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The Political Representation of Women:The Case of New Zeland

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 35 - 45, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.25272/icps.1058666

Öz

In today’s perceptive, political representation is considered as the participation of the citizens in the administration through the representatives elected by themselves in the elections. In the contemporary world, it is expected that every segment of the society will be represented equally within such a representation mechanism. However, not all segments of the society are equally represented in politics and other important decision-making mechanisms and this fact indicates an unequal form of representation. The low number of women in political mechanisms in almost every country today is a very important example in this regard. The underrepresentation of women in politics all over the world has been an ongoing problem for years as an incomplete understanding of democracy and representation. This problem has continued from the first years of political activities to the present day. However, although their number is small, some countries can be shown as good examples in this regard. As one of these good examples, New Zealand stands out as a country with a very high female representation in politics in the world today. The aim of this study is to reveal the developments in this issue from the time women gained their political rights in New Zealand to the present in the light of literature review and statistical data.

Kaynakça

  • Arslan, B. (2017). “The Visibility Of Masculine And Feminine Languages In Columns”, European Journal of Language and Literature, Vol.3. No:3, ss.25-35. Çakır, S. (2013). Erkek Kulübünde Siyaset, Kadın Parlamenterle Sözlü Tarih, Versus Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Dovi, S. (2002). “Preferable descriptive representatives: Will just any woman, black, or Latino do?” American Political Science Review, 96(4), ss.729-743.
  • Euronews, https://tr.euronews.com/2020/04/15/kad-n-liderler-covid-19-a-aman-vermedi-erkek-meslektaslar-na-fark-attı (Erişim Tarihi: 14.10.2021).
  • Games, M. (2021). Ancient Lovers. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14287/ancient-lovers/
  • Human Development Report, The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene Briefing note for countries on the 2020 Human Development Report, 2022.
  • Jones, H. (2013). A Historical Analysis Of The Status Of Women In New Zeland: Has Cedaw Had An Impact? Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, The University Of Waikato, 2013.
  • Kathleen, B. J. (1993). Compassionate Authority: Democracy and Representation of Women, Routledge, New York.
  • Local Government New Zeland, https://www.lgnz.co.nz/news-and-media/2019-media-releases/women-candidates-win-over-voters-in-local-elections/ (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2022).
  • Ministry For Women, https://women.govt.nz/work-skills/paid-and-unpaid-work/labour-force-participation (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2022).
  • Ministry Of Education https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/home (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2022).
  • Ministry of Social Development, http://socialreport.msd.govt.nz/civil-and-political-rights/representation-of-women-in-government.html#2.-local-authority-elections (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2022).
  • Mohanram, R. (1996). “The construction of place: Maori feminism and nationalism in Aotearoa/New Zealand”. NWSA Journal Vol:8. No:1, ss. .50-69.
  • National Council Of Women Of New Zeland, https://www.ncwnz.org.nz/what-we-do/cedaw/ (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2022).
  • New Zeland Government, https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/women-vote-first-general-election (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2022).
  • Orr, E. (2003). “Equal Pay For Work of Equal Value in New Zealand: A History of the 1960 and 1972 Equal Pay Acts”. Women’s Studies Association (NZ), Palmerston North, ss. 21-23.
  • Rampton, M. (2015). Four waves of feminism, Pacific University, Oregon.
  • Sapiro, V. (1981). “Research Frontier Essay: When Are Interests Interesting? The Problem of Political Representation of Women”, American Political Science Association, Vol: 75, No: 3. Stratejic Pay Reports, https://www.strategicpay.co.nz/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.01.2022).
  • Sumbas, A. (2015). “Kadının Politik Temsil Meselesi Üzerine Bir Tartışma”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, No: 53, ss. 103-121.
  • The Conversation Journal, https://theconversation.com/her-cabinet-appointed-jacinda-ardern-now-leads-one-of-the-most-powerful-governments-nz-has-seen-148984 (Erişim Tarihi:14.01.2022).
  • The Conversation Journal, https://theconversation.com/why-new-zealand-was-the-first-country-where-women-won-the-right-to-vote-103219 (Erişim Tarihi: 23.01.2022).
  • The Encyclopedia of New Zeland, https://teara.govt.nz/en/graph/28634/women-in-parliament (Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2021).
  • Tickner, J. A. (1992). Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Uluslararası Parlamentolar Birliği, https://www.ipu.org/news/case-studies/2021-03/women-in-politics-in-new-zealand-heres-what-they-are-doing-right (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2022).
  • UN Women, https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications (Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2021).
  • Wellman, J. (2010). The Road to Seneca Falls: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the First Woman’s Rights Convention, University of Illinois Press.
  • World Economic Forum, https://www.weforum.org/reports/ab6795a1-960c-42b2-b3d5-587eccda6023/digest (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2022).
  • Yeni Zelanda Kadın Bakanlığı Web Sitesi, https://women.govt.nz/about/new-zealand-women/history/ministry (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2022).
  • Yeni Zelanda Parlamentosu, https://www.parliament.nz/en/mps-and-electorates/members-of-parliament/ (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2022).

