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Examination of vertical green facades and green roofs in terms of ecological criteria and evaluation of energy efficiency

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4, 1047 - 1058, 15.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.929266

Öz

In this study, it is aimed to determine the results of the usage of vertical green façade and green roof systems which are increasing in use today, in four different climatic zones of our country, considering the annual heating, cooling and total energy consumption. Based on a building model in the study, the effect of the green facade and green roof applications on the buildings' annual heating and cooling loads was tried to be determined for four cities of our country with four different climatic characteristics. In selected cities in these climate regions, a traditional building and buildings with vertical green facades and green roof applications were compared. Situated in Turkey's four different climatic zones with the results achieved in this study was found to be differences in four different city's annual energy consumption. In the annual total energy consumption; Antalya city with 2.68% as a result of application of only planted roof systems, Konya city with 11.64% as the result of application of only vertical green façade systems, and highest benefit rates in Erzurum city with application of both systems and 14.38% at the end. As a result of this, considering the annual total energy consumption, green facades and green roof applications in buildings are found to have a positive effect on the energy performance of the building, even though it does not vary from region to region.

Kaynakça

  • Aksoy, Y. ve İçmek, S. (2010). Çatı bahçelerinin kent yaşamındaki yeri ve önemi: İstanbul kentinden örnekler. 5. Ulusal Çatı ve Cephe Sempozyumu, 15-16 Nisan, (ss 15-16). İzmir.
  • Aktacir, M. A., Nacar, M. A. ve Yeşilata, B. (2011). Binalarda enerji verimliliği amaçlı yazılımlar üzerine kısa bir değerlendirme. X. Ulusal Tesisat Mühendisliği Kongresi, 13-16 Nisan, (ss 853-862). İzmir.
  • Alexandri, E. and Jones, P. (2008). Temperature decreases in an urban canyon due to green walls and green roofs in diverse climates. Building and Environment, 43(4), 480-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.10.055
  • Altensis. (2015). Design Builder Yazılımı. http://www.altensis.com: (Access date: 19.06.2017).
  • Andric, I., Kamal, A. and Al-Ghamdi, S. G. (2020). Efficiency of green roofs and green walls as climate change mitigation measures in extremely hot and dry climate: Case study of Qatar. Energy Reports, 6, 2476-2489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.09.006.
  • Asadi, A., Arefi, H. and Fathipoor, H. (2020). Simulation of green roofs and their potential mitigating effects on the urban heat island using an artificial neural network: A case study in Austin, Texas. Advances in Space Research, 66(8), 1846-1862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.06.039.
  • Azkorra, Z., Pérez, G., Coma, J., Cabeza, L. F., Burés, S., Álvaro, J. E., Erkoreka, A. and Urrestarazu, M. (2015). Evaluation of green walls as a passive acoustic insulation system for buildings. Applied Acoustics, 89, 46-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2014.09.010.
  • Baik, J. J., Kwak, K. H., Park, S. B. and Ryu, Y. H. (2012). Effects of building roof greening on air quality in street canyons. Atmospheric Environment, 61, 48-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.06.076.
  • Besir, A. B. and Cuce, E. (2018). Green roofs and facades: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 915-939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.106.
  • Coma, J., Pérez, G., de Gracia, A., Burés, S., Urrestarazu, M. and Cabeza, L. F. (2017). Vertical greenery systems for energy savings in buildings: A comparative study between green walls and green facades. Building and environment, 111, 228-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.11.014.
  • Dede, O. H., Mercan, N., Ozer, H., Dede, G., Pekarchuk, O. and Mercan, B. (2021). Thermal insulation characteristics of green wall systems using different growing media. Energy and Buildings, 240, 110872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110872.
  • Design Builder Software Ltd. (2017) https://www.designbuilder.co.uk/ (Access date: 22.11.2017).
  • Francis, J., Hall, G., Murphy, S., and Rayner, J. (2014). Growing Green Guide: A guide to green roofs, walls and facades in Melbourne and Victoria. Australia. State of Victoria through the Department of Environment and Primary Industries, National Library of Australia Cataloguing, ISBN 978-1-74326-715-8.
  • Galbrun, L. and Scerri, L. (2017). Sound insulation of lightweight extensive green roofs. Building and Environment, 116, 130-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.02.008.
  • Hasan, M. M., Karim, A., Brown, R. J., Perkins, M. and Joyce, D. (2012). Estimation of Energy Saving of Commercial Building by Living Wall and Green Facade in Subtropical Climate of Australia. The 7th International Green Energy Conference and The 1st DNL Conference on Clean Energy, IGEC-DCCE, May 28-30, (pp 1-13). Dalian, China.
  • Herath, H. M. P. I. K., Halwatura, R. U. and Jayasinghe, G. Y. (2018). Modeling a tropical urban context with green walls and green roofs as an urban heat island adaptation strategy. Procedia Engineering,212, 691-698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.089.
  • Jones, R. A. (2002). Tecticolous Invertebrates: A preliminary ınvestigation of the ınvertebrate fauna on green roofs in urban London. English Nature, London, 1-36.
  • Jungels, J., Rakow, D. A., Allred, S. B. and Skelly, S. M. (2013). Attitudes and aesthetic reactions toward green roofs in the Northeastern United States. Landscape and Urban Planning, 117, 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.04.013.
