Derleme
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

YÜZ PROTEZLERİNİN YAPIMINDA DİJİTAL YÖNTEMLERİN KULLANIMI

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 220 - 227, 26.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.54617/adoklinikbilimler.1326169

Öz

Yüz protezlerinin yapımında kullanılan geleneksel yöntemler birden fazla aşamayı içermekte, yoğun emek ve zaman gerektirmektedir. Ayrıca bu protezlerin belirli aralıklarla yenilenmesi gerekmektedir. Yüz protezlerinin yapımında dijital yöntemlerin kullanılması bu aşamaları kısaltırken hastaya konfor sağlamaktadır. 3 boyutlu üretim yöntemleri kullanılarak yapılan yüz protezleri, veri toplama, tasarım ve üretim aşamalarını içermektedir. Protezlerin yapımında ilk aşama olan veri toplama, bilgisayarlı tomografi gibi görüntüleme yöntemlerinden dijital kameralarla elde edilen görüntülere kadar çeşitli yöntemlerle yapılabilmektedir. Elde edilen veriler bilgisayar ortamında değerlendirilerek üretimi yapılacak nesnenin tasarım gerçekleştirilmektedir. 3 boyutlu yazıcılar kullanılarak protez direkt veya indirekt olmak üzere iki şekilde üretilebilir. Direkt yöntem protezin 3 boyutlu yazıcılardan direkt üretimini, indirekt yöntem ise daha sonra protezin üretiminde kullanılacak şablon veya kalıp üretimini içermektedir. Bu derlemede, yüz protezlerinin yapımında kullanılan dijital yöntemler, yüz protezlerinin yapım aşamaları ve kullanılan çeşitli malzemeler açıklanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Referans1. Liacouras P, Garnes J, Roman N, Petrich A, Grant GT. Designing and manufacturing an auricular prosthesis using computed tomography, 3-dimensional photographic imaging, and additive manufacturing: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2011;105:78-82.
  • Referans2. Thongthammachat S, Moore BK, Barco MT, 2nd, Hovijitra S, Brown DT, Andres CJ. Dimensional accuracy of dental casts: influence of tray material, impression material, and time. J Prosthodont 2002;11:98-108.
  • Referans3. Sykes LM, Parrott AM, Owen CP, Snaddon DR. Applications of rapid prototyping technology in maxillofacial prosthetics. Int J Prosthodont 2004;17:454-9.
  • Referans4. van Noort R. The future of dental devices is digital. Dent Mater 2012;28:3-12.
  • Referans5. Elbashti ME, Sumita YI, Kelimu S, Aswehlee AM, Awuti S, Hattori M, et al. Application of Digital Technologies in MaxillofacialProsthetics Literature: A 10-Year Observation of Five Selected Prosthodontics Journals. Int J Prosthodont 2019;32:45–50.
  • Referans6. Marro A, Bandukwala T, Mak W. Three-Dimensional printing and medical imaging: Areview of the methods and applications. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2016;45:2-9.
  • Referans7. White SC, Pharoah MJ. Oral radiology-E-Book: Principles and Interpretation, 7th ed. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014. p. 185-190
  • Referans8. Harorlı A, Akgül M, Dağıstan S. Diş Hekimliği Radyolojisi Kitabı. Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayınları; 2006. s. 80-150.
  • Referans9. Başaran M. Manyetik Rezonans Görüntülemede Disk Deplasmanı Saptanan Hastalarda Temporomandibular Eklem Yapılarının Morfolojik, Morfometrik ve Hacimsel Ölçümlerinin Değerlendirilmesi [tez]. Isparta: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2018.
  • Referans10. Herek D, Karabulut N. Manyeti̇k rezonans görüntüleme. TTD Toraks Cerrahisi Bülteni 2010;1:214-22.
  • Referans11. Kaplan PA, Helms CA. Current status of temporomandibular joint imaging for the diagnosis of internal derangements. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1989;152:697-705.
