Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The Change of Indian Politics from a New Institutionalist Perspective

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 34, 1455 - 1486, 28.02.2021
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.796323

Öz

The purpose of this article is to examine the change in Indian politics through institutional analysis. In the recent period, institutions have been studied extensively in political change studies. The change in country policies has been able to analyze not only through official institutions but also through informal institutions. This article will also examine Indian politics through emerging informal institutions. The change in Indian politics will be discussed through the change of informal institutions. The Congress Party, which was in power in the country after the independence of India, became the actor that managed both nation and state building processes in the country. While formal institutions increased the power of the Congress Party in those years; informal institutions also positively affected the capacity to manage in the same years. At this point, the unofficial institution that the Congress Party applied to was secularism. During the Congress rule, secularism strengthened the coexistence culture of the country, which was known for its diversity. After the collapse of the Congress System, the rising Hindu nationalism replaced secularism. The ideology of Hindu nationalism known as Hindutva, as an unofficial institution, has both mobilized the masses and brought the BJP to power. The anti-democratic and exclusionary character of Hindu nationalism has created an anti-Hindutva wave both nationally and regionally. In this context, many alternative national and regional informal institutions to Hindutva have been on the rise. The rise of all these unofficial institutions and their impact on Indian politics will be discussed in the study.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, S. (2012). Caste dominance in Rural India: Cause and effect. https://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/governance/castedominance-in-rural-india-cause-and-effect.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Balasubramanian, M. (1980). Nehru: A study in secularism. Uppal.
  • Berman, S. (1998).The social democratic moment: Ideas and politics in the making of Interwar Europe. Harvard University Press.
  • Berman, S. (2013). Ideational theorizing in the social sciences since ‘policy paradigms, social learning and the state’. Governance, 26(2), 217-237.
  • Brinks, D. (2003). Informal institutions and the rule of law: The judicial response to state killings in Buenos Aires and Sao Paulo in the 1990s. Comparative Politics, 36(1), 1-19.
  • Chitkara, M. G. (1997). Hindutva. New Delhi: APH Publishing.
  • Colignon, R. A. ve Chikako U. (2003). Amakudari: The hidden fabric of Japans economy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Collins, K. (2002). Clans, pacts and politics in Central Asia. Journal of Democracy 13 (3), 137-52.
  • Curran, J.A. (1950). The RSS: Militant Hinduism. Far Eastern Survey, 19(10), 93-98
  • Della Porta, D.ve Alberto V. (1999). Corrupt exchanges: Actors, resources, and mechanisms ofpolitical corruption. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
  • DFID (2010). Building peaceful states and societies. A DFID Practice Paper. London: Department for International Development.
  • Devare, A. (2011). History and the making of a Modern Hindu Self, Routledge.
  • Do Not Need Lesson On Food Habits From Delhi, Nagpur: Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan. (28.05.2017.). Indian Express.
  • Dravidanadu Demand Revives On Twitter, After Centre’s Ban On Cattle Slaughter. (30.05.2017). Newsd. https://newsd.in/dravidanadu-demand-revivestwitter-after-centres-ban-cattle-slaughter/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Gafoor, A. ve Noorani, A. M. (2002). Savarkar and Hindutva: The GodseConnection. LeftWord Books.
  • Giddens,A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Gokhale, J. (1993). From concessions to confrontation: The politics of an India Untouchable Community. Bombay: Popular Prakashan.
  • Hankla, C.R. (2008). Parties and patronage: An analysis of trade and industrial policy in India. Comparative Politics, 41(1), 41-60.
  • Hoveyda, A. (2011). Indian Government and politics. New Delhi: Pearson.
  • How Slaughter Ban Revived the Demand for #DravidaNadu. (30.05.2017). Quint. https://www.thequint.com/news/india/how-slaughter-ban-revived-the-demandfor-dravida-nadu. adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Indian Constitution. (1949). http://egazette.nic.in/writereaddata/1949/e-2358-1949-0000-109779.pdf (11.02.2021).