  • Jusselme, M. D., Pruvost, C., Motard, E., Giusti-Miller, S., Frechault, S., Alphonse, V., Balland-Bolou-Bi, C., Dajoz, I. and Mora, P. (2019). Increasing the ability of a green roof to provide ecosystem services by adding organic matter and earthworms. Applied soil ecology, 143, 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.05.028.
  • Kobya, H. B. (2017). Düşey yeşil cepheler ve yeşil çatıların ekolojik kriterler bakımından incelenmesi ve enerji verimliliğinin değerlendirilmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Konya.
  • Köppen İklim Sınıflandırması. http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ (Access date: 15.06.2017).
  • Liu, H., Kong, F., Yin, H., Middel, A., Zheng, X., Huang, J., Hairong, X., Wang, D. and Wen, Z. (2021). Impacts of green roofs on water, temperature, and air quality: A bibliometric review. Building and Environment, 107794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107794.
  • Loh, S. (2008). Living Walls-A Way to Green the Built Environment. Environment Design Guide, pp 1-7. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26149051.
  • Luckett, K. (2009). Green roof construction and maintenance. McGraw-Hill Education, pp 208.
  • MacDonagh, L. P. (2005). Benefits of Green Roofs. Implications, 04(08), 1-3.
  • Manso, M., Teotónio, I., Silva, C. M. and Cruz, C. O. (2021). Green roof and green wall benefits and costs: A review of the quantitative evidence. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 135, 110111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110111.
  • Mazzali, U., Peron, F. and Scarpa, M. (2012). Thermo-physical performances of living walls via field measurements and numerical analysis. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 165, 251-259.
  • Mentens, J., Raes, D. and Hermy, M. (2006). Green roofs as a tool for solving the rainwater runoff problem in the urbanized 21st century? Landscape and Urban Planning, 77(3), 217-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.02.010.
  • Mir, M. (2011). Green Facades and Building Structures. Tu Delft University, Faculty of Civil Engineering-Section Materials and Environments, Master Thesis, Delft.
  • Nieuwenhuijsen, M. and Khreis H. (2019). Green space and health. In Integrating human health into urban and transport planning (pp. 409-423). Springer, Cham.
  • Papadakis, G., Tsamis, P. and Kyritsis, S., (2001). An experimental investigation of the effect of shading with plants for solar control of buildings. Energy and Buildings, 33(8), 831-836. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(01)00066-4.
  • Peck, S. W., Callaghan, C., Kuhn, M. E. and Bass, B. (1999). Greenbacks From Green Roofs: Forging a New Industry in Canada. Canada Mortgage & Housing Corporation, Canada, pp 78. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.196.7020&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
  • Perez, G., Rincon, L., Vila, A., Gonzalez, J. M. and Cabeza, L. F. (2011). Green Vertical Systems for Buildings as Passive Systems for Energy Savings. Applied Energy, 88(12), 4854-4859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.06.032.
  • Pérez Luque, G., Coma Arpón, J., Sol i Felip, S. and Cabeza, L. F. (2017). Green facade for energy savings in buildings: The influence of leaf area index and facade orientation on the shadow effect. Applied Energy, 187, 424–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.055.
  • Saadatian, O., Sopian, K., Salleh, E., Lim, C. H., Riffat, S., Saadatian, E., Toudeshki A. and Sulaiman, M. Y. (2013). A review of energy aspects of green roofs. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 23, 155-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.022.
  • Sanchez, L. and Reames, T. G. (2019). Cooling Detroit: A socio-spatial analysis of equity in green roofs as an urban heat island mitigation strategy. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 44, 126331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.04.014.
  • Scholz-Barth, K. (2001). Green Roofs: Stormwater Management From the Top Down. Environmental Design and Construction, 4(1), 63-69.
  • Susorova, I. (2015). Green facades and living walls: vertical vegetation as a construction material to reduce building cooling loads. In Eco-Efficient Materials for Mitigating Building Cooling Needs (pp. 127-153). Woodhead Publishing.
  • Sutton, R. K. (2014). Aesthetics for green roofs and green walls. Journal of Living Architecture. Issue 2, March. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/arch_land_facultyschol/19/.
  • Tilley, D., Price, J., Matt, S. and Marrow, B. (2012). Vegetated Walls: Thermal and Growth Properties of Structured Green Facades. Final Report to Green Roofs for Healthy Cities-Green Walls Group. Environmental Science and Technology Department College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Maryland, College Park, p 163.
  • Ulrich, R. (1984). View through a window may ınfluence recovery. Science, 224(4647), 224-225. Doi: 10.1126/science.6143402.
  • Vox, G., Blanco, I. and Schettini, E. (2018). Green façades to control wall surface temperature in buildings. Building and Environment, 129, 154-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.12.002.
  • Wong, N. H., Tan, A. Y. K., Tan, P. Y., Chiang, K. and Wong, N. C. (2010). Acoustics evaluation of vertical greenery systems for building walls. Building and Environment, 45(2), 411-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.06.017.
  • Xu, L., Yang, S., Zhang, Y., Jin, Z., Huang, X., Bei, K., Zhao, M., Kong, H. and Zheng, X. (2020). A hydroponic green roof system for rainwater collection and greywater treatment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 261, 121132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121132.