  • Referans12. Ciocca L, De Crescenzio F, Fantini M, Scotti R. CAD/ CAM bilateral ear prostheses construction for Treacher Collins syndrome patients using laser scanning and rapid prototyping. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2010;13:379-86.
  • Referans13. van der Meer WJ. 3D workflows in orthodontics, maxillofacial surgery and prosthodontics [PhD Thesis]. Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit; 2016.
  • Referans14. Chiu M, Hong SC, Wilson G. Digital fabrication of orbital prosthesis mold using 3D photography and computer-aided design. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017;255:425-6.
  • Referans15. Ciocca L, Scotti R. CAD-CAM generated ear cast by means of a laser scanner and rapid prototyping machine. J Prosthet Dent 2004;92:591-5.
  • Referans16. Khambay B, Nairn N, Bell A, Miller J, Bowman A, Ayoub AF. Validation and reproducibility of a high-resolution threedimensional facial imaging system. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008;46:27-32.
  • Referans17. Littlefield TR, Kelly KM, Cherney JC, Beals SP, Pomatto JK. Development of a new three-dimensional cranial imaging system. J Craniofac Surg 2004;15:175-81.
  • Referans18. Lincoln KP, Sun AY, Prihoda TJ, Sutton AJ. Comparative accuracy of facial models fabricated using traditional and 3d imaging techniques. J Prosthodont 2016;25:207-15.
  • Referans19. Farook TH, Jamayet NB, Abdullah JY, Rajion ZA, Alam MK. A systematic review of the computerized tools and digital techniques applied to fabricate nasal, auricular, orbital and ocular prostheses for facial defect rehabilitation. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020;121:268-77.
  • Referans20. Suresh N, Janakiram C, Nayar S, Krishnapriya VN, Mathew A. Effectiveness of digital data acquisition technologies in the fabrication of maxillofacial prostheses - A systematic review. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2022;12:208-15.
  • Referans21. Hassan B, Gimenez Gonzalez B, Tahmaseb A, Greven M, Wismeijer D. A digital approach integrating facial scanning in a CAD-CAM workflow for complete-mouth implant-supported rehabilitation of patients with edentulism: A pilot clinical study. J Prosthet Dent 2017;117:486-92.
  • Referans22. Zhao YJ, Xiong YX, Wang Y. Three-dimensional accuracy of facial scan for facial deformities in clinics: A new evaluation method for facial scanner accuracy. PLoS One 2017;12:e0169402.
  • Referans23. Chen X, Sun J, Xi J, Xiong Y, Qiu J, Gu X, editors. Development of a 3D optical measurement system based on fringe projection for facial prosthesis. 2011 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, IEEE I2MTC.
  • Referans24. Ballo AM, Nguyen CT, Lee VSK. Digital workflow of auricular rehabilitation: A technical report using an ıntraoral scanner. J Prosthodont 2019;28:596-600.
  • Referans25. Richert R, Goujat A, Venet L, Viguie G, Viennot S, Robinson P, et al. Intraoral scanner technologies: A review to make a successful ımpression. J Healthc Eng 2017;2017:8427595.
  • Referans26. Grauer D, Cevidanes LS, Proffit WR. Working with DICOM craniofacial images. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;136:460-70.
  • Referans27. Kim MS, Lee JY, Shin SW. Fabricating an obturator using rapid prototyping to design the framework: a case report. Int J Prosthodont 2014;27:439-41.
  • Referans28. Eggbeer D, Evans PL, Bibb R. A pilot study in the application of texture relief for digitally designed facial prostheses. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2006;220:705-14.
  • Referans29. Sherwood RG, Murphy N, Kearns G, Barry C. The use of 3D printing technology in the creation of patient-specific facial prostheses. Ir J Med Sci 2020;189:1215-21.
