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Çocuk parklarından toplanan yüzey tozlarında element seviyelerinin ve sağlık risklerinin değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 283 - 299, 15.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1363861

Öz

Çocuk parkları, çocukların zamanlarının önemli bir kısmını geçirdiği, oyun oynadığı ve sosyalleştiği alanlar olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ancak kent merkezlerinde yer alan oyun parkları hem kentteki kirletici kaynaklardan hem de yapılarında kullanılan malzemelerden salınan emisyonlardan etkilenmektedirler. Bu çalışma çocuk parklarında maruz kalınan element seviyelerinin belirlenmesi ve bu elementlerin oluşturduğu potansiyel sağlık risklerinin hesaplanması için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada İzmir’in Buca ilçesindeki çocuk parklarından 28 park seçilerek yüzey tozu örnekleri toplanmıştır. Toplanan örneklerde 25 elementin enstrümantal analizleri gerçekleştirilerek konsantrasyonları belirlenmiş ve parkların taban kaplamasına (kauçuk, beton ve kum) göre değerlendirilmiştir. En yüksek element konsantrasyonları kauçuk kaplamalı parklarda ve özellikle Zn, Ba, Cu, Pb, Co ve Sb elementleri için belirlenmiştir. Diğer taraftan çocuk parklarından toplanan yüzey tozundaki toksik özelliklere sahip elementlere maruziyet sonucunda oluşabilecek sağlık etkileri (kanserojen olmayan riskler ve kanser riskleri) ABD Çevre koruma ajansının (EPA) yayınladığı model kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Buna göre Co ve As elementleri için kanserojen olmayan sağlık risklerini temsil eden tehlike indeksi değeri sınır değere çok yakın hesaplanırken toplam tehlike indeksi değeri ise sınır değeri aşmıştır.

Kaynakça

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Assessment of element levels and health risks in playgrounds surface dust

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 283 - 299, 15.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1363861

Öz

Playgrounds are the areas where children spend a significant part of their time, play games and socialize each other. However, playgrounds located in city centers are affected by the emissions released from both the materials used in their structures and pollutant sources in the city. This study was carried out to determine exposed element concentrations and to figure out the potential health risks posed by toxic elements. In the study, surface dust samples were collected from 28 playgrounds in Buca, Izmir. The concentrations of 25 elements were determined and evaluated according to the floor covering (rubber, concrete and sand) of the playgrounds. The highest element concentrations were measured in rubber coated playgrounds and especially for Zn, Ba, Cu, Pb, Co and Sb elements. On the other hand, the health risks (non-carcinogenic risks and cancer risks) were determined using the model published by the US Environmental protection agency (EPA). The non-carcinogenic risks of Co and As were found close to limit value but total Hazard index (HI) of elements was calculated higher than safe limit for children.

