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Examination of Football Referees' Attitudes Towards Video Assistant Referee System (VAR) by Q Method

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 99 - 112, 28.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1178303

Öz

The referees play a crucial role by bearing tremendous responsibility in football. Referees not only manage the football match, but they are also the people who are psychologically affected by the atmosphere of the match and are held responsible for any mistake. This responsibility for the referees seems to have eased somewhat with the development of technology.Yet, unless an evaluation is made from the point of the referees, this situation will remain a mystery. This study aims to evaluate the attitudes of football referees towards the VAR system with the Q method. The methodological model of the study was the Q method, which includes qualitative and quantitative research methods. 25 referees included in the study with the snowball sampling method constitute the study group. The study data were analyzed using the PQMethod 2.35 program, which was developed for Q method studies. The principal component analysis method was used in the analysis of the data. After the analyzes made in the Q method, the data were divided into factors. As a result of principal component analysis and hand rotation afterward, it was seen that the opinions of the participants were gathered under two factors. The questions that the participants gathered under two different factors got higher scores were indicated by their Z scores. The reasons behind it were examined by interviewing the scores obtained from the quantitative data regarding the statements that the participants agreed and did not agree with. As a result, while there is a decrease in the sense of confidence in the referees' VAR system, in themselves and the profession, it is among the results obtained from the opinions that the elimination of injustice is a practice that allows the deserving to win.

