Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

FRANSA VE AACHEN ANTLAŞMASI ÇERÇEVESİNDE AVRUPA ORDUSU ÇABALARI

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 23, 511 - 531, 26.11.2020
https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.705422

Öz

Avrupa Ordusu federalistlerin gözde tasarısıdır. Bu amaca gerek Birlik gerekse devletler düzeyinde ulaşılma gayreti sürmektedir. Birlik düzeyinde hem hukukî hem de askerî bazı altyapılar oluşturulmuştur. Avrupa Birliği Antlaşması’nda Ortak Güvenlik ve Savunma Politikası hükümleri hukuki; Avrupa Kolordusu ve AB Savaşöbekleri askerî; PESCO da proje altyapılarını oluşturmaktadır. Ancak mevcut şartlarda her iki askerî oluşum da NATO ile boy ölçüşebilir değildir.
Devletler düzeyinde ise ordu kurulması çabalarının başını Fransa çekmektedir. Almanya ile imzaladığı Aachen Antlaşması savunma ve güvenlik hükümleri içermektedir. Merkel amacın Avrupa Ordusu’na ulaşmak olduğunu resmen belirtmiştir. ABD ve NATO’nun karşı çıkması, AB içinde kutuplaşmalar ordunun önündeki en büyük engellerdir. Fransa’daki Sarı Yelekliler isyanı ordu fikriyle bağlantılıdır ve olayların Fransa’da patlak vermesinin sebeplerinden biri de budur. Çalışmanın kapsamı Avrupa Ordusu girişimlerinin Fransa temelli incelenmesidir.

