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Abuse of Anabolic Steroids

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4, 172 - 180, 30.12.2016

Öz

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of the natural male hormone testosterone. AAS are used as therapeutic purposes in the treatment of male hypogonadism, delayed puberty, suppression of lactation, postmenopausal libidinal loss, aplastic anemia, in cases of malnutrition and high catabolism and hereditary angioedema. On the other hand, AAS have been used illegally and unrestrainedly for decades by professional athletes to enhance performance, and especially by young men who want to have a more muscular appearance. Various studies from different countries showed the lifelong prevalence of AAS misuse in young men around 3-12%. There are many physical and psychological, acute or chronic side effects in patients due to the unrestrained AAS use. Further research is needed in this field because of the increase trend of AAS abuse in recent years. In this paper we aimed to review the research papers on AAS which has been not recognized yet sufficiently by clinicians.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Pope HG, Brower KJ. Anabolic–androgenic steroid abuse. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA (editors). Kaplan and Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 8.Edition, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2005: 1318–132.
  • 2- van Amsterdam J, Opperhuizen A, Hartgens F. Adverse health effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 57: 117–123.
  • 3- Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Pope HG. Long-term psychiatric and medical consequences of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse: A looming public health concern? Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 98: 1–12.
  • 4- Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Pope HG. Illicit anabolic-androgenic steroid use. Horm Behav 2010; 58: 111–121.
  • 5- Conway AJ, Handelsman DJ, Lording DW, et al. Use, misuse and abuse of androgens. The Endocrine Society of Australia consensus guidelines for androgen prescribing. Med J Aust 2000; 172: 220-224.
  • 6- Shahidi NT. A review of the chemistry, biological action, and clinical applications of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Clin Ther 2001; 23: 1355–90.
  • 7- Kutscher EC, Lund BC, Perry PJ. Anabolic steroids: a review for the clinician. Sports Med 2002; 32: 285–296.
  • 8- Bahrke MS, Yesalis CE. Abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids and related substances in sport and exercise. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2004; 4: 614–620.
  • 9- Thiblin I APA. Pharmacoepidemiology of anabolic androgenic steroids: a review. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2004; 19: 27–44.
  • 10- Evans NA. Current concepts in anabolic-androgenic steroids. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32: 534–42.
  • 11- Quaglio G, Fornasiero A, Mezzelani P, et al. Anabolic steroids: Dependence and complications of chronic use. Intern Emerg Med 2009; 4: 289–96.
  • 12- Ryan AJ. Anabolic steroids are fool’s gold. Fed Proc 1981; 40: 2682–8.
  • 13- Sjöqvist F, Garle M, Rane A. Use of doping agents, particularly anabolic steroids, in sports and society. Lancet 2008; 371: 1872–82.
  • 14- Giorgi A, Weatherby RP, Murphy PW. Muscular strength, body composition and health responses to the use of testosterone enanthate: a double blind study. J Sci Med Sport 1999; 2: 341–55.
  • 15- American College of Sports Medicine position stand on the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids in sports. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987; 19: 534–9.
  • 16. Haupt HA, Rovere GD. Anabolic steroids: a review of the literature. Am J Sports Med 1984; 12:469–84.
  • 17- Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, et al. The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1–7.
  • 18- Kouri EM, Pope HG, Katz DL, Oliva P. Fat-free mass index in users and nonusers of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Clin J Sport Med 1995; 5: 223–8.
  • 19- Herbst KL, Bhasin S. Testosterone action on skeletal muscle. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2004; 7: 271–7.
  • 20- Sinha-Hikim I, Artaza J, Woodhouse L, et al. Testosterone-induced increase in muscle size in healthy young men is associated with muscle fiber hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 283: E154-64.