  • Referans30. Berman B. 3D printing: the new industrial revolution. IEEE Eng Manag Rev 2013;41:72-80.
  • Referans31. Grant GT, Aita-Holmes C, Liacouras P, Garnes J, Wilson WO, Jr. Digital capture, design, and manufacturing of a facial prosthesis: Clinical report on a pediatric patient. J Prosthet Dent 2015;114:138-41.
  • Referans32. Eggbeer D, Bibb R, Evans P, Ji L. Evaluation of direct and indirect additive manufacture of maxillofacial prostheses. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2012;226:718-28.
  • Referans33. Ross MT, Cruz R, Hutchinson C, Arnott WL, Woodruff MA, Powell SK. Aesthetic reconstruction of microtia: a review of current techniques and new 3D printing approaches. Virtual Phys Prototyp 2018;13:117-30.
  • Referans34. Lee YC, Zheng J, Kuo J, Acosta-Vélez GF, Linsley CS, Wu BM. Binder jetting of custom silicone powder for direct threedimensional printing of maxillofacial prostheses. 3D Print Addit Manuf 2022;9:520-34.
  • Referans35. Zardawi FM, Xiao K, van Noort R, Yates JM. Mechanicalproperties of 3D printed facial prostheses compared to handmade silicone polymer prostheses. European Scientific Journal 2015;11:1-11.
  • Referans36. Unkovskiy A, Spintzyk S, Brom J, Huettig F, Keutel C. Direct 3D printing of silicone facial prostheses: A preliminary experience in digital workflow. J Prosthet Dent 2018;120:303-8.
  • Referans37. Karagöz İ, Bekdemir AD, Özlem T. 3B yazıcı teknolojilerindeki kullanılan yöntemler ve gelişmeler üzerine bir derleme. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 2021;9:1186-213.
  • Referans38. Nuseir A, Hatamleh MM, Alnazzawi A, Al-Rabab’ah M, Kamel B, Jaradat E. Direct 3d printing of flexible nasal prosthesis: Optimized digital workflow from scan to fit. J Prosthodont 2019;28:10-4.
  • Referans39. Mitra A, Choudhary S, Garg H. Maxillofacial prosthetic materials-an inclination towards silicones. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: J Clin Diagn Res 2014;8:1-13.
  • Referans40. Feng Z, Dong Y, Zhao Y, Bai S, Zhou B, Bi Y, et al. Computerassisted technique for the design and manufacture of realistic facial prostheses. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;48:105-9.
  • Referans41. Jiao T, Zhang F, Huang X, Wang C. Design and fabrication of auricular prostheses by CAD/CAM system. Int J Prosthodont 2004;17:460-3.
  • Referans42. Unkovskiy A, Brom J, Huettig F, Keutel C. Auricular prostheses produced by means of conventional and digital workflows: a clinical report on esthetic outcomes. Int J Prosthodont 2018;31:63–6.
  • Referans43. He Y, Xue GH, Fu JZ. Fabrication of low cost soft tissue prostheses with the desktop 3D printer. Sci Rep 2014;4:6973.
  • Referans44. Abdullah AM, Mohamad D, Din TNDT, Yahya S, Akil HM, Rajion ZA. Fabrication of nasal prosthesis utilising an affordable 3D printer. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2019;100:1907-12.
  • Referans45. Din TNDT, Jamayet N, Rajion ZA, Luddin N, Abdullah JY, Abdullah AM, et al., editors. Design and fabrication of facial prostheses for cancer patient applying computer aided method and manufacturing (CADCAM). AIP conference proceedings;2016: AIP Publishing LLC.
  • Referans46. Goiato MC, Pesqueira AA, Santos DMd, Zavanelli AC, Ribeiro PdP. Color stability comparison of silicone facial prostheses following disinfection. Journal of Prosthodontics: Implant, Esthetic and Reconstructive Dentistry 2009;18:242-4.
  • Referans47. Eleni PN, Perivoliotis D, Dragatogiannis DA, Krokida MK, Polyzois GL, Charitidis CA, et al. Tensile and microindentation properties of maxillofacial elastomers after different disinfecting procedures. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013;28:147-55.

