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More People Less Water: Assessing Vulnerability To Water Scarcity Among Rural Households In Katsina State, Nigeria

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 13 - 30, 01.12.2016

Öz

In Sub-Saharan Africa, domestic water use accounts for only 9% of consumptive water demands (WRI, 1994), but limited water availability to satisfy this need is a major concern in rural areas of the semi-arid zones even though such areas support large human population. This study examined this paradox by assessing the socio-economic, political and biophysical factors in vulnerability to water scarcity among rural households in Katsina State. The data used in the study were mostly primary data on household characteristics, household water demand and water availability which were collected through field survey. Field data collection procedure involved multi-stage sampling procedure guided by the three differentiated rainfall Zones of Katsina State while secondary data was collected purposefully. A total of 400 households were sampled from each of the three rainfall zones of the state totaling 1200 households plus 12 focus group discussions and 12 key informants. The results of data analysis established that across the three rainfall zones of the rural areas of Katsina State. Water availability per capita in the state was 26 litres per day as compared to the UNDP, (2006) recommendation for Nigeria of 38 litres per day indicating general water scarcity condition. There was significant difference in per capita water availability and this difference was due to rainfall variability thus reflecting the general geography of water availability in Africa with a tendency to have water scarcity increase with the distance away from the equator especially to the north. The indicators of vulnerability to water scarcity in the study area included low levels in formal education, inappropriate training in managing water scarcity, high poverty levels, over reliance on nature for water supply, sharing of water sources with livestock and wild life, long distances to water sources and minimal government involvement in water supply.

Kaynakça

  • Abdulkadir, A. (2011). Delineation of Agroclimatological Zones of Nigeria using integrated approach. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria.
  • ADF (African Development Fund). (2007). Rural water supply and sanitation sub-programmes in Yobe and Osun States of Nigeria-Appraisal Report. Water and Sanitation Department (OWAS), May, 2007.
  • Babugura, A.A. (2005). Vulnerability to Climate Variability in Botswana. A PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
  • Birkmann, J. (2006). Measuring Vulnerability to Natural Hazards: Towards Disaster Resilient Societies. United Nations University Press, Tokyo.
  • Downing, T.E. (1992). Climate change and vulnerable places: Global food security and country studies in Zimbabwe, Kenya, Senegal and Chile. Environmental Change Unit Research Report. Oxford: University of Oxford.
  • El-Tantawi, A. (2012). The Effects Of Climate on Human’s Comfort and Health in North Western Region of Nigeria. Katsina Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 3(1):161-174.
  • EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), (2002). Climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment of water resources in Ghana. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Accra, Ghana.
  • Falkenmark, M. (1989a). The massive water scarcity now threatening Africa- Why isnt it being addressed. Ambio 18(2): 112-118.
  • Ford, J.D., Berrang-Ford, L. and Paterson, J. (2011). A systematic review of observed climate change adaptation in developed nation. Climatic Change 106(2): 327-336.
  • Gadzama, N.M.(1990).Sustainable development in Nigeria’s dry belt: Problems and prospect. In K.O. Ologe (Ed.) Proceedings of Annual Workshop of Nigeria’s Environmental Study Action Team Kano. Nigeria. NEST, Ibadan.
