1997). Vaccination schedules to raise antibody concentrations against ε-toxin of Clostridium perfringens in ewes and their triplet lambs. J Anim Sci, 75, 9, 2328-2334.Dörücü M, İspir Ü, Türk C (2005). Levamisolün gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss, W)’nın bazı kan parametrelerine etkisinin araştırılması. Fırat Üniv Fen Müh Bil Derg, 17, 2, 405-411.El Hendy HA, Yousef MI, Abo El-Naga NI (2001). Effect of dietary zinc deficiency on hematological and biochemical parameters and concentrations of zinc, copper, and iron in growing rats. Toxicology, 167, 2, 163-170.Elgert KD (1996). Immunology: understanding the Immune System, 1st Ed. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, chapter 4, New York, US.Eze JI, Ayogu LC, Abonyi FO, Eze UU (2015). The beneficial effect of dietary zinc supplementation on anaemia and immunosuppression in Trypanosoma brucei infected rats. Exp Parasitol, 154, 87-92.Fan X, Liu S, Liu G, Zhao J, Jiao H, Wang X, Song Z, Lin H (2015). Vitamin A deficiency impairs mucin expression and suppresses the mucosal immune function of the respiratory tract in chicks. PLoS One, 10, 9, 1-16.Freedman JC, Theoret JR, Wisniewski JA, Uzal FA, Rood JI, McClane BA (2015). Clostridium perfringens type A-E toxin plasmids. Res Microbiol, 166, 4, 264-279.Gershwin LJ (1999). Immune responses to infectious agents,chapter 2, in “Veterinary Microbilogy” Editors, DC Hirsh and YC Zee, First Edition, Blackwell Science, Malden, US.Gershwin LJ (2008). Clinical veterinary immunology, chapter 6, in “Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals” Editors, JJ Kaneko, JW Harvey and ML Bruss, Sixth Edition, Elsevier Science Publishing Co, San Diego, US.Gokbulut C, Yalinkilinc HS, Aksit D,Veneziano V (2014). Comparative pharmacokinetics of levamisole-oxyclozanide combination in sheep and goats following per os administration. Can J Vet Res, 78, 4, 316-320.Gopalakannan A, Arul V (2006). Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intake of chitin, chitosan and levamisole on the immune system of Cyprinuscarpio and control of Aeromonashydrophila infection in ponds. Aquaculture, 255, 1-4, 179-187.Greco G, Madio A, Buonavoglia D, Totaro M, Corrente M, Martella V, Buonavoglia C (2005). Clostridium perfringens toxin-types in lambs and kids affected with gastroenteric pathologies in Italy. Vet J, 170, 3, 346-350.Gürsoy O (2006). Economics and profitability of sheep and goat production in Turkey under new support regimes and market conditions. Small Rumin Res, 62, 3, 181-191.Guzman-Rivero M, Verduguez-Orellana A, Cordova M, Maldonado L, Medina M, Sejas E, Åkesson B (2014). Effect of zinc on immune functions in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Biomed PrevNutr, 4, 2, 245-250.Habib MA, Soofi S, Sheraz A, Bhatti ZS, Okayasu H, Zaidi SZ, Molodecky NA, Pallansch MA, Sutter RW,Bhutta ZA (2015). Zinc supplementation fails to increase the immunogenicity of oral poliovirus vaccine: A randomized controlled trial. Vaccine, 33, 6, 819-825.Kizil O, Gul Y (2008). Effects of vitamin AD3E and C on immune responses of cattle to trivalent foot and mouth disease vaccine. Rev Med Vet, 159, 12, 599-602.Krakowski L, KrzyzÇanowski J, Wrona Z, Siwicki AK (1999). The effect of nonspecific immunostimulation of pregnant mares with 1,3/1,6 glucan and levamisole on the immunoglobulin levels in colostrum, selected indices of nonspecific cellular and humoral immunity in foals in neonatal and postnatal period. Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 68, 1, 1-11.Layana JE, Fernandez Miyakawa ME, Uzal FA (2006). Evaluation of different fluids for detection of Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon toxin in sheep with experimental enterotoxemia. Anaerobe, 12, 4, 204-206.Lewis CJ (2007). Clostridial diseases,chapter 23, in “Diseases of Sheep” Editor, ID Aitken, Fourth Edition, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.Li J, Adams v, Bannam TL, Miyamoto K, Garcia JP, Uzal FA, Rood JI, McClane BA (2013). Toxin Plasmids of Clostridium perfringens. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 77, 2, 208-233.MaĭchukIuF, Mikuli SG (1981). Effects of levamisole on immunoglobulin secretion into lacrimal fluid in experimental herpetic keratitis. Vopr Virusol, 1, 103-105.Mastan SA (2015). Use of immunostimulants in aquaculture disease management. Int J Fish Aquat Stud, 2, 4, 277-280.Mix E, Goertsches R, Zettl UK (2006). Immunoglobulins - basic considerations. J Neurol, 253, 5, 9-17.Mohri M, Seifi HA, Zamani Sani SH (2004). Effects of oral administration of levamisole on non-specific immunity, serum proteins and health in normal colostrum-fed neonatal dairy calves. Comp Clin Path, 13, 3, 132-136.Morris S. (2009). Economics of sheep production. Small Rumin Res, 86, 59-62.Mulero V, Esteban MA, Munoz J,Meseguer J (1998). Dietary intake of levamisole enhances the immune response and disease resistance of the marine teleost gilthead seabream (Sparusaurata L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol, 8, 1, 49-62.Naimi D, Vakili R, Sepehri Moghadam H (2014). Effect of different levels of vitamin AD3E on performance, response of humoral immune and percentage of tibia ash broilers. Adv Environ Biol, 8, 9, 303-306.Nicoara E, Crisan A (2003). Possibilities to modulate the immune response during infections. Timisoara Med J, 53, 3-4, 303-307.Niilo L (1988). Clostridium perfringens Type C enterotoxemia. Can Vet J, 29, 658-664.Pekmezci D, Cakiroglu D (2009). Investigation of immunmodulatory effects of levamisole and vitamin E on immunity and some blood parameters in newborn Jersey calves. Vet Res Commun, 33, 7, 711-721.Prasad T, Kundu MS (1995). Serum IgG and IgM responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in weaned calves fed milk supplemented with Zn and Cu. Nutrition, 11, 5, 712-715.Priyantha MAR, Siriwardhana BAMP, Liyanagunawardana N,Vipulasiri AA (2012). Effect of vitamin AD3E supplementation for hemorrhagic septicemia vaccine in laboratory mice. Int J Livest Prod, 3, 5, 53-56.Quinn PJ, Markey BK, Leonard FC, FitzPatrick ES, Fanning S, Hartigan PJ (2011). Veterinary Microbiology and Microbial Disease, 2ndEd. Wiley-Blackwell, chapter 3, Chichester, UK.Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD (2007). Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats, 10th Ed. Elsevier Saunders, Chapter 17, Edinburgh, Scotland.Ramana DBV, Saxena MJ, Ravikanth K, Adarsh, Maini S (2015). Post vaccination immune response potentiation against Blue Tongue vaccination with Stresomix in Deccani lambs and sheep. Br Microbiol Res J, 8, 5, 613-617.Redondo LM, Farber M, Venzano A, Jost BH, Parma YR, Fernandez-Miyakawa ME (2013). Sudden death syndrome in adult cows associated with Clostridium perfringens type E. Anaerobe, 20, 1-4.Rink L, Gabriel P (2000). Zinc and the immune system. Proc Nutr Soc, 59, 4, 541-552.SamantaAK, Dass RS, Rawat M, Mishra SC, Mehra UR (2006). Effect of dietary vitamin E supplementation on serum α-tocopherol and immune status of crossbred calves. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 19, 4, 500-506. Schroeder HW, Cavacini L (2010) Structure and Function of Immunoglobulins. J Allergy ClinImmunol, 125, 2, 41-52.Senthilkumar V, Thirunavukkarasu M, Kathiravan G (2008). Economic losses due to enterotoxaemia in sheep. Indian J Sci Technol, 1, 6, 1-3.Shah D, Londhe V, Mazumder R, Parikh R (2011). Can levamisole alone maintain the immunity. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 3, 2,161-164.Shrestha A, Uzal FA, McClane BA (2016). The interaction of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin with receptor claudins. Anaerobe, 41, 18-26.Sikka P, Lal D (2006). Studies on Vitamin Mineral Interactions in Relation to Passive Transfer of Immunoglobulins in Buffalo Calves. Asian-Aust J Anim Sci, 19, 6, 825-830.Sikka P, Lall D, Arora U, Sethi RK (2002). Growth and passive immunity in response to micronutrient supplementation in new-born calves of Murrah buffaloes given fat soluble vitamins during late pregnancy. Livest Prod Sci, 75, 3, 301-311.Sobhanirad S, Naserian AA (2012). Effects of high dietary zinc concentration and zinc sources on hematology and biochemistry of blood serum in Holstein dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 177, 3-4, 242-246.Songer JG (1996). Clostridial Enteric Diseases of Domestic Animals. Clin Microbiol Rev, 9, 2, 216-234. Songer JG (1997). Clostridial Diseases of Animals, chapter 10, in “The Clostridia: Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis” Editors, JI Rood, BA McClane, JG Songer and RW Titball, First Edition, Academic Press, San Diego, US.Songer JG (2010). Enteric Clostridia, chapter 13, in “Pathogenesis of Bacterial Infections in Animals” Editors, CL Gyles, JF Prescott, JG Songer and CO Thoen, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., Iowa, US.Srivastava PK, Pandey AK (2015). Role of immunostimulants in immune responses of fish and shellfish. Biochem Cell Arch, 15, 1, 47-73.Stelletta C, Cuteri V, Bonizzi L, Frangipane di Regalbono A, Orsi F, Nisoli L, Lulla D, Morgante M (2004). Effect of levamisole administration on bluetongue vaccination in sheep. Vet Ital, 40, 4, 635-639.Syed Ali Fathima KM, Annalakshmi T, Xavier Innocent B (2012). Immunostimulant effect of vitamin-A in Channa punctatus challenged with Aeromonashydrophila: haematological evaluation. J App Pharm Sci, 2, 11, 123-126.Tengerdy RP (1989). Vitamin E, immune response, and disease resistance. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 570, 335-344.Tengerdy RP (1990). The role of vitamin E in immune response and disease resistance. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 587, 24-33.Thompson I, Choubert G, Houlihan DF, Secombes CJ (1995). The effect of dietary vitamin A and astaxanthin on the immunocompetence of rainbow trout. Aquaculture, 133, 2, 91-102.Tizard IR (2004). Veterinary Immunology, an introduction, 7th Ed. WB Saunders, chapter 13, London, UK.Undiandeye UJ, Oderinde BS, El-Yuguda A, Baba SS (2014). Immunostimulatory effect of levamisole on the immune response of goats to Peste des PetitsRuminants (PPR) vaccination. World J Vaccines, 4, 2, 88-95.Uzal FA (2004). Diagnosis of Clostridium Perfringens intestinal infections in sheep and goats. Anaerobe, 10, 2, 135-143.Uzal FA, Songer JG (2008). Diagnosis of Clostridium Perfringens intestinal infections in sheep and goats. J Vet Diagn Invest, 20, 3, 253-265.Villamor E, Fawzi WW (2005). Effects of vitamin A supplementation on immune responses and correlation with clinical outcomes. Clin Microbiol Rev, 18, 3, 446-464.Wanamaker BP, Massey KL (2015). Applied pharmacology for veterinary technicians, 5th Ed. Saunders Elsevier, Chapter 17, St. Louis, US.Zeng J, Deng G, Wang J, Zhou J, Liu X, Xie Q, Wang Y (2011). Potential protective immunogenicity of recombinant Clostridium perfringens α–β1– β2 fusion toxin in mice, sows and cows. Vaccine, 29, 5459-5466.
There are 1 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section 2019 Volume 3 Number 2
Authors

Bakhtiyar Mohammed Rashıd This is me

Nazmi Yüksek

Project Number Project No: TYL-2016-5450
Publication Date September 30, 2019
Submission Date May 6, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Rashıd, B. M., & Yüksek, N. (2019). The Effects of Immunostimulants (Zinc, Levamisole, Vitamin AD3E) Use Together With Enterotoxemia Vaccine on Immunoglobulins in Sheep. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research, 3(2), 57-65.
AMA Rashıd BM, Yüksek N. The Effects of Immunostimulants (Zinc, Levamisole, Vitamin AD3E) Use Together With Enterotoxemia Vaccine on Immunoglobulins in Sheep. TJVR. September 2019;3(2):57-65.
Chicago Rashıd, Bakhtiyar Mohammed, and Nazmi Yüksek. “The Effects of Immunostimulants (Zinc, Levamisole, Vitamin AD3E) Use Together With Enterotoxemia Vaccine on Immunoglobulins in Sheep”. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research 3, no. 2 (September 2019): 57-65.
EndNote Rashıd BM, Yüksek N (September 1, 2019) The Effects of Immunostimulants (Zinc, Levamisole, Vitamin AD3E) Use Together With Enterotoxemia Vaccine on Immunoglobulins in Sheep. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research 3 2 57–65.
IEEE B. M. Rashıd and N. Yüksek, “The Effects of Immunostimulants (Zinc, Levamisole, Vitamin AD3E) Use Together With Enterotoxemia Vaccine on Immunoglobulins in Sheep”, TJVR, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 57–65, 2019.
ISNAD Rashıd, Bakhtiyar Mohammed - Yüksek, Nazmi. “The Effects of Immunostimulants (Zinc, Levamisole, Vitamin AD3E) Use Together With Enterotoxemia Vaccine on Immunoglobulins in Sheep”. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research 3/2 (September 2019), 57-65.
JAMA Rashıd BM, Yüksek N. The Effects of Immunostimulants (Zinc, Levamisole, Vitamin AD3E) Use Together With Enterotoxemia Vaccine on Immunoglobulins in Sheep. TJVR. 2019;3:57–65.
MLA Rashıd, Bakhtiyar Mohammed and Nazmi Yüksek. “The Effects of Immunostimulants (Zinc, Levamisole, Vitamin AD3E) Use Together With Enterotoxemia Vaccine on Immunoglobulins in Sheep”. Turkish Journal of Veterinary Research, vol. 3, no. 2, 2019, pp. 57-65.
Vancouver Rashıd BM, Yüksek N. The Effects of Immunostimulants (Zinc, Levamisole, Vitamin AD3E) Use Together With Enterotoxemia Vaccine on Immunoglobulins in Sheep. TJVR. 2019;3(2):57-65.