Kaynakça

  • Brown, S.R., Durning D. W., and Selden S.C. (2008). Q Methodology. In Gerald J. Miller and Kaifeng Yang (eds.). Handbook of Research Methods in Public Administration. (2nd Edition).CRC Press.
  • Carlos, L. P., Ezequiel, R., and Anton, K. (2019). How does Video Assistant Referee (VAR) modify the game in elite soccer?. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 19(4), 646-653. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2019.1646521.
  • Caz, Ç., Çoban, O., ve Gökkaya, D. (2021). Video Yardımcı Hakem (VAR) Sisteminin Futbolda Genel Yansımaları Üzerine Bir Araştırma [A Research on the general reflection of the video assistant referee (VAR) system in football]. Spor Eğitim Dergisi, 5(3), 98-113.
  • Chen, R., and Davidson, N. P. (2022). English Premier League manager perceptions of video assistant referee (VAR) decisions during the 2019-2020 season. Soccer and Society, 23(1), 44-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2021.1918680.
  • Çankaya, S., Saki, Ü., ve Taşmektepligil, M. Y. (2020). Var Sisteminin 2018-2019 Sezonu süper lig futbol maçlarına etkisinin değerlendirilmesi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(2), 141-154. https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.615248.
  • Danielson, S. (2009). Q methods and surveys: Three methods to combine Q and R. Fields Methods, 21(3), 219-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X09332082.
  • Demir, F., ve Kul, M. (2011). Modern bir araştırma yöntemi olarak Q metodu. Adalet Yayınları.
  • Dufner, A. L., Schütz, L. M., and Hill, Y. (2023). The introduction of the Video Assistant Referee supports the fairness of the game–An analysis of the home advantage in the German Bundesliga. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 66, 1-5. Article 102386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102386.
  • Engin, S. G., ve Çelik, V. O. (2019). VAR’lığın yeter! Hakemlerin gözünden video yardımcı hakem sistemi. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 7(2), 53-68. https://doi.org/10.14486/ IntJSCS.2019254975.
  • Errekagorri, I., Castellano, J., Echeazarra, I., and Lago-Peñas, C. (2020). The effects of the Video Assistant Referee system (VAR) on the playing time, technical-tactical and physical performance in elite soccer. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 20(5), 808-817. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2020.1788350.
  • Flick, U., Von Kardoff, E., and Steinke, I. (2004). A companion to qualitative research. Sage.
  • Flores, D. S. (2018). An alert to 2018 FIFA World Cup mind control with brain nanobots - deceiving the VAR. International Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Journal, 3(4), 301-302. https://doi.org/10.15406/ipmrj.2018.03.00119.
  • Hamsund, T., and Scelles, N. (2021). Fans’ perceptions towards video assistant referee (VAR) in the english premier league. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(12), 1-16. Article 573. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14120573.
  • Han, B., Chen, Q., Lago-Peñas, C., Wang, C., and Liu, T. (2020). The influence of the video assistant referee on the Chinese Super League. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 15(5-6), 662-668. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541209389.
  • Holder, U., Ehrmann, T., and König, A. (2022). Monitoring experts: Insights from the introduction of video assistant referee (VAR) in elite football. Journal of Business Economics, 92(2), 285-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-021-01058-5.
  • Kayhan, R. F., Bardakçı, S., ve Caz, Ç. (2020). Türk futbolunda video yardımcı hakem (VAR) uygulamasına yönelik tutum ölçeği geliştirilmesi. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16(27), 571-596. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.673635.
  • Kiuchi, Y. (2022). Football fan reactions to video assistant referee. Routledge Handbook of Sport Fans and Fandom (1st ed). Routledge.
  • Kolbinger, O., and Lames, M. (2017). Scientific approaches to technological officiating aids in game sports. Current Issues in Sport Science, 2(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.15203/CISS_2017.001.
  • Kolbinger, O., and Link, D. (2016). The use of vanishing spray reduces the extent of rule violations in soccer. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3274-2.
  • Kubayi, A., Larkin, P., and Toriola, A. (2022). The impact of video assistant referee (VAR) on match performance variables at men’s FIFA World Cup tournaments. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 236(3), 187-191. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754337121997581.
  • Lago-Peñas, C., Gómez, M., and Pollard R. (2021). The effect of the video assistant referee on referee’s decisions in the Spanish LaLiga. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 16(3), 824-829. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120980111.
  • Lane, A. M., Nevill, A. M., Ahmad, N. S., and Balmer, N. (2006). Soccer referee decision-making: ‘Shall I blow the whistle?’. Journal of sports science and medicine, 5(2), 243-253.
  • Lex, H., Pizzera, A., Kurtes, M., and Schack, T. (2015). Influence of players “vocalisations on soccer referees” decisions. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(5), 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.962620.
  • Märtins, J., Westmattelmann, D., and Schewe, G. (2022). Affected but not involved: Two-scenario based investigation of individuals’ attitude towards decision support systems based on the example of the video assistant referee. Journal of Decision Systems, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/12460125.2022.2041274.
  • Nlandu, T. (2012). The fallacies of the assumptions behind the arguments for goal-line technology in soccer. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 6(4), 451–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2012.745896.
  • Pizzera, A., Marrable, J., and Raab, M. (2022). The video review system in association football: Implementation and effectiveness for match officials and referee education. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2022.2147856.
  • Riedl, D., Strauss, B., Heuer, A., and Rubner, O. (2015). Finale furioso: Referee-biased injury times and their effects on home advantage in football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(4), 327–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.944558.
  • Ruiz, M. F., Betancor, M.Á., and Armenteros, M. (2019). Didactic teaching strategies for the VAR. In M. Armenteros, M. Á. Betancor, and A. J. Benítez (Eds.), The use of video technologies in refereeing football and other sports (pp. 328–338). Routledge
  • Samuel R.D, Galily Y, Filho E., and Tenenbaum, G. (2020). Implementation of the video assistant referee (VAR) as a career change-event: the Israeli Premier League case study. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 564855. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564855.
  • Scanlon, C., Griggs, G., & McGillick, C. (2022). ‘It’s not football anymore’: Perceptions of the video assistant referee by english premier league football fans. Soccer & Society, 23(8), 1084-1096. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2022.2033731.
  • Schmolck, P., and Atkinson, J. (2013). PQ method (Version 2.35). Computer software and manual. Accessed 15 June 2022. http://schmolck.userweb.mwn.de/qmethod/downpqwin.htm.
  • Simón, J. A. (2019). Between scepticism and the long-awaited quest for “Football Justice”. In M. Armenteros, A. J. Benitez & M.A. Betancor (Eds), The use of video technologies in refereeing football and other sports (pp. 3-22). Routledge.
  • Spitz, J., Wagemans, J., Memmert, D., Williams, A. M., and Helsen, W. F. (2021). Video assistant referees (VAR): The impact of technology on decision making in association football referees. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(2), 147-153.https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1809163.
  • Svantesson, D. J. B. (2014). Could technology resurrect the dignity of the FIFA World Cup refereeing? Computer Law and Security Review, 30(5), 569–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2014.07.004.
  • Tamir, I., and Bar-Eli, M. (2021). The moral gatekeeper: soccer and technology, the case of video assistant referee (VAR). Front. Psychol., 11, 1-7. Article 613469 https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg.2020.613469.
  • Ugondo, P. I., and Tsokwa, M. (2019). Interpreting video assistant referee and goal-line technology communication: The pitch-based referees perspectives. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 3(4), 1058-1062. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23914
  • Uluöz, E. (2020). A research on the opinions of the school of physical education and sports students on the video assistant referee system. Gymnasium, 21(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.29081/gsjesh.2020.21.1.01.
  • Unkelbach, C., and Memmert, D. (2010). Crowd noise as a cue in referee decisions contributes to the home advantage. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 32(4), 483–498. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.4.483.
  • Van den Berg, L., and Surujlal, J. (2020). Video assistant referee: Spectator and fan perceptions and experiences. International Journal of social sciences and humanity studies, 12(2), 449-465.
  • Vučkov, D., and Babić, S. (2021). VARs/AVARs in Croatian Top Division (1. HNL) and Major League Soccer: Experiences with VAR System. Information Communication and Electronic Technology (MIPRO) 44th International Convention (pp. 820-825). Croatia: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
  • Zabala, A. (2014). Q method: A package to explore human perspectives using Q methodology. R Journal 6(2), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.32614/rj-2014-032.
  • Zglinski, J. (2022). Rules, standards, and the video assistant referee in football. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 16(1), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2020.1857823.