Düşey yeşil cepheler ve yeşil çatıların ekolojik kriterler bakımından incelenmesi ve enerji verimliliğinin değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4, 1047 - 1058, 15.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.929266

Öz

Bu çalışmada, günümüzde kullanımı artan düşey yeşil cephe ve yeşil çatı sistemlerinin ülkemiz sınırlarında dört farklı iklim bölgesindeki kullanımının yıllık ısıtma, soğutma ve toplam enerji tüketimleri dikkate alındığında ne gibi sonuçlar vereceğinin tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, bir bina modeli esas alınarak düşey yeşil cephe ve yeşil çatı uygulamalarının, binaların yıllık ısıtma ve soğutma yüklerine etkisi, ülkemizin dört farklı iklim özelliğine sahip dört kenti için belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu iklim bölgelerinde seçilen kentlerde, geleneksel bir bina ile düşey yeşil cephe ve yeşil çatı uygulamalarının kullanıldığı binalar karşılaştırılmıştır. Ulaşılan sonuçlar ile Türkiye’nin dört farklı iklim bölgesinde yer alan dört farklı kentin yıllık tüketim enerjilerinde farklılıklar olduğu saptanmıştır. Yıllık toplam enerji tüketiminde; sadece bitkilendirilmiş çatı sistemlerinin uygulanması sonucunda %2.68 ile Antalya kenti, sadece düşey yeşil cephe sistemlerinin uygulanması sonucunda %11.64 ile Konya kenti, her iki sistemin uygulanması soncunda ise %14.38 ile Erzurum kentinde en yüksek fayda oranları sağlanmıştır. Bunun sonucunda, yıllık toplam enerji tüketimleri dikkate alındığında, binalarda yeşil cephe ve yeşil çatı uygulamalarının, bölgeden bölgeye farklılık göstermesine rağmen binanın enerji performansını olumlu yönde etkilediği saptanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Aksoy, Y. ve İçmek, S. (2010). Çatı bahçelerinin kent yaşamındaki yeri ve önemi: İstanbul kentinden örnekler. 5. Ulusal Çatı ve Cephe Sempozyumu, 15-16 Nisan, (ss 15-16). İzmir.
  • Aktacir, M. A., Nacar, M. A. ve Yeşilata, B. (2011). Binalarda enerji verimliliği amaçlı yazılımlar üzerine kısa bir değerlendirme. X. Ulusal Tesisat Mühendisliği Kongresi, 13-16 Nisan, (ss 853-862). İzmir.
  • Alexandri, E. and Jones, P. (2008). Temperature decreases in an urban canyon due to green walls and green roofs in diverse climates. Building and Environment, 43(4), 480-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.10.055
  • Altensis. (2015). Design Builder Yazılımı. http://www.altensis.com: (Access date: 19.06.2017).
  • Andric, I., Kamal, A. and Al-Ghamdi, S. G. (2020). Efficiency of green roofs and green walls as climate change mitigation measures in extremely hot and dry climate: Case study of Qatar. Energy Reports, 6, 2476-2489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.09.006.
  • Asadi, A., Arefi, H. and Fathipoor, H. (2020). Simulation of green roofs and their potential mitigating effects on the urban heat island using an artificial neural network: A case study in Austin, Texas. Advances in Space Research, 66(8), 1846-1862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.06.039.
  • Azkorra, Z., Pérez, G., Coma, J., Cabeza, L. F., Burés, S., Álvaro, J. E., Erkoreka, A. and Urrestarazu, M. (2015). Evaluation of green walls as a passive acoustic insulation system for buildings. Applied Acoustics, 89, 46-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2014.09.010.
  • Baik, J. J., Kwak, K. H., Park, S. B. and Ryu, Y. H. (2012). Effects of building roof greening on air quality in street canyons. Atmospheric Environment, 61, 48-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.06.076.
  • Besir, A. B. and Cuce, E. (2018). Green roofs and facades: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82, 915-939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.09.106.
  • Coma, J., Pérez, G., de Gracia, A., Burés, S., Urrestarazu, M. and Cabeza, L. F. (2017). Vertical greenery systems for energy savings in buildings: A comparative study between green walls and green facades. Building and environment, 111, 228-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.11.014.
