Araştırma Makalesi
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Özel Askeri Şirketler Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 554 - 565, 08.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.33712/mana.1240643

Öz

Özel askeri şirketler, günümüzde gittikçe çatışma bölgelerinde belirleyici rol oynamaktadırlar. Bir tarafta büyük devletlerin çatışma bölgelerine müdahale isteksizliği, diğer tarafta çatışma bölgelerinde nispeten daha zayıf olan devletlerin eğitimli askerlere olan ihtiyacı özel askeri şirket endüstrinin gelişmesini sağlamıştır. Bundan dolayı çatışma bölgelerinde yer alan devletler; etkin, eğitimli ve maliyet olarak daha uygun olan özel askeri şirketlerin hizmetlerine başvurmaları kaçınılmaz olmuştur. Diğer tarafta bu şirketlerin çatışma bölgelerinde kullanılması bazı hukuksal sorunları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Bu şirketler; egemen devletin kuvvet kullanma tekelinin aşınmasını, insan haklarının ihlali ve savaş hukukuna riayet edilmemesi gibi sorunların neden olmaktadırlar. Ayrıca bu yapıların silahlı olması ve uluslararası hukuk tarafından henüz sınırlandırılmamış olması, gelecekte devletlere karşı bir güç olma endişesine neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada özel askeri şirketler ile ilgili genel bilgi verilerek, bu şirketlerin statüleri ve karıştıkları olaylar baz alınarak gelecekte oluşacak sorunlara değinilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • ADAMS, Thomas K. (2002), "Private Military Companies: Mercenaries for the 21st Century", Small Wars & Insurgencies, S.13(2), ss.54-67.
  • AFRICAN UNION (1977), “Convention for the Elimination of Mercenarism in Africa”, African Union, https://au.int/en/treaties/convention-elimination-mercenarism-africa (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • AVANT, Deborah D. (2005), The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK).
  • BARRIE, Bernard O’Meara (2005), "Private Military Firms and Mercenaries: Potential for Liability Under International Law", Tilburg Law Review, S.12(4), ss.324-347.
  • BBC NEWS TÜRKÇE (2018), "Suriye'de 300 Paralı Rus Askeri Öldü ya da Yaralandı", BBC News Media, 16 Şubat 2018, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-43083864 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • BM TÜRKİYE - BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLETLER TÜRKİYE (2010), Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması, 26 Haziran 2010, https://turkiye.un.org/tr/33499-birlesmis-miletler-antlasmasi (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • CHASE, Simon ve PEZZULLO, Ralph (2016), Zero Footprint: The True Story of a Private Military Contractor’s Covert Assignments in Syria, Libya, and the World’s Most Dangerous Places, Mulholland Books/Little, Brown and Company Publisher, New York (US).
  • COLE, Mathew (2020), “The FBI is Investigating Erik Prince for Trying to Weaponize Crop Dusters”, The Intercept, 20 Şubat 2020, https://theintercept.com/2020/02/20/erik-prince-fbi-investigation-trump-barr/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • CONSTELLIS (2023), “History”, Constellis Corporate Web Page, https://www.constellis.com/who-we-are/history/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • CULLEN, Patrick (2008), "The Transformation of Private Military Training", Military Advising and Assistance from Mercenaries to Privatization, 1815–2007 (Ed, Donald Stoker), Routledge Taylor & Francis Group Publisher, London - New York, ss.239-252.
