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Avrupa Ülkelerinde Atıl İş Gücü: Yaş ve Cinsiyet Hakkında Bazı Tespitler

Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 147 - 159, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.51803/yssr.926562

Abstract

İş gücünün atıl kullanımının ekonomiler ve toplumlar için önemli sonuçları olduğu açık bir şekilde kabul edilmektedir. Atıl iş gücünün en dar kapsamlı göstergesi olan işsizlik, politika yapıcılar, yatırımcılar ve toplum için temel sorunlardan biridir. Standart işsizlik oranının yanı sıra, atıl iş gücünü temsil eden daha kapsamlı alternatif göstergeler mevcuttur. Bu çalışma, bir grup Avrupa ülkesi için yaş ve cinsiyet dikkate alınarak atıl iş gücüne dair bazı tespitleri daha geniş bir bakış açısıyla sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla, işsizlikle birlikte zamana bağlı eksik istihdam ve potansiyel iş gücü verileri, atıl iş gücünü ölçmek için kullanılmaktadır. Atıl iş gücü göstergelerinin ülkeler arasında cinsiyet ve yaşa göre önemli ölçüde farklılaştığı görülmektedir. Betimsel bulgular ve esneklik analizi, zamana bağlı eksik istihdamın işsizliğe potansiyel iş gücünden daha duyarlı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Zamana bağlı eksik istihdamın işsizlikteki değişikliklere duyarlılığı cinsiyete ve yaşa göre farklılık gösterirken, potansiyel iş gücünün işsizliğe duyarlılığı yaşa ve cinsiyete göre değişmemektedir. Çalışma ayrıca, atıl iş gücü bileşenleri arasındaki kaymaları analiz ederek yetişkinlerin gençlere göre daha fazla bileşenler arasında yer değiştirdiğini göstermektedir. Öte yandan, atıl iş gücü bileşenleri arasındaki kaymaların cinsiyete dayalı olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.

References

  • References Addy, S., Bonnal, M., & Lira, C. (2012). Toward a more comprehensive measure of labor underutilization: The Alabama case. Business Economics, 47(3), 214-227. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23491649
  • Baum, S., Bill, A., & Mitchell, W. (2008). Labour underutilisation in metropolitan labour markets in Australia: Individual characteristics, personal circumstances and local labour markets. Urban Studies, 45(5–6), 1193–1216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098008089865
  • Baum, S., & Mitchell, W.F. (2010). Labour underutilisation and gender: Unemployment versus hidden-unemployment. Population Research and Policy Review, 29, 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-009-9137-6
  • Bell, D. N. F., & Blanchflower, D. G. (2011). Underemployment in the UK in the great recession. National Institute Economic Review, 215(1), R23-R33. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0027950111401141
  • Bell, D. N. F., & Blanchflower, D. G. (2013). Underemployment in the UK revisited. National Institute Economic Review, 224, F8-F22. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002795011322400110
  • Bell, D. N. F., & Blanchflower, D. G. (2018). Underemployment in the US and Europe. NBER Working Paper 24927. http://www.nber.org/papers/w24927
  • Carter, K. A. (1982). Inadequacies of the traditional labor force framework for rural areas: A labor utilization framework applied to survey data. Rural Sociology, 47, 459–474. https://search.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/inadequacies-traditional-labor-force-framework/docview/1291015225/se-2?accountid=12251
  • Cavalcanti, C., (1974). Some reflections for a study on labor underutilization. World Development, 2(4-5), 29-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(74)90065-5
  • Clogg, C. C. (1979). Measuring underemployment: Demographic indicators for the United States. New York: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-10507-7
  • Clogg, C.C., & Sullivan, T.A. (1983). Labor force composition and underemployment trends, 1969–1980. Social Indicators Research, 12, 117–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00318232