Kaynakça

  • XIXe Ambassadors’conference. Paris: 31.8.2011. https://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article2622, (26.12.2018).
  • A. ALAGÖZ, E. (19.1.2010). “Avrupa Kolordusu (Eurocorps)”, Bilgesam, http://www.bilgesam.org/incele/797/-avrupa-kolordusu--eurocorps-/#.XGAEQfZuL4i, (10.2.2019).
  • AB Nezdinde Türkiye Daimi Temsilciliği (2016). AB ve Üyelik Sürecimiz, Temel Bilgiler Kitabı Ocak 2016.
  • ------- (2018). AB ve Üyelik Sürecimiz.
  • AfD (22.1.2019). “Weidel/Gauland: Der deutsch-französische ‚Aachener Vertrag‘ entfremdet uns von anderen Europäern.” https://www.afd.de/weidel-gauland-der-deutsch-franzoesische-aachener-vertrag-entfremdet-uns-von-anderen-europaeern/, (11.2.2019).
  • AİHM (2019). https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{"languageisocode":["FRE"],"documentcollectionid2":["GRAND CHAMBER","CHAMBER"]}, (13.2.2019).
  • ALLISON, G. (25.1.2019). “France-Germany treaty ‘a step toward European army’ says Merkel”, UK Defence Journal, https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/french-german-treaty-a-step-toward-european-army-says-merkel/, (7.2.2019).
  • Anadolu Ajansı (23.1.2019). “Almanya ile Fransa'dan iş birliğinde yeni dönem”, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/almanya-ile-fransadan-is-birliginde-yeni-donem/1372115, (12.2.2019).
  • AYDIN-DÜZGİT, S. ve MARRONE, A. (Sep. 2018). “PESCO and Security Cooperation Between the EU and Turkey”, Global Turkey in Europe Working Paper, 19: 1-7. http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/gte_wp_19.pdf, (20.2.2019).
  • BALZLI, B. vd. (3 Mart 2015). “Juncker will EU-Armee”, Welt, https://www.welt.de/print/wams/article138170362/Juncker-will-EU-Armee.html, (17.2.2019).
  • BBC News (14.11.2017). “Avrupa’nın ‘NATO’ya alternatifi’ Pesco hakkında bilinmesi gerekenler”, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-41978775, (26.12.2018).
  • ------- (22.1.2019). “France and Germany seal new deal as Brexit looms”, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46908205, (5.2.2019).
  • ------- (23.12.2018). “Macron'dan Trump'ın çekilme kararına 'müttefik güvenilir olmalıdır' değerlendirmesi”, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-46667730, (23.5.2019).
  • BELKIN, P. (14 Nisan 2011). “France: Factors Shaping Foreign Policy, and Issues in U.S.-French Relations”, CRS Report for Congress, 1-22, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32464.pdf, (20.2.2019).
  • BILLON-GALLAND, A. ve QUENCEZ, M. (Oct. 2017). “Can France and Germany Make PESCO Work as a Process Toward EU Defense?”, The German Marshall Fund of the United States, no 33: 1-7. https://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Can-France-and-Germany-Make-PESCO-Work-as-a-Process-Toward-EU-Defense-.pdf, (4.2.2019).
  • BISCOP, S. (Oct. 2017). “European Defence: What’s in the CARDs for PESCO?”, Egmont Royal Institute for International Relations, 91: 1-6, http://www.egmontinstitute.be/content/uploads/2017/10/SPB91-Biscop.pdf?type=pdf, (4.2.2019).
  • CAMERON, A. ve MAULNY, J. (2009). “France’s NATO Reintegration”, Royal United Service Institute, 1-8. http://www.iris-france.org/docs/pdf/up_docs_bdd/20090304-142224.pdf.
  • Court of Justice of the European Union (2016). Annual Report 2015, Judicial Activity, Luxembourg.
  • ------- (2019). Annual Report 2018, Judicial Activity, Luxembourg.
  • ÇALIŞ, Ş. H. (2016). Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkileri, 5. Baskı, Nobel Yay., Ankara.
  • ÇELİK, H. (5.12.2018). “Fransa’da Sarı Yelekliler Hareketi”, https://www.sde.org.tr/hatice-celik/genel/fransada-sari-yelekliler-hareketi-kose-yazisi-8607, (13.2.2019).
  • Defend Europa (23.1.2019). “Aachen Treaty: The Alarming Truth”, https://www.defendevropa.com/2019/news/the-establishment/aachen-treaty-the-alarming-truth/, (5.2.2019).
  • DUPONT-AIGNAN, N. (22.1.2019). “Traité d’Aix-la-Chapelle : l’amitié franco-allemande ne doit pas se transformer en soumission”, http://www.debout-la-france.fr/actualite/traite-daix-la-chapelle-lamitie-franco-allemande-ne-doit-pas-se-transformer-en-soumission, (12.2.2019).
  • DURDEN, T. (23.1.2019). “France And Germany Take Major Step Toward EU Army To Protect “Europe Threatened By Nationalism”, https://www.zerohedge.com/news/2019-01-22/europe-threatened-nationalism-france-germany-reaffirm-eu-army-plans-updated-treaty, (6.2.2019).
  • Economist (20.2.2003). “European Diplomacy over Iraq, United in theory, divided in practice”, http://www.economist.com/node/1594961, (11.2.2019).
  • EEAS (28.10.2015). “EU Battlegroup Offers And Commitments”, 1-10. http://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-13492-2015-ADD-1/en/pdf, (12.2.2019).
  • ------- (5.10.2017). “EU Battlegroups”, 1-3, https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/factsheet_battlegroups.pdf, (12.2.2019).
  • ------- (2020a). “EUTM-Somalia”, https://www.eutm-somalia.eu/, (16.3.2020).
  • ------- EUNavfor Med Operation Sophia, “About Us”, https://www.operationsophia.eu/, (16.3.2020).
  • ------- (2020b). “Somalia”, https://eunavfor.eu/mission/, (16.3.2020).
  • “EU Army: Just Another Bad Idea From Euro-socialists Macron And Merkel”, (22.11.2018), https://www.investors.com/politics/editorials/eu-army-socialists-macron-merkel/, (14.2.2019).
  • Eurocorps (June 2019). “A Unique Statuts in the Heart Of Europe”, https://www.eurocorps.org/about-us/contributing-nations/, (10.2.2019).
  • ------- (2018a). “European Battle Group”, https://www.eurocorps.org/readiness/european-battle-group/, (10.2.2019).
  • ------- (2018b). “European Union”, https://www.eurocorps.org/operations/european-union/, (10.2.2019).
  • ------- (2018c). “History”, https://www.eurocorps.org/about-us/history/, (10.2.2019).
  • ------- (2018ç). “NATO”, https://www.eurocorps.org/operations/nato/, (10.2.2019). European Commission (7.6.2017). “A European Defence Fund: €5.5 billion per year to boost Europe's defence capabilities”, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-1508_en.htm, (16.2.2019).
  • ------- (15.6.2015). “In Defence of Europe”, EPSC Strategic Notes, 4: 1-12, https://ec.europa.eu/epsc/sites/epsc/files/strategic_note_issue_4_en.pdf, (4.2.2019).