  • DEUTSCHE WELLE (2016), “Bolkovac: UN Tries to Cover up Peacekeeper Sex Abuse Scandal”, Deutsche Welle (E-Article), https://www.dw.com/en/bolkovac-un-tries-to-cover-up-peacekeeper-sex-abuse-scandal/a-19082815 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • DIETER'S CQD (2023), “Naval Specıal Warfare Establıshıng Advanced Capabılıtıes”, CQD Corporate Web Page, 22 January 2023, https://www.cqd.net/naval-special-warfare-1 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • EXECUTIVE OUTCOMES (2023), “Providing African Solutions to African Problems”, Executiveoutcomes, https://www.executiveoutcomes.com/# (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • GLOBAL SECURITY (2023), “Executive Outcomes (EO)”, Global Security, https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/executive-outcomes.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • GOVERN, Kevin H. ve BALES, Eric C. (2008), "Taking Shots at Private Military Firms International Law Misses its Mark (Again)", Fordham International Law Journal, S.32(1), ss.55-94.
  • HAYRİ, Emine (2022), “Blackwater ve Wagner Arasında: Dünya Savaşlarını Paralı Askerler mi Yürütüyor?”, ŞARKUL AVSAT, 13 Nisan 2022, https://turkish.aawsat.com/home/article/3589851/blackwater-ve-wagner-aras%C4%B1nda-d%C3%BCnya-sava%C5%9Flar%C4%B1n%C4%B1-paral%C4%B1-askerler-mi-y%C3%BCr%C3%BCt%C3%BCyor (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • HERSH, Seymour M. (2004), “Torture at Abu Ghraib”, The New Yorker, 30 April 2004, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/05/10/torture-at-abu-ghraib (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH (2023), “XI. Sfor Contractor Involvement”, HRV Corporate Web Page, https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/bosnia/Bosnia1102-11.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS (2020), “The Montreux Document on Private Military and Security Companies”, ICRC Corporate Web Page, https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/0996-montreux-document-private-military-and-security-companies (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • JANABY, Mohamad Ghazi (2016), The Legal Regime Applicable to Private Military and Security Company Personnel in Armed Conflicts, Springer Berlin Heidelberg Publisher, New York (US).
  • JENKINS, Peter (2009), " How to Clear up Blackwater: Bringing Effective Regulation to the Private Military Industry", Temple International and Comparative Law Journal, S.23(1), ss.177-204.
  • ELSEA, Jennifer K. (2010), Private Security Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Legal Issues, DIANE Publishing, Collingdale – Pennsylvania (US).
  • KESER, Ahmet (2020), “Özel Askeri Şirketlerin Küresel Yayılımı ve Geleceği”, SETAV (E-Rapor), 27 Şubat 2020, https://www.setav.org/rapor-ozel-askeri-sirketlerin-kuresel-yayilimi-ve-gelecegi/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • KINSEY, Christopher (2006), Corporate Soldiers and International Security: The Rise of Private Military Companies, Routledge Publisher, London - New York.
  • MACIĄG, Mateusz (2019), "Engagement of Executive Outcomes in Sierra Leone – Utility Assessment", Security and Defence Quarterly, S.27(5), ss.57-71, https://securityanddefence.pl/,112110,0,2.html (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • MAKKI, Sami (2004), “Privatised Violence”, Le Monde Diplomatique, 1 November 2004, https://mondediplo.com/2004/11/08iraq (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • MANOILO, Andrey V. ve Zaytsev, Alexander Y. (2020), "International Legal Status of Private Military Companies", Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S.90(1), ss.49-55.
  • McFATE, S (2014), The Modern Mercenary: Private Armies and What They Mean for World Order, Oxford University Press, Oxford - New York (US).
  • MUSAH, Abdel- Fatau ve FAYEMI, J. Kayode (2000), “Africa in Search of Security: Mercenaries and Conflicts – An Overview”, Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma (Eds. Abdel- Fatau Musah, Kayode Fayemi), Pluto Press, London – Sterling - Virginia, ss.13-42.