  • Dede, O. H., Mercan, N., Ozer, H., Dede, G., Pekarchuk, O. and Mercan, B. (2021). Thermal insulation characteristics of green wall systems using different growing media. Energy and Buildings, 240, 110872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110872.
  • Design Builder Software Ltd. (2017) https://www.designbuilder.co.uk/ (Access date: 22.11.2017).
  • Francis, J., Hall, G., Murphy, S., and Rayner, J. (2014). Growing Green Guide: A guide to green roofs, walls and facades in Melbourne and Victoria. Australia. State of Victoria through the Department of Environment and Primary Industries, National Library of Australia Cataloguing, ISBN 978-1-74326-715-8.
  • Galbrun, L. and Scerri, L. (2017). Sound insulation of lightweight extensive green roofs. Building and Environment, 116, 130-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.02.008.
  • Hasan, M. M., Karim, A., Brown, R. J., Perkins, M. and Joyce, D. (2012). Estimation of Energy Saving of Commercial Building by Living Wall and Green Facade in Subtropical Climate of Australia. The 7th International Green Energy Conference and The 1st DNL Conference on Clean Energy, IGEC-DCCE, May 28-30, (pp 1-13). Dalian, China.
  • Herath, H. M. P. I. K., Halwatura, R. U. and Jayasinghe, G. Y. (2018). Modeling a tropical urban context with green walls and green roofs as an urban heat island adaptation strategy. Procedia Engineering,212, 691-698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.089.
  • Jones, R. A. (2002). Tecticolous Invertebrates: A preliminary ınvestigation of the ınvertebrate fauna on green roofs in urban London. English Nature, London, 1-36.
  • Jungels, J., Rakow, D. A., Allred, S. B. and Skelly, S. M. (2013). Attitudes and aesthetic reactions toward green roofs in the Northeastern United States. Landscape and Urban Planning, 117, 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.04.013.
  • Jusselme, M. D., Pruvost, C., Motard, E., Giusti-Miller, S., Frechault, S., Alphonse, V., Balland-Bolou-Bi, C., Dajoz, I. and Mora, P. (2019). Increasing the ability of a green roof to provide ecosystem services by adding organic matter and earthworms. Applied soil ecology, 143, 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2019.05.028.
  • Kobya, H. B. (2017). Düşey yeşil cepheler ve yeşil çatıların ekolojik kriterler bakımından incelenmesi ve enerji verimliliğinin değerlendirilmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Konya.
  • Köppen İklim Sınıflandırması. http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ (Access date: 15.06.2017).
  • Liu, H., Kong, F., Yin, H., Middel, A., Zheng, X., Huang, J., Hairong, X., Wang, D. and Wen, Z. (2021). Impacts of green roofs on water, temperature, and air quality: A bibliometric review. Building and Environment, 107794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107794.
  • Loh, S. (2008). Living Walls-A Way to Green the Built Environment. Environment Design Guide, pp 1-7. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26149051.
  • Luckett, K. (2009). Green roof construction and maintenance. McGraw-Hill Education, pp 208.
  • MacDonagh, L. P. (2005). Benefits of Green Roofs. Implications, 04(08), 1-3.
  • Manso, M., Teotónio, I., Silva, C. M. and Cruz, C. O. (2021). Green roof and green wall benefits and costs: A review of the quantitative evidence. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 135, 110111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110111.
  • Mazzali, U., Peron, F. and Scarpa, M. (2012). Thermo-physical performances of living walls via field measurements and numerical analysis. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 165, 251-259.
  • Mentens, J., Raes, D. and Hermy, M. (2006). Green roofs as a tool for solving the rainwater runoff problem in the urbanized 21st century? Landscape and Urban Planning, 77(3), 217-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2005.02.010.
  • Mir, M. (2011). Green Facades and Building Structures. Tu Delft University, Faculty of Civil Engineering-Section Materials and Environments, Master Thesis, Delft.
  • Nieuwenhuijsen, M. and Khreis H. (2019). Green space and health. In Integrating human health into urban and transport planning (pp. 409-423). Springer, Cham.