  • ““Fracture” de l'Europe : “Non, je n'exagère en rien”, affirme Emmanuel Macron”, (6.11.2018), https://www.europe1.fr/politique/emmanuel-macron-sur-la-montee-des-nationalismes-en-europe-je-nexagere-en-rien-je-suis-lucide-3794444, (16.2.2019).
  • “France and NATO: Presentation”, (24.8.2018), https://otan.delegfrance.org/France-and-NATO-presentation-1217, (19.12.2018).
  • GÜRKAYNAK, M. (2004). Avrupa’da Savunma ve Güvenlik, Asil Yay., Ankara.
  • Hellenic Statistical Authority (Oct-Dec. 2017). Greece in Figures, http://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/1515741/GreeceInFigures_2017Q4_EN.pdf/d77cccd0-8fcf-401d-8651-ded36a6012ce, (22.2.2019).
  • HILL, J. (22.1.2019). “Why Macron and Merkel care”, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46908205, (5.2.2019).
  • HRISTOW, G. (23.1.2019). “Avrupa’nın bölünme tehlikesi arttı”, https://www.eurotopics.net/tr/213282/aachen-anlasmasi-avrupa-nin-gelecegi-icin-umut-mu#, (Erişim: 8.2.2019); aslı: “(Дез)интеграция”, (23.1.2019), https://duma.bg/(dez)integratsiya-n183657, (8.2.2019).
  • Hürriyet (2018). “Son dakika... Merkel’den Avrupa Ordusu açıklaması”, 22 Ocak, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/son-dakika-merkelden-avrupa-ordusu-aciklamasi-41090812, (7.2.2019).
  • İNAÇ, H. ve GÜNER, Ü. (2006). “Turkey’s Foreign Policy Within The Context Of Conflicts Between European And American Security”, Marmara Journal of European Studies, 14(2): 185-211.
  • İNAT, K. (2018). “PESCO ve NATO: Hangisi Daha İleri İş Birliği?”, Türkiye, 24 Kasım, https://www.setav.org/pesco-ve-nato-hangisi-daha-ileri-is-birligi/, (26.12.2018).
  • KERN, S. (25.1.2019). “France and Germany: “We Are Committed to the Emergence of a European Army”, https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/13620/france-germany-european-army, (5.2.2019).
  • KERRES, M. (18.1.2019). “Berlin'in BM'de reform hayalleri naif”, NRC Handelsblad, https://www.eurotopics.net/tr/213282/aachen-anlasmasi-birlestirici-mi-patlayici-mi? zitat=213276#zitat213276, (8.2.2019).
  • MAJOR, C. and MÖLLING, C. (2010). “EU Military Capabilities - Some European Troops, but not yet a European Army”, İçinde EU Crisis Management: Institutions and Capabilities in the Making, editörler E. Greco, N. Pirozzi ve S. Silvestri, 11-28, Rome: Instituto Affari Internazionali.
  • “Marine Le Pen: «Converger autant avec l’Allemagne, c’est une trahison»”, (22.1.2019). Le Temps, https://www.letemps.ch/monde/marine-pen-converger-autant-lallemagne-cest-une-trahison, (11.2.2019).
  • NATO (20.11.2018). “Doorstep statement”, https://www.nato.int/cps/su/natohq/opinions_160495.htm, (12.2.2019).
  • ------- (1995). NATO El Kitabı, NATO Basın ve Enformasyon Bürosu, Brüksel.
  • Ntv (22.1.2019). “NATO, Aachen Anlaşması'ndan memnun”, https://www.ntv.com.tr/dunya/nato-aachen-anlasmasindan-memnun,d2N8rcwiWkmFTW3Sf4odFQ?_ref=infinite, (7.2.2019).
  • REDWOOD, J. (24.1.2019). “The Treaty of Aachen and the European army”, http://johnredwoodsdiary.com/2019/01/24/the-treaty-of-aachen-and-the-european-army/, (5.2.2019).
  • Reuters (21.1.2019). “France summons Italian envoy after Di Maio's comments on Africa”, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-italy/france-summons-italian-envoy-after-di-maios-comments-on-africa-idUSKCN1PF1QE, (11.2.2019).
  • ROGATE, C. (April 2019). “France returns to NATO’s integrated military system: Sarkozy’s sea change?”, ISPI Policy Brief, no 128: 1-5. https://www.ispionline.it/sites/default/files/pubblicazioni/rogate_0.pdf, (25.12.2018).
  • RT (22.1.2019). “France and Germany pledge to defend each other in new treaty”, https://www.rt.com/news/449407-macron-merkel-aachen-treaty/, (5.2.2019).
  • RYNNING, S. (2017). “The Divide: France, Germany and political NATO”, International Affairs, 93(2): 267-289, doi: 10.1093/ia/iiw060, (23.2.2019).
  • Seventeenth Ambassadors’ Conference, (26.8.2009), Paris, https://franceintheus.org/spip.php?article1419, (26.12.2018).
  • SHEFFIELD, H. (24.2.2016). “Arms trade: One chart that shows the biggest weapons exporters of the last five years”, Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/arms-trade-exporters-importers-weapons-transfers-sipri-a6891491.html, (11.2.2019).
  • SÖNMEZOĞLU, F. (Der.). (2000). Uluslararası İlişkiler Sözlüğü, Gen. 3. Basım, Der Yay., İstanbul.
  • Speech by French President Nicolas Sarkozy at Ambassadors' Conference, (27.8.2007), https://www.iranwatch.org/library/government/france/president/speech-french-president-nicolas-sarkozy-ambassadors-conference, (26.12.2018).
  • Speech by Nicolas Sarkozy at the annual Ambassadors of France’ Conference, (25.8.2010), http://www.voltairenet.org/article166834.html, (26.12.2018).
  • Speech by President Emmanuel Macron - Ambassadors’ Conference 2018, (27.8.2018), https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/the-ministry-and-its-network/events/ambassadors-week/ambassadors-week-edition-2018/article/speech-by-president-emmanuel-macron-ambassadors-conference-2018, (26.12.2018).
  • Sputnik (22.1.2019). “Merkel: New Germany-France Treaty Step Toward European Army”, https://sptnkne.ws/k6J9, (5.2.2019).
  • STEVENSON, C. ve STONE, J. (9.11.2018). “Trump attacks Macron's call for EU army to defend against US as 'very insulting'”, Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/eu-army-trump-macron-france-europe-military-us-russia-china-defence-a8627176.html, (13.2.2019).
  • TISDALL, S. (22.1.2019). “Macron and Merkel are trying to safeguard Europe, not dominate it”, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jan/22/merkel-macron-europe-treaty-france-germany, (6.2.2019).
  • TRT World (25.1.2019). “Is the German-French Aachen treaty a step further to the European Army?”, https://www.trtworld.com/europe/is-the-german-french-aachen-treaty-a-step-further-to-the-european-army-23609, (6.2.2019).
  • “Visegrád Battlegroup”, https://readtiger.com/wkp/en/Visegrád_Battlegroup, (12.2.2019).
  • WALLACE, W. (1983). “Political Cooperation: Integration Through Intergovernmentalism”, İçinde Policy-Making in the European Community, (Ed.) H. Wallace, W. Wallace and C. Webb, Second Edi., John Wiley & Sons, Toronto, 373-402.
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALELERİ
Yazarlar