Futbol Hakemlerinin Video Hakem Sistemine (VAR) Yönelik Tutumlarının Q Metot Yolu ile İncelenmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 99 - 112, 28.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1178303

Öz

Futbolda en zor görevlerden birisi hakemlere aittir. Hakemler sadece futbol maçını yönetmekle kalmaz maçın atmosferinden psikolojik olarak etkilenen ve herhangi bir yanlışlıkta sorumlu tutulan kişi konumundadır. Hakemlere ilişkin bu sorumluluk teknolojinin gelişmesi ile birlikte bir nebze olsun hafiflemiş gibi görünmektedir. Fakat hakemler açısından bir değerlendirme yapılmadıkça bu durum muamma konumunda kalacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı futbol hakemlerinin var sistemine yönelik tutumlarının Q metot yöntemi ile değerlendirilmesidir. Araştırmanın yöntemsel modeli nitel ve nicel araştırma yöntemini içinde barındıran Q metot kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya kartopu örnekleme yöntemi ile dâhil edilen 25 hakem araştırmanın çalışma grubunu oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma verileri Q metot araştırmaları için geliştirilmiş olan PQMethod 2.35 programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin çözümlenmesi sürecinde temel bileşenler analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Q metodunda yapılan analizlerden sonra veriler faktörlere ayrılmıştır. Temel bileşen analizi ve ardından el rotasyonu sonucunda katılımcıların görüşlerinin iki faktör altında toplandığı görülmüştür. İki farklı faktör altında toplanan katılımcıların hangi sorulardan daha yüksek puan aldıkları Z skorları ile belirtilmiştir. Katılımcıların katıldıkları ve katılmadıkları ifadelere ilişkin nicel verilerden elde edilen puanlara yönelik olarak görüşme yapılarak ardında yatan sebepler incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, hakemlerin var sistemine yönelik kendilerine ve mesleğe karşı güven duygularında azalama görülürken, olumlu olarak adaletsizliğin ortadan kalkması hak edenin kazanmasını sağlayan bir uygulama olduğu görüşlerden elde edilen sonuçlar arasındadır.