  • Clogg, C. C., Eliason, S. R., & Leicht, K. T. (2001). Analyzing the labor force concepts, measures, and trends. Springer US. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780306465376
  • Ducoff, L. J., & Hagood, M. J. (1957). The meaning and measurement of partial and disguised unemployment. NBER Chapters in: The Measurement and Behavior of Unemployment, 155-166, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. http://www.nber.org/chapters/c2641
  • Glyde, G. P. (1977). Underemployment: Definition and causes. Journal of Economic Issues, 11(2), 245-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1977.11503434
  • Hauser, P. M. (1974). The measurement of labour utilisation. Malaysian Economic Review, 19(1), 1–15.
  • Hauser, P. M. (1977). The measurement of labour utilization - more empirical results. Malaysian Economic Review, 22(1), 10–25.
  • ILO (2020). World employment and social outlook: Trends 2020. International Labour Office – Geneva: ILO, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_734455.pdf
  • ILOSTAT (2020). International Labour Organization Database. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
  • Jensen, L., Findeis, J. L., Hsu, W. L., & Schachter, J. P. (1999). Slipping into and out of underemployment: Another disadvantage for nonmetropolitan workers? Rural Sociology, 64(3), 417–438. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1999.tb00360.x
  • Kingdon, G., & Knight, J. (2006). The measurement of unemployment when unemployment is high. Labour Economics, 13(3), 291-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2004.09.003
  • Lilien, D. (1982). Sectoral shifts and cyclical unemployment. Journal of Political Economy, 90(4), 777-793. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1831352
  • Mitchell, W., & Muysken, J. (2008). Full employment abandoned: Shifting sands and policy failures. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
  • Pazos, F. (1975). Development and the underutilisation of labour: lessons of the Dominican Republic employment mission. International Labour Review, 111(3), 235-49. https://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/P/09602/09602(1975-111-3)235-249.pdf
  • Prause J., & Dooley, D. (2011). Youth underemployment. In: Maynard D., Feldman D. (eds) Underemployment. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9413-4_4
  • Price, H.F. (1976). The cost of male subemployment in the black community. The Review of Black Political Economy, 6, 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02689523
  • Ruiz-Quintanilla, S., & Claes, R. (1996). Determinants of underemployment of young adults: A multi-country study. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 49(3), 424-438. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001979399604900303
  • Schweitzer, S., & Smith, R. (1974). The Persistence of the discouraged worker effect. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 27(2), 249-260. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001979397402700207
  • Sibirskaya, E.V., Volkova, M.V., Oveshnikova, L.V., Shchukina, N.A., & Lula, P. (2020). Monitoring of regional labor markets and the main trends of labor underutilization in Russia. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 41(1/2), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-03-2020-0090
  • Song, C., & Wei, C. (2019). Unemployment or out of the labor force: A perspective from time allocation. Labour Economics, 61(C). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101768
  • Vietorisz, T., Mier, R., & Giblin, J. (1975). Subemployment: Exclusion and inadequacy indexes. Monthly Labor Review, 98(5), 3-12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41839978
  • White, R. (1969). Measuring unemployment and subemployment in the Mississippi Delta. Monthly Labor Review, 92(4), 17-23. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41837612
  • Wilkins R., & Wooden M. (2011). Economic approaches to studying underemployment. In: Maynard D., Feldman D. (eds) Underemployment. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9413-4_2