  • OWENS, Patricia (2010), "Public And Private Force", Mercenarıes, Pırates, Bandıts and Empıres Private Violence in Historical Context (Eds. Alejandro Colas, Bryan Mabee), Columbia University Press, New York (US), ss.15-32.
  • PEACE RESOURCE CENTER (1907), “Hague Convention (V) Respecting the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land”, Peace Resource Center Corporate Web Page, 26 January 1910, http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/peace/docs/con5.html (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • PECH, Khareen (2000), "The Hand of War: Mercenaries in the Former Zaire 1996-97", Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma (Eds. Abdel- Fatau Musah, Kayode Fayemi), Pluto Press, London – Sterling - Virginia, ss.117-154.
  • PERCY, Sarah V. (2007), Mercenaries: The History of a Norm in International Relations, Oxford University Press, Oxford - New York (US).
  • PRINCE, Erik (2013), Civilian Warriors The Inside Story of Blackwater and the Unsung Heroes of the War on Terror, Penguin Publishing Group Publisher, East Rutherford.
  • SCAHILL, Jeremy (2006), “Blood is Thicker than Blackwate”, The Nation, 19 April 2006, https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/blood-thicker-blackwater/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • SINGER, Peter W. (2004), "The Private Military Industry and Iraq: What Have We Learned and Where to Next?", DCAF – Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance, 1 January 2004, https://www.dcaf.ch/private-military-industry-and-iraq (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • SINGER, Peter W. (2008), Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry, Cornell University Press, Ithaca – New York (US).
  • SPEARIN, Christopher (2008), "A Justified Heaping of the Blame? An Assessment of Privately Supplied Security Sector Training and Reform in Iraq – 2003-2005 and Beyond", Military Advising and Assistance from Mercenaries to Privatization, 1815–2007 (Ed. Donald Stoker), Routledge Taylor & Francis Group Publisher, London - New York, ss.224-238.
  • TOP WAR (2020), “David Stirling, Special Air Service and PMC Watchguard International”, TopWar Corporate Web Page, 26 June 2020, https://en.topwar.ru/172493-djevid-stirling-special-air-service-i-chvk-watchguard-international.html (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • TRAYNOR, Ian (2003), "The Privatisation of War", The Guardian, 10 December 2003, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/dec/10/politics.iraq (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • UN - UNITED NATIONS (1989), International Convention Against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, 4 December 1989 – New York (US), Vol.2163, Status.17(37), https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-6&chapter=18&clang=_en (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • UN PEACEKEEPING (2023), “Past Peace Operations”, United Nations Corporate Web Page, https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/past-peacekeeping-operations (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • UN SECURITY COUNCIL (1977), “Security Council Meetings in 1977”, UN Security Council Corporate Web Page, https://research.un.org/en/docs/sc/quick/meetings/1977 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • WELCH, Michael (2009), "Fragmented Power and State-Corporate Killings: A Critique of Blackwater in Iraq", Crime, Law and Social Change, S.51(3), ss.351-364.
  • WELLE, Deutsche (2016), “Bolkovac: UN Tries to Cover up Peacekeeper Sex Abuse Scandal”, DW Corporate Web Page, 29 February 2016, https://www.dw.com/en/bolkovac-un-tries-to-cover-up-peacekeeper-sex-abuse-scandal/a-19082815 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • Geneva Conventıon Relatıve to the Treatment of Prısoners of War of 12 August 1949 (III). (1949).
  • Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977-47-Mercenaries (1977).