Siyasi Temsil ve Kadınlar: Yeni Zelanda Örneği

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 35 - 45, 30.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.25272/icps.1058666

Öz

Günümüz yönetim anlayışlarında, siyasi temsil, vatandaşların seçimlerde oy kullanarak seçtiği temsilciler vasıtası ile yönetime katılması olarak düşünülmektedir. Çağdaş dünyada böyle bir temsil mekanizması içerisinde toplumun her kesiminin eşit bir biçimde temsil edilmesi beklenir. Ancak siyasette ve diğer önemli karar alma mekanizmalarında toplumun her kesimi aynı oranda temsil edilmemektedir ve bu gerçek, eşit olmayan bir temsil şekline işaret etmektedir. Bugün hemen hemen her ülkede, kadınların siyasi mekanizmalarda sayıca az olmaları, bu konuda çok önemli bir örnektir. Kadınların bütün dünyada siyasette eksik temsil ediliyor olmaları eksik bir demokrasi ve temsil anlayışı olarak, yıllardır süregelen bir sorun olmuştur. Bu sorun, tarihte siyasi faaliyetlerin başladığı ilk yıllardan günümüze kadar devam etmiştir. Ancak, sayıları az da olsa, bazı ülkelere bu konuda iyi örnek olarak gösterilebilirler. Yeni Zelanda bu iyi örneklerden biri olarak, bugün dünyada siyasette kadın temsili oranının oldukça yüksek olduğu bir ülke olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Yeni Zelanda’da kadınların siyasi haklarını elde etmelerinden günümüze bu konuda yaşanan gelişmeleri, literatür tarama yöntemi ve istatistiki veriler ışığında ortaya koymaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Arslan, B. (2017). “The Visibility Of Masculine And Feminine Languages In Columns”, European Journal of Language and Literature, Vol.3. No:3, ss.25-35. Çakır, S. (2013). Erkek Kulübünde Siyaset, Kadın Parlamenterle Sözlü Tarih, Versus Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Dovi, S. (2002). “Preferable descriptive representatives: Will just any woman, black, or Latino do?” American Political Science Review, 96(4), ss.729-743.
  • Euronews, https://tr.euronews.com/2020/04/15/kad-n-liderler-covid-19-a-aman-vermedi-erkek-meslektaslar-na-fark-attı (Erişim Tarihi: 14.10.2021).
  • Games, M. (2021). Ancient Lovers. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14287/ancient-lovers/
  • Human Development Report, The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene Briefing note for countries on the 2020 Human Development Report, 2022.
  • Jones, H. (2013). A Historical Analysis Of The Status Of Women In New Zeland: Has Cedaw Had An Impact? Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, The University Of Waikato, 2013.
  • Kathleen, B. J. (1993). Compassionate Authority: Democracy and Representation of Women, Routledge, New York.
  • Local Government New Zeland, https://www.lgnz.co.nz/news-and-media/2019-media-releases/women-candidates-win-over-voters-in-local-elections/ (Erişim Tarihi: 14.01.2022).
  • Ministry For Women, https://women.govt.nz/work-skills/paid-and-unpaid-work/labour-force-participation (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2022).
  • Ministry Of Education https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/home (Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2022).
  • Ministry of Social Development, http://socialreport.msd.govt.nz/civil-and-political-rights/representation-of-women-in-government.html#2.-local-authority-elections (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2022).
  • Mohanram, R. (1996). “The construction of place: Maori feminism and nationalism in Aotearoa/New Zealand”. NWSA Journal Vol:8. No:1, ss. .50-69.
  • National Council Of Women Of New Zeland, https://www.ncwnz.org.nz/what-we-do/cedaw/ (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2022).
  • New Zeland Government, https://nzhistory.govt.nz/page/women-vote-first-general-election (Erişim Tarihi: 02.01.2022).
  • Orr, E. (2003). “Equal Pay For Work of Equal Value in New Zealand: A History of the 1960 and 1972 Equal Pay Acts”. Women’s Studies Association (NZ), Palmerston North, ss. 21-23.
  • Rampton, M. (2015). Four waves of feminism, Pacific University, Oregon.
  • Sapiro, V. (1981). “Research Frontier Essay: When Are Interests Interesting? The Problem of Political Representation of Women”, American Political Science Association, Vol: 75, No: 3. Stratejic Pay Reports, https://www.strategicpay.co.nz/ (Erişim Tarihi: 23.01.2022).
  • Sumbas, A. (2015). “Kadının Politik Temsil Meselesi Üzerine Bir Tartışma”, İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, No: 53, ss. 103-121.
  • The Conversation Journal, https://theconversation.com/her-cabinet-appointed-jacinda-ardern-now-leads-one-of-the-most-powerful-governments-nz-has-seen-148984 (Erişim Tarihi:14.01.2022).
  • The Conversation Journal, https://theconversation.com/why-new-zealand-was-the-first-country-where-women-won-the-right-to-vote-103219 (Erişim Tarihi: 23.01.2022).
  • The Encyclopedia of New Zeland, https://teara.govt.nz/en/graph/28634/women-in-parliament (Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2021).
  • Tickner, J. A. (1992). Gender in International Relations: Feminist Perspectives on Achieving Global Security, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Uluslararası Parlamentolar Birliği, https://www.ipu.org/news/case-studies/2021-03/women-in-politics-in-new-zealand-heres-what-they-are-doing-right (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2022).
  • UN Women, https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications (Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2021).
  • Wellman, J. (2010). The Road to Seneca Falls: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the First Woman’s Rights Convention, University of Illinois Press.
  • World Economic Forum, https://www.weforum.org/reports/ab6795a1-960c-42b2-b3d5-587eccda6023/digest (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2022).
  • Yeni Zelanda Kadın Bakanlığı Web Sitesi, https://women.govt.nz/about/new-zealand-women/history/ministry (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2022).
  • Yeni Zelanda Parlamentosu, https://www.parliament.nz/en/mps-and-electorates/members-of-parliament/ (Erişim Tarihi: 13.01.2022).
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Melek Kaymaz Mert 0000-0001-9027-7780

Zeynep Ece Ünsal 0000-0001-8351-2148

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Nisan 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaymaz Mert, M., & Ünsal, Z. E. (2022). Siyasi Temsil ve Kadınlar: Yeni Zelanda Örneği. Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(1), 35-45. https://doi.org/10.25272/icps.1058666

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