Kaynakça

  • Anton-Culver, H., Chang, J., Bray, F., Znaor, A., Stevens, L., Eser, S., Silverman, B., Nimri, O., Pavlou, P., Charalambous, H., Demetriou, A., Ward, K., & Ziogas, A. (2016). Cancer burden in four countries of the Middle East Cancer Consortium (Cyprus; Jordan; Israel; Izmir (Turkey)) with comparison to the United States surveillance; epidemiology and end results program. Cancer Epidemiology, 44, 195-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2016.06.004
  • Amin, B., Ismail, A., Arshad, A., Yap, C. K., & Kamarudin, M. S. (2009). Anthropogenic impacts on heavy metal concentrations in the coastal sediments of Dumai, Indonesia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 148(1-4), 291-305. 10.1007/s10661-008-0159-z
  • Asampson, A., Ofosu, G., Kuranchie-Mensah, H., Tutu, A., Palm, L., & Blankson-Arthur, S. (2011). Contamination Assessment of Heavy Metals in Road Dust from Selected Roads in Accra, Ghana. Research Journal Of Environmental And Earth Sciences, 3.
  • Baba, A., Uzelli, T., & Sozbilir, H. (2021). Distribution of geothermal arsenic in relation to geothermal play types: A global review and case study from the Anatolian plate (Turkey). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 414, 125510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125510
  • Baensch-Baltruschat, B., Kocher, B., Stock, F., & Reifferscheid, G. (2020). Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) - A review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment. Science of The Total Environment, 733, 137823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137823
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  • Demetriades, A. (2011). Hazard and Exposure Assessment in Contaminated Land Investigations and Environmental Management. In Mapping the Chemical Environment of Urban Areas, pp. 151-172.
  • Denier, X., Hill, E. M., Rotchell, J., & Minier, C. (2009). Estrogenic activity of cadmium, copper and zinc in the yeast estrogen screen. Toxicology in Vitro, 23(4), 569-573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2009.01.006
  • do Nascimento, S. N., Charão, M. F., Moro, A. M., Roehrs, M., Paniz, C., Baierle, M., Brucker, N., Gioda, A., Barbosa, F., Jr., Bohrer, D., Ávila, D. S., & Garcia, S. C. (2014). Evaluation of toxic metals and essential elements in children with learning disabilities from a rural area of southern Brazil. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 11(10), 10806-10823. 10.3390/ijerph111010806
  • Elom, N. I., Entwistle, J. A., & Dean, J. R. (2013). How safe is the playground? An environmental health risk assessment of As and Pb levels in school playing fields in NE England. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 11(4), 343-351. 10.1007/s10311-013-0413-7
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  • Li, S., Luo, Y., Yongjun, C., Xu, T., Zhong, B., Jia, Z., & Jia, D. (2019). Enhanced Mechanical and Processing Property of Styrene-butadiene Rubber Composites with Novel Silica-supported Reactive Processing Additive. Fibers and Polymers, 20(8), 1696-1704. 10.1007/s12221-019-9013-x
  • Li, X., Lee, S.-l., Wong, S.-c., Shi, W., & Thornton, I. (2004). The study of metal contamination in urban soils of Hong Kong using a GIS-based approach. Environmental Pollution, 129(1), 113-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2003.09.030
  • Liu, E., Wang, X., Liu, H., Liang, M., Zhu, Y., & Li, Z. (2019). Chemical speciation, pollution and ecological risk of toxic metals in readily washed off road dust in a megacity (Nanjing), China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 173, 381-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.02.019
  • Lu, X., Wu, X., Wang, Y., Chen, H., Gao, P., & Fu, Y. (2014). Risk assessment of toxic metals in street dust from a medium-sized industrial city of China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 106, 154-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.04.022
  • Ma, J., & Singhirunnusorn, W. (2012). Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Dusts of Maha Sarakham Municipality. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 50, 280-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.08.034
  • Malvandi, H. (2017). Preliminary evaluation of heavy metal contamination in the Zarrin-Gol River sediments, Iran. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 117(1-2), 547-553. 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.035
  • Martin-Martinez, J. M. (2002). Chapter 13 - Rubber base adhesives. In D. A. Dillard, A. V. Pocius, & M. Chaudhury (Eds.), Adhesion Science and Engineering (pp. 573-675). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V.
  • Mielke, H. W., Alexander, J., Langedal, M., & Ottesen, R. T. (2011). Children, Soils, and Health: How Do Polluted Soils Influence Children's Health? In Mapping the Chemical Environment of Urban Areas (pp. 134-150).
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  • Nezat, C. A., Hatch, S. A., & Uecker, T. (2017). Heavy metal content in urban residential and park soils: A case study in Spokane, Washington, USA. Applied Geochemistry, 78, 186-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2016.12.018
  • Olatunde, S. D., Joshua, N. E., Oluseun, E. P., & John, O. O. (2018). Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals on Primary School Learners from Dust and Soil within School Premises in Lagos State, Nigeria. In M. S. Hosam El-Din & F. A. Refaat (Eds.), Heavy Metals (pp. Ch. 18). Rijeka: IntechOpen.
  • Onder, S., & Dursun, S. (2006). Air borne heavy metal pollution of Cedrus libani (A. Rich.) in the city centre of Konya (Turkey). Atmospheric Environment, 40(6), 1122-1133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.006