A Study on Private Military Companies

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 554 - 565, 08.07.2023
https://doi.org/10.33712/mana.1240643

Öz

Private military companies are increasingly playing a decisive role in conflict zones today. On the one hand, the unwillingness of the big states to intervene in the conflict zones, on the other hand, the need for trained soldiers of the states that are relatively weak in the conflict zones have led to the development of the private military company industry. As a result, it has become inevitable for states located in conflict zones to seek the services of private military companies, which are effective, educated and more cost-effective. However, the use of private military companies in conflict zones has brought about some legal problems. These companies have caused issues such as the erosion of the sovereign state's monopoly on the use of force, violation of human rights and non-compliance with the laws of war. Additionally, the fact that these companies are armed and not yet limited by international law raises concerns about their potential to become a force against states in the future. In this study, general information about private military companies is given, and the problems that will arise in the future are mentioned based on the status of these companies and the events they are involved in.

Kaynakça

  • ADAMS, Thomas K. (2002), "Private Military Companies: Mercenaries for the 21st Century", Small Wars & Insurgencies, S.13(2), ss.54-67.
  • AFRICAN UNION (1977), “Convention for the Elimination of Mercenarism in Africa”, African Union, https://au.int/en/treaties/convention-elimination-mercenarism-africa (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • AVANT, Deborah D. (2005), The Market for Force: The Consequences of Privatizing Security, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK).
  • BARRIE, Bernard O’Meara (2005), "Private Military Firms and Mercenaries: Potential for Liability Under International Law", Tilburg Law Review, S.12(4), ss.324-347.
  • BBC NEWS TÜRKÇE (2018), "Suriye'de 300 Paralı Rus Askeri Öldü ya da Yaralandı", BBC News Media, 16 Şubat 2018, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-43083864 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • BM TÜRKİYE - BİRLEŞMİŞ MİLETLER TÜRKİYE (2010), Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması, 26 Haziran 2010, https://turkiye.un.org/tr/33499-birlesmis-miletler-antlasmasi (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • CHASE, Simon ve PEZZULLO, Ralph (2016), Zero Footprint: The True Story of a Private Military Contractor’s Covert Assignments in Syria, Libya, and the World’s Most Dangerous Places, Mulholland Books/Little, Brown and Company Publisher, New York (US).
  • COLE, Mathew (2020), “The FBI is Investigating Erik Prince for Trying to Weaponize Crop Dusters”, The Intercept, 20 Şubat 2020, https://theintercept.com/2020/02/20/erik-prince-fbi-investigation-trump-barr/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • CONSTELLIS (2023), “History”, Constellis Corporate Web Page, https://www.constellis.com/who-we-are/history/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • CULLEN, Patrick (2008), "The Transformation of Private Military Training", Military Advising and Assistance from Mercenaries to Privatization, 1815–2007 (Ed, Donald Stoker), Routledge Taylor & Francis Group Publisher, London - New York, ss.239-252.
  • DEUTSCHE WELLE (2016), “Bolkovac: UN Tries to Cover up Peacekeeper Sex Abuse Scandal”, Deutsche Welle (E-Article), https://www.dw.com/en/bolkovac-un-tries-to-cover-up-peacekeeper-sex-abuse-scandal/a-19082815 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • DIETER'S CQD (2023), “Naval Specıal Warfare Establıshıng Advanced Capabılıtıes”, CQD Corporate Web Page, 22 January 2023, https://www.cqd.net/naval-special-warfare-1 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • EXECUTIVE OUTCOMES (2023), “Providing African Solutions to African Problems”, Executiveoutcomes, https://www.executiveoutcomes.com/# (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • GLOBAL SECURITY (2023), “Executive Outcomes (EO)”, Global Security, https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/executive-outcomes.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • GOVERN, Kevin H. ve BALES, Eric C. (2008), "Taking Shots at Private Military Firms International Law Misses its Mark (Again)", Fordham International Law Journal, S.32(1), ss.55-94.
  • HAYRİ, Emine (2022), “Blackwater ve Wagner Arasında: Dünya Savaşlarını Paralı Askerler mi Yürütüyor?”, ŞARKUL AVSAT, 13 Nisan 2022, https://turkish.aawsat.com/home/article/3589851/blackwater-ve-wagner-aras%C4%B1nda-d%C3%BCnya-sava%C5%9Flar%C4%B1n%C4%B1-paral%C4%B1-askerler-mi-y%C3%BCr%C3%BCt%C3%BCyor (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • HERSH, Seymour M. (2004), “Torture at Abu Ghraib”, The New Yorker, 30 April 2004, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/05/10/torture-at-abu-ghraib (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH (2023), “XI. Sfor Contractor Involvement”, HRV Corporate Web Page, https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/bosnia/Bosnia1102-11.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS (2020), “The Montreux Document on Private Military and Security Companies”, ICRC Corporate Web Page, https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/0996-montreux-document-private-military-and-security-companies (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • JANABY, Mohamad Ghazi (2016), The Legal Regime Applicable to Private Military and Security Company Personnel in Armed Conflicts, Springer Berlin Heidelberg Publisher, New York (US).
  • JENKINS, Peter (2009), " How to Clear up Blackwater: Bringing Effective Regulation to the Private Military Industry", Temple International and Comparative Law Journal, S.23(1), ss.177-204.