Kaynakça

  • Brown, S.R., Durning D. W., and Selden S.C. (2008). Q Methodology. In Gerald J. Miller and Kaifeng Yang (eds.). Handbook of Research Methods in Public Administration. (2nd Edition).CRC Press.
  • Carlos, L. P., Ezequiel, R., and Anton, K. (2019). How does Video Assistant Referee (VAR) modify the game in elite soccer?. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 19(4), 646-653. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2019.1646521.
  • Caz, Ç., Çoban, O., ve Gökkaya, D. (2021). Video Yardımcı Hakem (VAR) Sisteminin Futbolda Genel Yansımaları Üzerine Bir Araştırma [A Research on the general reflection of the video assistant referee (VAR) system in football]. Spor Eğitim Dergisi, 5(3), 98-113.
  • Chen, R., and Davidson, N. P. (2022). English Premier League manager perceptions of video assistant referee (VAR) decisions during the 2019-2020 season. Soccer and Society, 23(1), 44-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2021.1918680.
  • Çankaya, S., Saki, Ü., ve Taşmektepligil, M. Y. (2020). Var Sisteminin 2018-2019 Sezonu süper lig futbol maçlarına etkisinin değerlendirilmesi. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(2), 141-154. https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.615248.
  • Danielson, S. (2009). Q methods and surveys: Three methods to combine Q and R. Fields Methods, 21(3), 219-237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X09332082.
  • Demir, F., ve Kul, M. (2011). Modern bir araştırma yöntemi olarak Q metodu. Adalet Yayınları.
  • Dufner, A. L., Schütz, L. M., and Hill, Y. (2023). The introduction of the Video Assistant Referee supports the fairness of the game–An analysis of the home advantage in the German Bundesliga. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 66, 1-5. Article 102386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102386.
  • Engin, S. G., ve Çelik, V. O. (2019). VAR’lığın yeter! Hakemlerin gözünden video yardımcı hakem sistemi. International Journal of Sport Culture and Science, 7(2), 53-68. https://doi.org/10.14486/ IntJSCS.2019254975.
  • Errekagorri, I., Castellano, J., Echeazarra, I., and Lago-Peñas, C. (2020). The effects of the Video Assistant Referee system (VAR) on the playing time, technical-tactical and physical performance in elite soccer. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 20(5), 808-817. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2020.1788350.
  • Flick, U., Von Kardoff, E., and Steinke, I. (2004). A companion to qualitative research. Sage.
  • Flores, D. S. (2018). An alert to 2018 FIFA World Cup mind control with brain nanobots - deceiving the VAR. International Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Journal, 3(4), 301-302. https://doi.org/10.15406/ipmrj.2018.03.00119.
  • Hamsund, T., and Scelles, N. (2021). Fans’ perceptions towards video assistant referee (VAR) in the english premier league. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 14(12), 1-16. Article 573. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14120573.
  • Han, B., Chen, Q., Lago-Peñas, C., Wang, C., and Liu, T. (2020). The influence of the video assistant referee on the Chinese Super League. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 15(5-6), 662-668. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541209389.
  • Holder, U., Ehrmann, T., and König, A. (2022). Monitoring experts: Insights from the introduction of video assistant referee (VAR) in elite football. Journal of Business Economics, 92(2), 285-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-021-01058-5.
  • Kayhan, R. F., Bardakçı, S., ve Caz, Ç. (2020). Türk futbolunda video yardımcı hakem (VAR) uygulamasına yönelik tutum ölçeği geliştirilmesi. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 16(27), 571-596. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.673635.
  • Kiuchi, Y. (2022). Football fan reactions to video assistant referee. Routledge Handbook of Sport Fans and Fandom (1st ed). Routledge.
  • Kolbinger, O., and Lames, M. (2017). Scientific approaches to technological officiating aids in game sports. Current Issues in Sport Science, 2(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.15203/CISS_2017.001.
  • Kolbinger, O., and Link, D. (2016). The use of vanishing spray reduces the extent of rule violations in soccer. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3274-2.
  • Kubayi, A., Larkin, P., and Toriola, A. (2022). The impact of video assistant referee (VAR) on match performance variables at men’s FIFA World Cup tournaments. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology, 236(3), 187-191. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754337121997581.
  • Lago-Peñas, C., Gómez, M., and Pollard R. (2021). The effect of the video assistant referee on referee’s decisions in the Spanish LaLiga. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 16(3), 824-829. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954120980111.
  • Lane, A. M., Nevill, A. M., Ahmad, N. S., and Balmer, N. (2006). Soccer referee decision-making: ‘Shall I blow the whistle?’. Journal of sports science and medicine, 5(2), 243-253.
  • Lex, H., Pizzera, A., Kurtes, M., and Schack, T. (2015). Influence of players “vocalisations on soccer referees” decisions. European Journal of Sport Science, 15(5), 24–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.962620.
  • Märtins, J., Westmattelmann, D., and Schewe, G. (2022). Affected but not involved: Two-scenario based investigation of individuals’ attitude towards decision support systems based on the example of the video assistant referee. Journal of Decision Systems, 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/12460125.2022.2041274.
  • Nlandu, T. (2012). The fallacies of the assumptions behind the arguments for goal-line technology in soccer. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 6(4), 451–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2012.745896.
  • Pizzera, A., Marrable, J., and Raab, M. (2022). The video review system in association football: Implementation and effectiveness for match officials and referee education. Managing Sport and Leisure, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2022.2147856.
  • Riedl, D., Strauss, B., Heuer, A., and Rubner, O. (2015). Finale furioso: Referee-biased injury times and their effects on home advantage in football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(4), 327–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.944558.
  • Ruiz, M. F., Betancor, M.Á., and Armenteros, M. (2019). Didactic teaching strategies for the VAR. In M. Armenteros, M. Á. Betancor, and A. J. Benítez (Eds.), The use of video technologies in refereeing football and other sports (pp. 328–338). Routledge
  • Samuel R.D, Galily Y, Filho E., and Tenenbaum, G. (2020). Implementation of the video assistant referee (VAR) as a career change-event: the Israeli Premier League case study. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 564855. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.564855.
  • Scanlon, C., Griggs, G., & McGillick, C. (2022). ‘It’s not football anymore’: Perceptions of the video assistant referee by english premier league football fans. Soccer & Society, 23(8), 1084-1096. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2022.2033731.
  • Schmolck, P., and Atkinson, J. (2013). PQ method (Version 2.35). Computer software and manual. Accessed 15 June 2022. http://schmolck.userweb.mwn.de/qmethod/downpqwin.htm.
  • Simón, J. A. (2019). Between scepticism and the long-awaited quest for “Football Justice”. In M. Armenteros, A. J. Benitez & M.A. Betancor (Eds), The use of video technologies in refereeing football and other sports (pp. 3-22). Routledge.
  • Spitz, J., Wagemans, J., Memmert, D., Williams, A. M., and Helsen, W. F. (2021). Video assistant referees (VAR): The impact of technology on decision making in association football referees. Journal of Sports Sciences, 39(2), 147-153.https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1809163.
  • Svantesson, D. J. B. (2014). Could technology resurrect the dignity of the FIFA World Cup refereeing? Computer Law and Security Review, 30(5), 569–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2014.07.004.
  • Tamir, I., and Bar-Eli, M. (2021). The moral gatekeeper: soccer and technology, the case of video assistant referee (VAR). Front. Psychol., 11, 1-7. Article 613469 https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg.2020.613469.
  • Ugondo, P. I., and Tsokwa, M. (2019). Interpreting video assistant referee and goal-line technology communication: The pitch-based referees perspectives. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 3(4), 1058-1062. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23914
  • Uluöz, E. (2020). A research on the opinions of the school of physical education and sports students on the video assistant referee system. Gymnasium, 21(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.29081/gsjesh.2020.21.1.01.
  • Unkelbach, C., and Memmert, D. (2010). Crowd noise as a cue in referee decisions contributes to the home advantage. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 32(4), 483–498. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.4.483.
  • Van den Berg, L., and Surujlal, J. (2020). Video assistant referee: Spectator and fan perceptions and experiences. International Journal of social sciences and humanity studies, 12(2), 449-465.
  • Vučkov, D., and Babić, S. (2021). VARs/AVARs in Croatian Top Division (1. HNL) and Major League Soccer: Experiences with VAR System. Information Communication and Electronic Technology (MIPRO) 44th International Convention (pp. 820-825). Croatia: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
  • Zabala, A. (2014). Q method: A package to explore human perspectives using Q methodology. R Journal 6(2), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.32614/rj-2014-032.
  • Zglinski, J. (2022). Rules, standards, and the video assistant referee in football. Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 16(1), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2020.1857823.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Spor Hekimliği, Turizm (Diğer)
Bölüm Orijinal Makale
Yazarlar