  • Ottesen, R. T., Alexander, J., Langedal, M., Haugland, T., & Høygaard, E. (2008). Soil pollution in day-care centers and playgrounds in Norway: national action plan for mapping and remediation. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 30(6), 623-637. 10.1007/s10653-008-9181-x
  • Pan, H., Lu, X., & Lei, K. (2017). A comprehensive analysis of heavy metals in urban road dust of Xi'an, China: Contamination, source apportionment and spatial distribution. Science of The Total Environment, 609, 1361-1369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.004
  • Penteado, J. O., Brum, R. D., Ramires, P. F., Garcia, E. M., dos Santos, M., & da Silva, F. M. R. (2021). Health risk assessment in urban parks soils contaminated by metals, Rio Grande city (Brazil) case study. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 208. Artn 11173710.1016/J.Ecoenv.2020.111737
  • RAIS. (2017). Risk assessment information system in the Risk Exposure Models for Chemicals User’s Guide. Washington, DC. https://rais.ornl.gov/tools/rais_chemical_risk_guide.html
  • Safiur Rahman, M., Khan, M. D. H., Jolly, Y. N., Kabir, J., Akter, S., & Salam, A. (2019). Assessing risk to human health for heavy metal contamination through street dust in the Southeast Asian Megacity: Dhaka, Bangladesh. Science of The Total Environment, 660, 1610-1622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.425
  • Sakan, S. M., Dordević, D. S., Manojlović, D. D., & Predrag, P. S. (2009). Assessment of heavy metal pollutants accumulation in the Tisza river sediments. J Environ Manage, 90(11), 3382-3390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.05.013
  • Schwarz, K., Pouyat, R. V., & Yesilonis, I. (2016). Legacies of Lead in Charm City’s Soil: Lessons from the Baltimore Ecosystem Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(2). doi:10.3390/ijerph13020209
  • Shi, D., & Lu, X. (2018). Accumulation degree and source apportionment of trace metals in smaller than 63 μm road dust from the areas with different land uses: A case study of Xi'an, China. Science of The Total Environment, 636, 1211-1218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.385
  • Stanek III, E. J., & Calabrese, E. J. (1995). Daily estimates of soil ingestion in children. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103(3), 276-285. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.95103276
  • Sun, Y., He, J., Zhong, B., Zhu, L., & Liu, F. (2019). A synthesized multifunctional rubber additive and its improvements on the curing and antioxidative properties of styrene-butadiene rubber/silica composites. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 170, 108999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.108999
  • Tarhan, İ., Çelikten, Ş., Derin, Z., & Çelik, Ö. (2023). Comparison of different analysis methods applied in archaeological soil analysis with chemometric techniques in the interpretation of past human activity: A case study from the Yassıtepe Höyük in İzmir, Turkey. Microchemical Journal, 185, 108268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2022.108268
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  • Valido, I. H., Padoan, E., Moreno, T., Querol, X., Font, O., & Amato, F. (2018). Physico-chemical characterization of playground sand dust, inhalable and bioaccessible fractions. Chemosphere, 190, 454-462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.101
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  • Wenzl, T., Johannes, H., Schaechtele, A., Robouch, P. and Stroka, J., (2016). Guidance Document on the Estimation of LOD and LOQ for Measurements in the Field of Contaminants in Feed and Food, EUR 28099 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. ISBN 978-92-79-61768-3, https://doi.org/10.2787/8931, JRC102946.
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  • Yang, Y., McDonald, A. C., Wang, X., Pan, Y., & Wang, M. (2022). Arsenic exposures and prostate cancer risk: A multilevel meta-analysis. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 72, 126992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.126992
  • Yesilkanat, C. M., & Kobya, Y. (2021). Spatial characteristics of ecological and health risks of toxic heavy metal pollution from road dust in the Black Sea coast of Turkey. Geoderma Regional, 25, e00388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2021.e00388
  • Yoshihisa, Y., & Shimizu, T. (2012). Metal allergy and systemic contact dermatitis: an overview. Dermatol Res Pract, 2012, 749561. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/749561
  • Zou, Y., Sun, Y., He, J., Tang, Z., Zhu, L., Luo, Y., & Liu, F. (2016). Enhancing mechanical properties of styrene–butadiene rubber/silica nanocomposites by in situ interfacial modification with a novel rare-earth complex. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 87, 297-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.05.006
Toplam 78 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çevresel Değerlendirme ve İzleme, Kirlilik ve Kontaminasyon (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ayçacan Kaya Bu kişi benim 0009-0007-3762-4895

Melik Kara 0000-0001-7163-2679

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Eylül 2023
Kabul Tarihi 27 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaya, A., & Kara, M. (2024). Çocuk parklarından toplanan yüzey tozlarında element seviyelerinin ve sağlık risklerinin değerlendirmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(1), 283-299. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1363861