Halis Ayhan 0000-0002-7188-585X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 23

Kaynak Göster

APA Ayhan, H. (2020). FRANSA VE AACHEN ANTLAŞMASI ÇERÇEVESİNDE AVRUPA ORDUSU ÇABALARI. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 12(23), 511-531. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.705422
AMA Ayhan H. FRANSA VE AACHEN ANTLAŞMASI ÇERÇEVESİNDE AVRUPA ORDUSU ÇABALARI. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). Kasım 2020;12(23):511-531. doi:10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.705422
Chicago Ayhan, Halis. “FRANSA VE AACHEN ANTLAŞMASI ÇERÇEVESİNDE AVRUPA ORDUSU ÇABALARI”. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 12, sy. 23 (Kasım 2020): 511-31. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.705422.
EndNote Ayhan H (01 Kasım 2020) FRANSA VE AACHEN ANTLAŞMASI ÇERÇEVESİNDE AVRUPA ORDUSU ÇABALARI. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 12 23 511–531.
IEEE H. Ayhan, “FRANSA VE AACHEN ANTLAŞMASI ÇERÇEVESİNDE AVRUPA ORDUSU ÇABALARI”, Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), c. 12, sy. 23, ss. 511–531, 2020, doi: 10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.705422.
ISNAD Ayhan, Halis. “FRANSA VE AACHEN ANTLAŞMASI ÇERÇEVESİNDE AVRUPA ORDUSU ÇABALARI”. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 12/23 (Kasım 2020), 511-531. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.705422.
JAMA Ayhan H. FRANSA VE AACHEN ANTLAŞMASI ÇERÇEVESİNDE AVRUPA ORDUSU ÇABALARI. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). 2020;12:511–531.
MLA Ayhan, Halis. “FRANSA VE AACHEN ANTLAŞMASI ÇERÇEVESİNDE AVRUPA ORDUSU ÇABALARI”. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), c. 12, sy. 23, 2020, ss. 511-3, doi:10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.705422.
Vancouver Ayhan H. FRANSA VE AACHEN ANTLAŞMASI ÇERÇEVESİNDE AVRUPA ORDUSU ÇABALARI. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). 2020;12(23):511-3.