USE OF DIGITAL METHODS FOR FACIAL PROSTHESIS MANUFACTURING

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 220 - 227, 26.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.54617/adoklinikbilimler.1326169

Öz

The traditional methods for making facial prosthesis include multiple stages and require intensive labor and time. Besides, these prostheses should be replaced at regular intervals. The use of digital methods in manufacturing prosthesis shortens these stages and provides comfort to the patient. Manufacturing facial prosthesis using 3-dimensional production methods include data collection, design, and production stages. Data collection, which is the first stage in the manufacturing of prosthesis, can be performed with various imaging methods ranging from CT scans to digital cameras. The collected data, then, evaluated in a computer to design the prosthesis or mold. The prosthesis can be produced in two ways using 3D printers: direct or indirect. The direct method includes manufacturing of the prosthesis directly from printers, and the indirect method includes template or mold production used for making the prosthesis. The digital technologies used in the manufacturing of facial prosthesis, the stages of facial prosthesis manufacturing, and various materials are explained in this review.

Kaynakça

  • Referans1. Liacouras P, Garnes J, Roman N, Petrich A, Grant GT. Designing and manufacturing an auricular prosthesis using computed tomography, 3-dimensional photographic imaging, and additive manufacturing: a clinical report. J Prosthet Dent 2011;105:78-82.
  • Referans2. Thongthammachat S, Moore BK, Barco MT, 2nd, Hovijitra S, Brown DT, Andres CJ. Dimensional accuracy of dental casts: influence of tray material, impression material, and time. J Prosthodont 2002;11:98-108.
  • Referans3. Sykes LM, Parrott AM, Owen CP, Snaddon DR. Applications of rapid prototyping technology in maxillofacial prosthetics. Int J Prosthodont 2004;17:454-9.
  • Referans4. van Noort R. The future of dental devices is digital. Dent Mater 2012;28:3-12.
  • Referans5. Elbashti ME, Sumita YI, Kelimu S, Aswehlee AM, Awuti S, Hattori M, et al. Application of Digital Technologies in MaxillofacialProsthetics Literature: A 10-Year Observation of Five Selected Prosthodontics Journals. Int J Prosthodont 2019;32:45–50.
  • Referans6. Marro A, Bandukwala T, Mak W. Three-Dimensional printing and medical imaging: Areview of the methods and applications. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2016;45:2-9.
  • Referans7. White SC, Pharoah MJ. Oral radiology-E-Book: Principles and Interpretation, 7th ed. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2014. p. 185-190
  • Referans8. Harorlı A, Akgül M, Dağıstan S. Diş Hekimliği Radyolojisi Kitabı. Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayınları; 2006. s. 80-150.
  • Referans9. Başaran M. Manyetik Rezonans Görüntülemede Disk Deplasmanı Saptanan Hastalarda Temporomandibular Eklem Yapılarının Morfolojik, Morfometrik ve Hacimsel Ölçümlerinin Değerlendirilmesi [tez]. Isparta: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2018.
  • Referans10. Herek D, Karabulut N. Manyeti̇k rezonans görüntüleme. TTD Toraks Cerrahisi Bülteni 2010;1:214-22.
  • Referans11. Kaplan PA, Helms CA. Current status of temporomandibular joint imaging for the diagnosis of internal derangements. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1989;152:697-705.
  • Referans12. Ciocca L, De Crescenzio F, Fantini M, Scotti R. CAD/ CAM bilateral ear prostheses construction for Treacher Collins syndrome patients using laser scanning and rapid prototyping. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2010;13:379-86.
  • Referans13. van der Meer WJ. 3D workflows in orthodontics, maxillofacial surgery and prosthodontics [PhD Thesis]. Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit; 2016.