  • Gleick, P. H. (ed.) (1993a). Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World’s Fresh Water Resources. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Gleick, P. (1996). Basic Water Requirements for Human Activities: Meeting Basic Needs. Water International 21: 83–92.
  • Heap, C., Kemp-Benedict E. & Raskin P. (1998). Conventional Worlds: Technical Description of Bending the Curve Scenarios. Polestar Series Report, London.
  • IDRC, (2002). In Focus: Water – Local Level Management. International Development Research Council (IDRC), Canada IDWSSD, 1981 to 1990) in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Available Online at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/1bn488q22074k234/fulltext.pdf.
  • IUCN (The World Conservation Unit) (2007). Water Resources Conservation. Available online at: (Accessed on 14 July 2014).
  • Mallo, I.I.Y and Mgbanyi, L. L. O. (2013). Assessment of soil wash and soil erodibility indices on miniature badlands at Gada Biyu, Abuja FCT. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management 6(2): 135–142.
  • Martins, O. and Probst, J-L. (1991). Biogeochemistry of major African Rivers: Carbon and mineral transport. In: E.T. Degenes, S. Kempe and T.E. Richey (Ed.). Biogeochemistry of Major World Rivers. John Wiley, London. pp 127-156
  • Meigh, J. R., A. A. McKenzie, and K. J. Sene (1999). A grid-based approach to water scarcity estimates from eastern and southern Africa. Water Resources Management 13: 85-115.
  • Nyong, A., Adepetu, A., Ihemegbulem, V. and Dabi, D. (2003). Vulnerability of Rural Households to Drought in Northern Nigeria. AIACC Notes, November 2003: Volume 2, Issue 2. pp 6-7.
  • OECD (Organization for Economic and Cooperation Development) (2002). Social Issues in the Provision and Pricing of Water Services. Paris, Organization for Economic and Cooperation Development.
  • Raskin, P, P Gleick, P Kirshen, G Pontius and K Strzepek (1997). Water Futures: Assessment of long-range patterns and prospects. Stockholm Environment Institute: Stockholm.
  • Ravenger, C. and Cassar, A. (2002). Freshwater trends and projections focus on Africa. Available Online at http://www.wwf.org.uk/filelibrary/pdf/africa_freshwater.pdf. Accessed 16th March 2014.
  • Ribot, C. J, (1996). Climate Variability, Climate Change and Vulnerability: Moving toward by Looking Back, in J., Ribot, A., Magalhaes and S., Panagides (Ed). Climate Variability, Climate Change and Social Vulnerability in Semi-arid Tropics. Cambridge University Press, Great Britain.
  • Sawa, B.A (2010). Climate Change and Spatio-Temporal Variability in the Occurrence of Dry Spells in Northern Nigeria. Conference Paer, 2010 Annual Conference of the Association of Nigerian geographers, Calbar, Nigeria. 16th -20th March 2010.
  • Seckler, D., Amarasinghe, U. Molden, D.J., de Silva, R. and Barker, R. (1998). World Water Demand and Supply, 1990 to 2025: Scenarios and Issues. IWMI Research Report 19. (IWMI, Colombo).
  • Sullivan, C.A. (2002). Calculating a Water Poverty Index.World Development, 30: 1195–1210.
  • UN-HABITAT. (2003). Water And Sanitation in the World’s Cities: Local Action for Global Goals, United Nations Human Settlements Programme. Earthscan Publications, Ltd., London.
  • WHO (2000). Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation. A Millennium Development Goal MDG Assessment on progress for Children: A Report Card. Available Online at: www.childinfo.org/water.html. Accessed on 7th March, 2014.
  • World Resources Institute (WRI), (1994). World Resources. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Zakieldeen, S.A (2009). Adaptation to Climate Change: A Vulnerability Assessment for Sudan: Gatekeeper 142, Available Online at www.iied.org/pubs/. ISSN 1357-9258.
Yıl 2016, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 13 - 30, 01.12.2016