Labor Underutilization in European Countries: Some Facts About Age and Gender

Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 147 - 159, 30.11.2021
https://doi.org/10.51803/yssr.926562

Abstract

It is undeniably accepted that labor underutilization has important consequences for economies and societies. Unemployment that is the narrowest measure of labor underutilization is one of the main concerns for policymakers, investors, and society. Besides the standard unemployment rate, there are alternative measures of labor underutilization providing a wider picture of the underutilization of workforce. This study aims to delineate some facts about labor underutilization by age and gender for a group of European countries in a broader view. For this purpose, specifically, time-related underemployment and potential labor force data are employed to measure the labor underutilization along with unemployment. It is observed that there are significant gender and age differences in the labor underutilization components across countries. Elasticity and descriptive analyses together verify that time-related underemployment is more sensitive to unemployment than the potential labor force. While the sensitivity of time-related underemployment to changes in unemployment differs by gender and age, the potential labor force is almost equally sensitive to unemployment regardless of age and gender. The study additionally displays the degree of reallocation between underutilization components and suggests a higher reallocation for the young than adults. On the other hand, reallocation between labor underutilization components is not gender-biased.

References

  • References Addy, S., Bonnal, M., & Lira, C. (2012). Toward a more comprehensive measure of labor underutilization: The Alabama case. Business Economics, 47(3), 214-227. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23491649
  • Baum, S., Bill, A., & Mitchell, W. (2008). Labour underutilisation in metropolitan labour markets in Australia: Individual characteristics, personal circumstances and local labour markets. Urban Studies, 45(5–6), 1193–1216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098008089865
  • Baum, S., & Mitchell, W.F. (2010). Labour underutilisation and gender: Unemployment versus hidden-unemployment. Population Research and Policy Review, 29, 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-009-9137-6
  • Bell, D. N. F., & Blanchflower, D. G. (2011). Underemployment in the UK in the great recession. National Institute Economic Review, 215(1), R23-R33. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0027950111401141
  • Bell, D. N. F., & Blanchflower, D. G. (2013). Underemployment in the UK revisited. National Institute Economic Review, 224, F8-F22. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002795011322400110
  • Bell, D. N. F., & Blanchflower, D. G. (2018). Underemployment in the US and Europe. NBER Working Paper 24927. http://www.nber.org/papers/w24927
  • Carter, K. A. (1982). Inadequacies of the traditional labor force framework for rural areas: A labor utilization framework applied to survey data. Rural Sociology, 47, 459–474. https://search.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/inadequacies-traditional-labor-force-framework/docview/1291015225/se-2?accountid=12251
  • Cavalcanti, C., (1974). Some reflections for a study on labor underutilization. World Development, 2(4-5), 29-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(74)90065-5
  • Clogg, C. C. (1979). Measuring underemployment: Demographic indicators for the United States. New York: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2013-0-10507-7
  • Clogg, C.C., & Sullivan, T.A. (1983). Labor force composition and underemployment trends, 1969–1980. Social Indicators Research, 12, 117–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00318232
  • Clogg, C. C., Eliason, S. R., & Leicht, K. T. (2001). Analyzing the labor force concepts, measures, and trends. Springer US. https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9780306465376
  • Ducoff, L. J., & Hagood, M. J. (1957). The meaning and measurement of partial and disguised unemployment. NBER Chapters in: The Measurement and Behavior of Unemployment, 155-166, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. http://www.nber.org/chapters/c2641
  • Glyde, G. P. (1977). Underemployment: Definition and causes. Journal of Economic Issues, 11(2), 245-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.1977.11503434
  • Hauser, P. M. (1974). The measurement of labour utilisation. Malaysian Economic Review, 19(1), 1–15.
  • Hauser, P. M. (1977). The measurement of labour utilization - more empirical results. Malaysian Economic Review, 22(1), 10–25.
  • ILO (2020). World employment and social outlook: Trends 2020. International Labour Office – Geneva: ILO, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_734455.pdf
  • ILOSTAT (2020). International Labour Organization Database. https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/
  • Jensen, L., Findeis, J. L., Hsu, W. L., & Schachter, J. P. (1999). Slipping into and out of underemployment: Another disadvantage for nonmetropolitan workers? Rural Sociology, 64(3), 417–438. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1999.tb00360.x
  • Kingdon, G., & Knight, J. (2006). The measurement of unemployment when unemployment is high. Labour Economics, 13(3), 291-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2004.09.003
  • Lilien, D. (1982). Sectoral shifts and cyclical unemployment. Journal of Political Economy, 90(4), 777-793. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1831352
  • Mitchell, W., & Muysken, J. (2008). Full employment abandoned: Shifting sands and policy failures. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
  • Pazos, F. (1975). Development and the underutilisation of labour: lessons of the Dominican Republic employment mission. International Labour Review, 111(3), 235-49. https://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/P/09602/09602(1975-111-3)235-249.pdf
  • Prause J., & Dooley, D. (2011). Youth underemployment. In: Maynard D., Feldman D. (eds) Underemployment. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9413-4_4
  • Price, H.F. (1976). The cost of male subemployment in the black community. The Review of Black Political Economy, 6, 213–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02689523
  • Ruiz-Quintanilla, S., & Claes, R. (1996). Determinants of underemployment of young adults: A multi-country study. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 49(3), 424-438. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001979399604900303
  • Schweitzer, S., & Smith, R. (1974). The Persistence of the discouraged worker effect. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 27(2), 249-260. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F001979397402700207
  • Sibirskaya, E.V., Volkova, M.V., Oveshnikova, L.V., Shchukina, N.A., & Lula, P. (2020). Monitoring of regional labor markets and the main trends of labor underutilization in Russia. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 41(1/2), 103-115. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-03-2020-0090
  • Song, C., & Wei, C. (2019). Unemployment or out of the labor force: A perspective from time allocation. Labour Economics, 61(C). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2019.101768
  • Vietorisz, T., Mier, R., & Giblin, J. (1975). Subemployment: Exclusion and inadequacy indexes. Monthly Labor Review, 98(5), 3-12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41839978
  • White, R. (1969). Measuring unemployment and subemployment in the Mississippi Delta. Monthly Labor Review, 92(4), 17-23. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41837612
  • Wilkins R., & Wooden M. (2011). Economic approaches to studying underemployment. In: Maynard D., Feldman D. (eds) Underemployment. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9413-4_2
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Yasemin Özerkek 0000-0002-8816-109X

Fatma Didin Sönmez 0000-0002-6643-6646

Publication Date November 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özerkek, Y., & Didin Sönmez, F. (2021). Labor Underutilization in European Countries: Some Facts About Age and Gender. Yildiz Social Science Review, 7(2), 147-159. https://doi.org/10.51803/yssr.926562