  • Referans14. Chiu M, Hong SC, Wilson G. Digital fabrication of orbital prosthesis mold using 3D photography and computer-aided design. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017;255:425-6.
  • Referans15. Ciocca L, Scotti R. CAD-CAM generated ear cast by means of a laser scanner and rapid prototyping machine. J Prosthet Dent 2004;92:591-5.
  • Referans16. Khambay B, Nairn N, Bell A, Miller J, Bowman A, Ayoub AF. Validation and reproducibility of a high-resolution threedimensional facial imaging system. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2008;46:27-32.
  • Referans17. Littlefield TR, Kelly KM, Cherney JC, Beals SP, Pomatto JK. Development of a new three-dimensional cranial imaging system. J Craniofac Surg 2004;15:175-81.
  • Referans18. Lincoln KP, Sun AY, Prihoda TJ, Sutton AJ. Comparative accuracy of facial models fabricated using traditional and 3d imaging techniques. J Prosthodont 2016;25:207-15.
  • Referans19. Farook TH, Jamayet NB, Abdullah JY, Rajion ZA, Alam MK. A systematic review of the computerized tools and digital techniques applied to fabricate nasal, auricular, orbital and ocular prostheses for facial defect rehabilitation. J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020;121:268-77.
  • Referans20. Suresh N, Janakiram C, Nayar S, Krishnapriya VN, Mathew A. Effectiveness of digital data acquisition technologies in the fabrication of maxillofacial prostheses - A systematic review. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2022;12:208-15.
  • Referans21. Hassan B, Gimenez Gonzalez B, Tahmaseb A, Greven M, Wismeijer D. A digital approach integrating facial scanning in a CAD-CAM workflow for complete-mouth implant-supported rehabilitation of patients with edentulism: A pilot clinical study. J Prosthet Dent 2017;117:486-92.
  • Referans22. Zhao YJ, Xiong YX, Wang Y. Three-dimensional accuracy of facial scan for facial deformities in clinics: A new evaluation method for facial scanner accuracy. PLoS One 2017;12:e0169402.
  • Referans23. Chen X, Sun J, Xi J, Xiong Y, Qiu J, Gu X, editors. Development of a 3D optical measurement system based on fringe projection for facial prosthesis. 2011 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, IEEE I2MTC.
  • Referans24. Ballo AM, Nguyen CT, Lee VSK. Digital workflow of auricular rehabilitation: A technical report using an ıntraoral scanner. J Prosthodont 2019;28:596-600.
  • Referans25. Richert R, Goujat A, Venet L, Viguie G, Viennot S, Robinson P, et al. Intraoral scanner technologies: A review to make a successful ımpression. J Healthc Eng 2017;2017:8427595.
  • Referans26. Grauer D, Cevidanes LS, Proffit WR. Working with DICOM craniofacial images. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;136:460-70.
  • Referans27. Kim MS, Lee JY, Shin SW. Fabricating an obturator using rapid prototyping to design the framework: a case report. Int J Prosthodont 2014;27:439-41.
  • Referans28. Eggbeer D, Evans PL, Bibb R. A pilot study in the application of texture relief for digitally designed facial prostheses. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2006;220:705-14.
  • Referans29. Sherwood RG, Murphy N, Kearns G, Barry C. The use of 3D printing technology in the creation of patient-specific facial prostheses. Ir J Med Sci 2020;189:1215-21.
  • Referans30. Berman B. 3D printing: the new industrial revolution. IEEE Eng Manag Rev 2013;41:72-80.
  • Referans31. Grant GT, Aita-Holmes C, Liacouras P, Garnes J, Wilson WO, Jr. Digital capture, design, and manufacturing of a facial prosthesis: Clinical report on a pediatric patient. J Prosthet Dent 2015;114:138-41.