  • 21- Kadi F, Eriksson A, Holmner S, Thornell LE. Effects of anabolic steroids on the muscle cells of strength-trained athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 1528–34.
  • 22- Eriksson A, Kadi F, Malm C, Thornell L-E. Skeletal muscle morphology in power-lifters with and without anabolic steroids. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 124: 167–75.
  • 23- Eriksson A. Strength training and anabolic steroids: a comparative study of the trapezius, a shoulder muscle and the vastus lateralis, a thigh muscle, of strength trained athletes. Doktora tezi, Umea: Umea Universitesi, Tıbbi Biyoloji, 2006.
  • 24- Bhasin S, Woodhouse L, Casaburi R, et al. Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 281: E1172-81.
  • 25- Yesalis CE, Bahrke MS, Kopstein AN, Barsukiewicz CK. Incidence of anabolic steroids use: a discussion of methodological issues. Yesalis CE (editor). Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. 2. Baskı, Champaign: Human Kinetics Publishers, 2000: 73-115.
  • 26- Yesalis CE, Kennedy NJ, Kopstein AN, Bahrke MS. Anabolic androgenic steroid use in the United States. JAMA 1993; 270: 1217–1221.
  • 27- Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Pope HG. Features of men with anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence: A comparison with nondependent AAS users and with AAS nonusers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 102: 130–137.
  • 28- Kanayama G, Pope HG, Cohane G, Hudson JI. Risk factors for anabolic-androgenic steroid use among weightlifters: a case control study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003; 71: 77–86.
  • 29- Brower KJ, Catlin DH, Blow FC, et al. Clinical assessment and urine testing for anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse and dependence. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1991; 17: 161–171.
  • 30- Brower KJ, Blow FC, Young JP, Hill EM. Symptoms and correlates of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence. Br J Addict 1991; 86: 759–768.
  • 31- Bahrke MS, Yesalis CE, Kopstein AN, Stephens JA. Risk factors associated with anabolic-androgenic steroid use among adolescents. Sport Med 2000; 29: 397–405.
  • 32- Kindlundh AM, Haqekull B, Isacson DG, Nyberg F. Adolescent use of anabolic-androgenic steroids and relations to self-reports of social, personality and health aspects. Eur J Public Heal 2001; 11: 322–328.
  • 33- Wood RI, Johnson LR, Chu L, et al. Testosterone reinforcement: intravenous and intracerebroventricular self-administration in male rats and hamsters. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 171: 298–305.
  • 34- Basaria S. Androgen abuse in athletes: Detection and consequences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 1533–1543.
  • 35- Brower KJ. Anabolic steroid abuse and dependence. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2002; 4: 377–387.
  • 36- KJ Brower. Assessment and Treatment of Anabolic Steroid Abuse, Dependence, and Withdrawal. Yesalis CE (editor). Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. 2. Baskı, Champaign: Human Kinetics, 2000: 305–332.
  • 37- Dawson RT. Drugs in sport-the role of the physician. J Endocrinol 2001; 170: 55-61.
  • 38- Beel A, Maycock B, McLean N. Current perspectives on anabolic steroids. Drug Alcohol Rev 1998; 17: 87–103
  • 39- Laure P, Binsinger C, Lecerf T. General practitioners and doping in sport: attitudes and experience. Br J Sport Med 2003; 37: 335–338.
  • 40. Daly RC, Su TP, Schmidt PJ, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid and behavioral changes after methyltestosterone administration: preliminary findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 172–177.
  • 41- Pope HG Jr, Kouri EM, Hudson JI. Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 133–140.
  • 42- Cooper CJ, Noakes TD, Dunne T, et al. A high prevalence of abnormal personality traits in chronic users of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Br J Sport Med 1996; 30: 246–250.
  • 43- Hartgens F, Kuipers H. Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sport Med 2004; 34: 513–554.
  • 44- Schulte HM, Hall MJ, Boyer M. Domestic violence associated with anabolic steroid abuse. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 348.
  • 45- Bahrke MS, Wright JE, Strauss RH, Catlin DH. Psychological moods and subjectively perceived behavioral and somatic changes accompanying anabolic androgenic steroid use. Am J Sport Med 1992; 20: 717–724.