Ahmet Yavuz Karafil 0000-0002-1910-4673

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Şubat 2023
Kabul Tarihi 14 Şubat 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Karafil, A. Y. (2023). Examination of Football Referees’ Attitudes Towards Video Assistant Referee System (VAR) by Q Method. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 99-112. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1178303
AMA Karafil AY. Examination of Football Referees’ Attitudes Towards Video Assistant Referee System (VAR) by Q Method. JSSR. Şubat 2023;8(1):99-112. doi:10.25307/jssr.1178303
Chicago Karafil, Ahmet Yavuz. “Examination of Football Referees’ Attitudes Towards Video Assistant Referee System (VAR) by Q Method”. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 8, sy. 1 (Şubat 2023): 99-112. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1178303.
EndNote Karafil AY (01 Şubat 2023) Examination of Football Referees’ Attitudes Towards Video Assistant Referee System (VAR) by Q Method. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 8 1 99–112.
IEEE A. Y. Karafil, “Examination of Football Referees’ Attitudes Towards Video Assistant Referee System (VAR) by Q Method”, JSSR, c. 8, sy. 1, ss. 99–112, 2023, doi: 10.25307/jssr.1178303.
ISNAD Karafil, Ahmet Yavuz. “Examination of Football Referees’ Attitudes Towards Video Assistant Referee System (VAR) by Q Method”. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi 8/1 (Şubat 2023), 99-112. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1178303.
JAMA Karafil AY. Examination of Football Referees’ Attitudes Towards Video Assistant Referee System (VAR) by Q Method. JSSR. 2023;8:99–112.
MLA Karafil, Ahmet Yavuz. “Examination of Football Referees’ Attitudes Towards Video Assistant Referee System (VAR) by Q Method”. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 99-112, doi:10.25307/jssr.1178303.
Vancouver Karafil AY. Examination of Football Referees’ Attitudes Towards Video Assistant Referee System (VAR) by Q Method. JSSR. 2023;8(1):99-112.

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