  • Referans32. Eggbeer D, Bibb R, Evans P, Ji L. Evaluation of direct and indirect additive manufacture of maxillofacial prostheses. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2012;226:718-28.
  • Referans33. Ross MT, Cruz R, Hutchinson C, Arnott WL, Woodruff MA, Powell SK. Aesthetic reconstruction of microtia: a review of current techniques and new 3D printing approaches. Virtual Phys Prototyp 2018;13:117-30.
  • Referans34. Lee YC, Zheng J, Kuo J, Acosta-Vélez GF, Linsley CS, Wu BM. Binder jetting of custom silicone powder for direct threedimensional printing of maxillofacial prostheses. 3D Print Addit Manuf 2022;9:520-34.
  • Referans35. Zardawi FM, Xiao K, van Noort R, Yates JM. Mechanicalproperties of 3D printed facial prostheses compared to handmade silicone polymer prostheses. European Scientific Journal 2015;11:1-11.
  • Referans36. Unkovskiy A, Spintzyk S, Brom J, Huettig F, Keutel C. Direct 3D printing of silicone facial prostheses: A preliminary experience in digital workflow. J Prosthet Dent 2018;120:303-8.
  • Referans37. Karagöz İ, Bekdemir AD, Özlem T. 3B yazıcı teknolojilerindeki kullanılan yöntemler ve gelişmeler üzerine bir derleme. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi 2021;9:1186-213.
  • Referans38. Nuseir A, Hatamleh MM, Alnazzawi A, Al-Rabab’ah M, Kamel B, Jaradat E. Direct 3d printing of flexible nasal prosthesis: Optimized digital workflow from scan to fit. J Prosthodont 2019;28:10-4.
  • Referans39. Mitra A, Choudhary S, Garg H. Maxillofacial prosthetic materials-an inclination towards silicones. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: J Clin Diagn Res 2014;8:1-13.
  • Referans40. Feng Z, Dong Y, Zhao Y, Bai S, Zhou B, Bi Y, et al. Computerassisted technique for the design and manufacture of realistic facial prostheses. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;48:105-9.
  • Referans41. Jiao T, Zhang F, Huang X, Wang C. Design and fabrication of auricular prostheses by CAD/CAM system. Int J Prosthodont 2004;17:460-3.
  • Referans42. Unkovskiy A, Brom J, Huettig F, Keutel C. Auricular prostheses produced by means of conventional and digital workflows: a clinical report on esthetic outcomes. Int J Prosthodont 2018;31:63–6.
  • Referans43. He Y, Xue GH, Fu JZ. Fabrication of low cost soft tissue prostheses with the desktop 3D printer. Sci Rep 2014;4:6973.
  • Referans44. Abdullah AM, Mohamad D, Din TNDT, Yahya S, Akil HM, Rajion ZA. Fabrication of nasal prosthesis utilising an affordable 3D printer. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2019;100:1907-12.
  • Referans45. Din TNDT, Jamayet N, Rajion ZA, Luddin N, Abdullah JY, Abdullah AM, et al., editors. Design and fabrication of facial prostheses for cancer patient applying computer aided method and manufacturing (CADCAM). AIP conference proceedings;2016: AIP Publishing LLC.
  • Referans46. Goiato MC, Pesqueira AA, Santos DMd, Zavanelli AC, Ribeiro PdP. Color stability comparison of silicone facial prostheses following disinfection. Journal of Prosthodontics: Implant, Esthetic and Reconstructive Dentistry 2009;18:242-4.
  • Referans47. Eleni PN, Perivoliotis D, Dragatogiannis DA, Krokida MK, Polyzois GL, Charitidis CA, et al. Tensile and microindentation properties of maxillofacial elastomers after different disinfecting procedures. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2013;28:147-55.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Protez
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Ceyda Başak İnal 0000-0001-6573-7976

Necla Kılıçkaya 0000-0003-2539-2621

Seçil Karakoca Nemli 0000-0001-8836-0673

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Ocak 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver İnal CB, Kılıçkaya N, Karakoca Nemli S. YÜZ PROTEZLERİNİN YAPIMINDA DİJİTAL YÖNTEMLERİN KULLANIMI. ADO Klinik Bilimler Dergisi. 2024;13(1):220-7.