Anabolik Steroidlerin Kötüye Kullanımı

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4, 172 - 180, 30.12.2016

Öz

Anabolik androjenik steroidler (AAS), doğal erkeklik hormonu olan testosteronun sentetik türevleridir. Tıbbi amaçlı olarak erkek hipogonadizmi, gecikmiş puberte, laktasyon baskılanması, postmenapozal libido kaybı, aplastik anemiler, katabolizmanın yüksek olduğu durumlarda ve herediter anjio ödem tedavilerinde kullanılmaktadır. Öte yandan AAS’ler yıllardır profesyonel sporcular tarafından performans arttırmak amacıyla ya da daha kaslı bir vücut görünümüne sahip olmak isteyen özellikle genç erkekler tarafından kontrolsüzce ve yasadışı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Çeşitli ülkelerde yapılan çalışmalarda bu amaçlarla AAS kullanımının genç erkeklerdeki yaşam boyu yaygınlığı %3-12 arasında değişen oranlarda saptanmıştır. AAS’lerin kontrolsüzce kullanımının akut ya da kronik olarak, bedensel ve ruhsal pek çok yan etkisi bulunmaktadır. AAS kullanım bozukluğunun son yıllarda artmaya devam etmesi nedeniyle bu konuda daha fazla araştırma yapılmasına gereksinim duyulmaktadır. Bu yazıda, kullanımı yaygınlaşmakta olan ve klinisyenler tarafından henüz iyi tanınmadığı düşünülen AAS’ler ile ilgili araştırmaları gözden geçirmeyi amaçladık.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Pope HG, Brower KJ. Anabolic–androgenic steroid abuse. Sadock BJ, Sadock VA (editors). Kaplan and Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 8.Edition, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2005: 1318–132.
  • 2- van Amsterdam J, Opperhuizen A, Hartgens F. Adverse health effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 57: 117–123.
  • 3- Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Pope HG. Long-term psychiatric and medical consequences of anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse: A looming public health concern? Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 98: 1–12.
  • 4- Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Pope HG. Illicit anabolic-androgenic steroid use. Horm Behav 2010; 58: 111–121.
  • 5- Conway AJ, Handelsman DJ, Lording DW, et al. Use, misuse and abuse of androgens. The Endocrine Society of Australia consensus guidelines for androgen prescribing. Med J Aust 2000; 172: 220-224.
  • 6- Shahidi NT. A review of the chemistry, biological action, and clinical applications of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Clin Ther 2001; 23: 1355–90.
  • 7- Kutscher EC, Lund BC, Perry PJ. Anabolic steroids: a review for the clinician. Sports Med 2002; 32: 285–296.
  • 8- Bahrke MS, Yesalis CE. Abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids and related substances in sport and exercise. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2004; 4: 614–620.
  • 9- Thiblin I APA. Pharmacoepidemiology of anabolic androgenic steroids: a review. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2004; 19: 27–44.
  • 10- Evans NA. Current concepts in anabolic-androgenic steroids. Am J Sports Med 2004; 32: 534–42.
  • 11- Quaglio G, Fornasiero A, Mezzelani P, et al. Anabolic steroids: Dependence and complications of chronic use. Intern Emerg Med 2009; 4: 289–96.
  • 12- Ryan AJ. Anabolic steroids are fool’s gold. Fed Proc 1981; 40: 2682–8.
  • 13- Sjöqvist F, Garle M, Rane A. Use of doping agents, particularly anabolic steroids, in sports and society. Lancet 2008; 371: 1872–82.
  • 14- Giorgi A, Weatherby RP, Murphy PW. Muscular strength, body composition and health responses to the use of testosterone enanthate: a double blind study. J Sci Med Sport 1999; 2: 341–55.
  • 15- American College of Sports Medicine position stand on the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids in sports. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987; 19: 534–9.
  • 16. Haupt HA, Rovere GD. Anabolic steroids: a review of the literature. Am J Sports Med 1984; 12:469–84.
  • 17- Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, et al. The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1–7.
  • 18- Kouri EM, Pope HG, Katz DL, Oliva P. Fat-free mass index in users and nonusers of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Clin J Sport Med 1995; 5: 223–8.
  • 19- Herbst KL, Bhasin S. Testosterone action on skeletal muscle. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2004; 7: 271–7.
  • 20- Sinha-Hikim I, Artaza J, Woodhouse L, et al. Testosterone-induced increase in muscle size in healthy young men is associated with muscle fiber hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 283: E154-64.
  • 21- Kadi F, Eriksson A, Holmner S, Thornell LE. Effects of anabolic steroids on the muscle cells of strength-trained athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 1528–34.