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abdulkadir, A. (2011). Delineation of Agroclimatological Zones of Nigeria using integrated approach. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria.
  • ADF (African Development Fund). (2007). Rural water supply and sanitation sub-programmes in Yobe and Osun States of Nigeria-Appraisal Report. Water and Sanitation Department (OWAS), May, 2007.
  • Babugura, A.A. (2005). Vulnerability to Climate Variability in Botswana. A PhD thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
  • Birkmann, J. (2006). Measuring Vulnerability to Natural Hazards: Towards Disaster Resilient Societies. United Nations University Press, Tokyo.
  • Downing, T.E. (1992). Climate change and vulnerable places: Global food security and country studies in Zimbabwe, Kenya, Senegal and Chile. Environmental Change Unit Research Report. Oxford: University of Oxford.
  • El-Tantawi, A. (2012). The Effects Of Climate on Human’s Comfort and Health in North Western Region of Nigeria. Katsina Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 3(1):161-174.
  • EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), (2002). Climate change vulnerability and adaptation assessment of water resources in Ghana. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Accra, Ghana.
  • Falkenmark, M. (1989a). The massive water scarcity now threatening Africa- Why isnt it being addressed. Ambio 18(2): 112-118.
  • Ford, J.D., Berrang-Ford, L. and Paterson, J. (2011). A systematic review of observed climate change adaptation in developed nation. Climatic Change 106(2): 327-336.
  • Gadzama, N.M.(1990).Sustainable development in Nigeria’s dry belt: Problems and prospect. In K.O. Ologe (Ed.) Proceedings of Annual Workshop of Nigeria’s Environmental Study Action Team Kano. Nigeria. NEST, Ibadan.
  • Gleick, P. H. (ed.) (1993a). Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World’s Fresh Water Resources. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Gleick, P. (1996). Basic Water Requirements for Human Activities: Meeting Basic Needs. Water International 21: 83–92.
  • Heap, C., Kemp-Benedict E. & Raskin P. (1998). Conventional Worlds: Technical Description of Bending the Curve Scenarios. Polestar Series Report, London.
  • IDRC, (2002). In Focus: Water – Local Level Management. International Development Research Council (IDRC), Canada IDWSSD, 1981 to 1990) in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Available Online at: http://www.springerlink.com/content/1bn488q22074k234/fulltext.pdf.
  • IUCN (The World Conservation Unit) (2007). Water Resources Conservation. Available online at: (Accessed on 14 July 2014).
  • Mallo, I.I.Y and Mgbanyi, L. L. O. (2013). Assessment of soil wash and soil erodibility indices on miniature badlands at Gada Biyu, Abuja FCT. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management 6(2): 135–142.
  • Martins, O. and Probst, J-L. (1991). Biogeochemistry of major African Rivers: Carbon and mineral transport. In: E.T. Degenes, S. Kempe and T.E. Richey (Ed.). Biogeochemistry of Major World Rivers. John Wiley, London. pp 127-156
  • Meigh, J. R., A. A. McKenzie, and K. J. Sene (1999). A grid-based approach to water scarcity estimates from eastern and southern Africa. Water Resources Management 13: 85-115.
  • Nyong, A., Adepetu, A., Ihemegbulem, V. and Dabi, D. (2003). Vulnerability of Rural Households to Drought in Northern Nigeria. AIACC Notes, November 2003: Volume 2, Issue 2. pp 6-7.
  • OECD (Organization for Economic and Cooperation Development) (2002). Social Issues in the Provision and Pricing of Water Services. Paris, Organization for Economic and Cooperation Development.
  • Raskin, P, P Gleick, P Kirshen, G Pontius and K Strzepek (1997). Water Futures: Assessment of long-range patterns and prospects. Stockholm Environment Institute: Stockholm.
  • Ravenger, C. and Cassar, A. (2002). Freshwater trends and projections focus on Africa. Available Online at http://www.wwf.org.uk/filelibrary/pdf/africa_freshwater.pdf. Accessed 16th March 2014.
  • Ribot, C. J, (1996). Climate Variability, Climate Change and Vulnerability: Moving toward by Looking Back, in J., Ribot, A., Magalhaes and S., Panagides (Ed). Climate Variability, Climate Change and Social Vulnerability in Semi-arid Tropics. Cambridge University Press, Great Britain.
  • Sawa, B.A (2010). Climate Change and Spatio-Temporal Variability in the Occurrence of Dry Spells in Northern Nigeria. Conference Paer, 2010 Annual Conference of the Association of Nigerian geographers, Calbar, Nigeria. 16th -20th March 2010.
  • Seckler, D., Amarasinghe, U. Molden, D.J., de Silva, R. and Barker, R. (1998). World Water Demand and Supply, 1990 to 2025: Scenarios and Issues. IWMI Research Report 19. (IWMI, Colombo).
  • Sullivan, C.A. (2002). Calculating a Water Poverty Index.World Development, 30: 1195–1210.
  • UN-HABITAT. (2003). Water And Sanitation in the World’s Cities: Local Action for Global Goals, United Nations Human Settlements Programme. Earthscan Publications, Ltd., London.
  • WHO (2000). Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation. A Millennium Development Goal MDG Assessment on progress for Children: A Report Card. Available Online at: www.childinfo.org/water.html. Accessed on 7th March, 2014.
  • World Resources Institute (WRI), (1994). World Resources. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Zakieldeen, S.A (2009). Adaptation to Climate Change: A Vulnerability Assessment for Sudan: Gatekeeper 142, Available Online at www.iied.org/pubs/. ISSN 1357-9258.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA75DN58FG
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Amina Ibrahim Inkani Bu kişi benim

Sani Abubakar Mashi Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Aralık 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Inkani, A. I., & Mashi, S. A. (2016). More People Less Water: Assessing Vulnerability To Water Scarcity Among Rural Households In Katsina State, Nigeria. PESA Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(3), 13-30.

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