  • Papadakis, G., Tsamis, P. and Kyritsis, S., (2001). An experimental investigation of the effect of shading with plants for solar control of buildings. Energy and Buildings, 33(8), 831-836. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(01)00066-4.
  • Peck, S. W., Callaghan, C., Kuhn, M. E. and Bass, B. (1999). Greenbacks From Green Roofs: Forging a New Industry in Canada. Canada Mortgage & Housing Corporation, Canada, pp 78. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.196.7020&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
  • Perez, G., Rincon, L., Vila, A., Gonzalez, J. M. and Cabeza, L. F. (2011). Green Vertical Systems for Buildings as Passive Systems for Energy Savings. Applied Energy, 88(12), 4854-4859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.06.032.
  • Pérez Luque, G., Coma Arpón, J., Sol i Felip, S. and Cabeza, L. F. (2017). Green facade for energy savings in buildings: The influence of leaf area index and facade orientation on the shadow effect. Applied Energy, 187, 424–437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.055.
  • Saadatian, O., Sopian, K., Salleh, E., Lim, C. H., Riffat, S., Saadatian, E., Toudeshki A. and Sulaiman, M. Y. (2013). A review of energy aspects of green roofs. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 23, 155-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.022.
  • Sanchez, L. and Reames, T. G. (2019). Cooling Detroit: A socio-spatial analysis of equity in green roofs as an urban heat island mitigation strategy. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 44, 126331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.04.014.
  • Scholz-Barth, K. (2001). Green Roofs: Stormwater Management From the Top Down. Environmental Design and Construction, 4(1), 63-69.
  • Susorova, I. (2015). Green facades and living walls: vertical vegetation as a construction material to reduce building cooling loads. In Eco-Efficient Materials for Mitigating Building Cooling Needs (pp. 127-153). Woodhead Publishing.
  • Sutton, R. K. (2014). Aesthetics for green roofs and green walls. Journal of Living Architecture. Issue 2, March. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/arch_land_facultyschol/19/.
  • Tilley, D., Price, J., Matt, S. and Marrow, B. (2012). Vegetated Walls: Thermal and Growth Properties of Structured Green Facades. Final Report to Green Roofs for Healthy Cities-Green Walls Group. Environmental Science and Technology Department College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Maryland, College Park, p 163.
  • Ulrich, R. (1984). View through a window may ınfluence recovery. Science, 224(4647), 224-225. Doi: 10.1126/science.6143402.
  • Vox, G., Blanco, I. and Schettini, E. (2018). Green façades to control wall surface temperature in buildings. Building and Environment, 129, 154-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.12.002.
  • Wong, N. H., Tan, A. Y. K., Tan, P. Y., Chiang, K. and Wong, N. C. (2010). Acoustics evaluation of vertical greenery systems for building walls. Building and Environment, 45(2), 411-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.06.017.
  • Xu, L., Yang, S., Zhang, Y., Jin, Z., Huang, X., Bei, K., Zhao, M., Kong, H. and Zheng, X. (2020). A hydroponic green roof system for rainwater collection and greywater treatment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 261, 121132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121132.
Toplam 44 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hande Büşra Kobya Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-2970-9921

Fatih Canan 0000-0003-4469-1993

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ekim 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Nisan 2021
Kabul Tarihi 5 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Kobya, H. B., & Canan, F. (2021). Examination of vertical green facades and green roofs in terms of ecological criteria and evaluation of energy efficiency. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(4), 1047-1058. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.929266