  • ELSEA, Jennifer K. (2010), Private Security Contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan: Legal Issues, DIANE Publishing, Collingdale – Pennsylvania (US).
  • KESER, Ahmet (2020), “Özel Askeri Şirketlerin Küresel Yayılımı ve Geleceği”, SETAV (E-Rapor), 27 Şubat 2020, https://www.setav.org/rapor-ozel-askeri-sirketlerin-kuresel-yayilimi-ve-gelecegi/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • KINSEY, Christopher (2006), Corporate Soldiers and International Security: The Rise of Private Military Companies, Routledge Publisher, London - New York.
  • MACIĄG, Mateusz (2019), "Engagement of Executive Outcomes in Sierra Leone – Utility Assessment", Security and Defence Quarterly, S.27(5), ss.57-71, https://securityanddefence.pl/,112110,0,2.html (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • MAKKI, Sami (2004), “Privatised Violence”, Le Monde Diplomatique, 1 November 2004, https://mondediplo.com/2004/11/08iraq (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • MANOILO, Andrey V. ve Zaytsev, Alexander Y. (2020), "International Legal Status of Private Military Companies", Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, S.90(1), ss.49-55.
  • McFATE, S (2014), The Modern Mercenary: Private Armies and What They Mean for World Order, Oxford University Press, Oxford - New York (US).
  • MUSAH, Abdel- Fatau ve FAYEMI, J. Kayode (2000), “Africa in Search of Security: Mercenaries and Conflicts – An Overview”, Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma (Eds. Abdel- Fatau Musah, Kayode Fayemi), Pluto Press, London – Sterling - Virginia, ss.13-42.
  • OWENS, Patricia (2010), "Public And Private Force", Mercenarıes, Pırates, Bandıts and Empıres Private Violence in Historical Context (Eds. Alejandro Colas, Bryan Mabee), Columbia University Press, New York (US), ss.15-32.
  • PEACE RESOURCE CENTER (1907), “Hague Convention (V) Respecting the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land”, Peace Resource Center Corporate Web Page, 26 January 1910, http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/peace/docs/con5.html (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • PECH, Khareen (2000), "The Hand of War: Mercenaries in the Former Zaire 1996-97", Mercenaries: An African Security Dilemma (Eds. Abdel- Fatau Musah, Kayode Fayemi), Pluto Press, London – Sterling - Virginia, ss.117-154.
  • PERCY, Sarah V. (2007), Mercenaries: The History of a Norm in International Relations, Oxford University Press, Oxford - New York (US).
  • PRINCE, Erik (2013), Civilian Warriors The Inside Story of Blackwater and the Unsung Heroes of the War on Terror, Penguin Publishing Group Publisher, East Rutherford.
  • SCAHILL, Jeremy (2006), “Blood is Thicker than Blackwate”, The Nation, 19 April 2006, https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/blood-thicker-blackwater/ (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • SINGER, Peter W. (2004), "The Private Military Industry and Iraq: What Have We Learned and Where to Next?", DCAF – Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance, 1 January 2004, https://www.dcaf.ch/private-military-industry-and-iraq (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • SINGER, Peter W. (2008), Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry, Cornell University Press, Ithaca – New York (US).
  • SPEARIN, Christopher (2008), "A Justified Heaping of the Blame? An Assessment of Privately Supplied Security Sector Training and Reform in Iraq – 2003-2005 and Beyond", Military Advising and Assistance from Mercenaries to Privatization, 1815–2007 (Ed. Donald Stoker), Routledge Taylor & Francis Group Publisher, London - New York, ss.224-238.
  • TOP WAR (2020), “David Stirling, Special Air Service and PMC Watchguard International”, TopWar Corporate Web Page, 26 June 2020, https://en.topwar.ru/172493-djevid-stirling-special-air-service-i-chvk-watchguard-international.html (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • TRAYNOR, Ian (2003), "The Privatisation of War", The Guardian, 10 December 2003, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/dec/10/politics.iraq (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • UN - UNITED NATIONS (1989), International Convention Against the Recruitment, Use, Financing and Training of Mercenaries, 4 December 1989 – New York (US), Vol.2163, Status.17(37), https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-6&chapter=18&clang=_en (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • UN PEACEKEEPING (2023), “Past Peace Operations”, United Nations Corporate Web Page, https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/past-peacekeeping-operations (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • UN SECURITY COUNCIL (1977), “Security Council Meetings in 1977”, UN Security Council Corporate Web Page, https://research.un.org/en/docs/sc/quick/meetings/1977 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • WELCH, Michael (2009), "Fragmented Power and State-Corporate Killings: A Critique of Blackwater in Iraq", Crime, Law and Social Change, S.51(3), ss.351-364.
  • WELLE, Deutsche (2016), “Bolkovac: UN Tries to Cover up Peacekeeper Sex Abuse Scandal”, DW Corporate Web Page, 29 February 2016, https://www.dw.com/en/bolkovac-un-tries-to-cover-up-peacekeeper-sex-abuse-scandal/a-19082815 (Erişim Tarihi: 03.08.2022).
  • Geneva Conventıon Relatıve to the Treatment of Prısoners of War of 12 August 1949 (III). (1949).
  • Additional Protocol (I) to the Geneva Conventions, 1977-47-Mercenaries (1977).
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler, Uluslararası Güvenlik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Serdal İlbaş 0000-0001-9648-5177

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA İlbaş, S. (2023). Özel Askeri Şirketler Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 6(2), 554-565. https://doi.org/10.33712/mana.1240643