  • 22- Eriksson A, Kadi F, Malm C, Thornell L-E. Skeletal muscle morphology in power-lifters with and without anabolic steroids. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 124: 167–75.
  • 23- Eriksson A. Strength training and anabolic steroids: a comparative study of the trapezius, a shoulder muscle and the vastus lateralis, a thigh muscle, of strength trained athletes. Doktora tezi, Umea: Umea Universitesi, Tıbbi Biyoloji, 2006.
  • 24- Bhasin S, Woodhouse L, Casaburi R, et al. Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 281: E1172-81.
  • 25- Yesalis CE, Bahrke MS, Kopstein AN, Barsukiewicz CK. Incidence of anabolic steroids use: a discussion of methodological issues. Yesalis CE (editor). Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. 2. Baskı, Champaign: Human Kinetics Publishers, 2000: 73-115.
  • 26- Yesalis CE, Kennedy NJ, Kopstein AN, Bahrke MS. Anabolic androgenic steroid use in the United States. JAMA 1993; 270: 1217–1221.
  • 27- Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Pope HG. Features of men with anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence: A comparison with nondependent AAS users and with AAS nonusers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 102: 130–137.
  • 28- Kanayama G, Pope HG, Cohane G, Hudson JI. Risk factors for anabolic-androgenic steroid use among weightlifters: a case control study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003; 71: 77–86.
  • 29- Brower KJ, Catlin DH, Blow FC, et al. Clinical assessment and urine testing for anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse and dependence. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1991; 17: 161–171.
  • 30- Brower KJ, Blow FC, Young JP, Hill EM. Symptoms and correlates of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence. Br J Addict 1991; 86: 759–768.
  • 31- Bahrke MS, Yesalis CE, Kopstein AN, Stephens JA. Risk factors associated with anabolic-androgenic steroid use among adolescents. Sport Med 2000; 29: 397–405.
  • 32- Kindlundh AM, Haqekull B, Isacson DG, Nyberg F. Adolescent use of anabolic-androgenic steroids and relations to self-reports of social, personality and health aspects. Eur J Public Heal 2001; 11: 322–328.
  • 33- Wood RI, Johnson LR, Chu L, et al. Testosterone reinforcement: intravenous and intracerebroventricular self-administration in male rats and hamsters. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 171: 298–305.
  • 34- Basaria S. Androgen abuse in athletes: Detection and consequences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 1533–1543.
  • 35- Brower KJ. Anabolic steroid abuse and dependence. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2002; 4: 377–387.
  • 36- KJ Brower. Assessment and Treatment of Anabolic Steroid Abuse, Dependence, and Withdrawal. Yesalis CE (editor). Anabolic Steroids in Sport and Exercise. 2. Baskı, Champaign: Human Kinetics, 2000: 305–332.
  • 37- Dawson RT. Drugs in sport-the role of the physician. J Endocrinol 2001; 170: 55-61.
  • 38- Beel A, Maycock B, McLean N. Current perspectives on anabolic steroids. Drug Alcohol Rev 1998; 17: 87–103
  • 39- Laure P, Binsinger C, Lecerf T. General practitioners and doping in sport: attitudes and experience. Br J Sport Med 2003; 37: 335–338.
  • 40. Daly RC, Su TP, Schmidt PJ, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid and behavioral changes after methyltestosterone administration: preliminary findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 172–177.
  • 41- Pope HG Jr, Kouri EM, Hudson JI. Effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on mood and aggression in normal men: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57: 133–140.
  • 42- Cooper CJ, Noakes TD, Dunne T, et al. A high prevalence of abnormal personality traits in chronic users of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Br J Sport Med 1996; 30: 246–250.
  • 43- Hartgens F, Kuipers H. Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sport Med 2004; 34: 513–554.
  • 44- Schulte HM, Hall MJ, Boyer M. Domestic violence associated with anabolic steroid abuse. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 348.
  • 45- Bahrke MS, Wright JE, Strauss RH, Catlin DH. Psychological moods and subjectively perceived behavioral and somatic changes accompanying anabolic androgenic steroid use. Am J Sport Med 1992; 20: 717–724.
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Madde Bağımlılığı
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Rahime Gök Bu kişi benim

Ayşe Dilara Yalçın Bu kişi benim

Ümit Tural

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2016
Kabul Tarihi 15 Kasım 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

AMA Gök R, Yalçın AD, Tural Ü. Anabolik Steroidlerin Kötüye Kullanımı. Bağımlılık Dergisi. Aralık 2016;17(4):172-180.

Bağımlılık Dergisi - Journal of Dependence