  • Indian PM Modi Mocked Over Kerala-Somalia Comparison. (11.05.2016). BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36264001 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Iyer, A. (30.04.2017,). Modi govt contemptuous of Tamil Nadu, imposing Hindi: DMK’s Stalin. Hindustan Times, https://www.hindustantimes.com/indianews/modi-govt-contemptuous-of-tamil-nadu-imposing-hindi- dmk-sstalin/story-WRlJK7qJMubfv7Z4KmluQJ.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Jaffrelot, C. (1999). The Hindu nationalist movement in India. The Journal of Asian Studies. 58(2).
  • Jaffrelot, C. (2010). Religion, caste, and politics in India. New Delhi:Primus Books.
  • Joglekar, J. (2006). Veer Savarkar Father of Hindu Nationalism. New Delhi:Lulu.com.
  • Mathew, Joseph (1986). Ideology, protest, and social mobility : Case Study of Mahars & Pulayas. New Delhi:Inter-India Publications,
  • Jütting, J., Drechsler D., Bartsch, S. ve de Soysa, I. (2007). Informal institutions: How social norms help or hinder development. Paris: OECD. http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/product/4107101e.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Kothari, R. (1964). The Congress 'System' in India. Asian Survey, 4(12), 1161-1173.
  • Kumar, A. (2016). Growth of secularism in the Indian Society. National Journal of Advanced Research, 2(3).
  • Kundu, I. (2018). Hindutva Vs Hilsa in West Bengal: How Mamata Banerjee Will Counter Amit Shah's Saffron Surge, Dailyo. https://www.dailyo.in/politics/mamata-banerjee-tmc-bjp-amit-shah- westbengal/story/1/26310.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Langston, Joy. 2003. The formal bases of informal power: Mexico. Paper presented at the conference Informal Institutions and Politics in Latin America, Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame, April 24-25.
  • Leftwich, A. ve Sen, K. (2010). Beyond institutions: Institutions and organizations in the politics and economics of poverty reduction - Thematic synthesis of research evidence. DFID-funded Research Programme Consortium on Improving Institutions for Pro-Poor Growth (IPPG). Manchester: University of Manchester. http://www.ippg.org.uk/8933_Beyond%20Institutions.final%20(1).pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Levitsky, S. (2001). An "organized disorganization": Informal organization and the persistence of local party structures in Argentine Peronism. Journal of Latin American Studies 33 (1), 29-68.
  • Lowndes V. ve Roberts M. (2013). Why institutions matter: The new institutionalism in political science. London: Red Globe Press.
  • Migdal, J. S. (2001). State in society: Studying how states and societies transform and constitute each other. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • North, D.C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change, and economic performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • O'Donnell, G. (1994). Delegative democracy. Journal of Democracy, 5(1), 55-69.
  • Omvedt, G. (1994). Dalits and the democratic revolution: Dr Ambedkar and the Dalit Movement in Colonial India. Sage, New Delhi.
  • Pandian, J. (1987). Caste, nationalism and ethnicity: An interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order. Bombay: Popular Prakashan,
  • Panigrahi, D. N ve Gandhi, I. (1985). Indira Gandhi: An apostle of national integration. Vikas.
  • Pantham, T. (1997). Indian secularism and its critics: Some reflections. The Review of Politics. 59(3), 523-540.
  • Parvathy, A. A.(2003). Hindutva, ideology, and politics. Deep & Deep Publications.
  • Pisharoty, S. B. (05.08.2018). Both the BJP and the Trinamool Congress Are Stirring the Communal Pot in Assam. The Wire, , https://thewire.in/politics/bjp-tmc-nrc-assam-communalism adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation: The political and economic origins of our time. 2nd ed. Foreword by J. E. Stiglitz; introduction by Fred Block. Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Purohit, B. R. (1965). Hindu Revivalism and Indian nationalism. Sathi Prakashan.
  • Sarvarkar, V.D. (2003). Excerpts from Hindutva.ed. Chakrabarty B. Communal Identity in India: Its Construction and Articulation in the Twentieth Century.New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Sen, A. (1993). The threats to secular India. Social Scientist, 21(3/4), 5-23.
  • Sen, A. (2004). Democracy and secularism in India. Basu, K. (ed.). India’s Emerging Economy. MIT Press.
  • Seth, S. (2006). The critique of renunciation: Bal Gangadhar Tilak's Hindu nationalism. PostColonial Studies, 9(2).
  • Sharma, J. (2007). Terrifying vision: M. S. Golwalkar, the RSS, and India. Penguin Books.
  • Stalin Hits Out Against Move to Dub or Carry Hindi Subtitles in Regional Films. (30.05.2017). News 18. https://www.news18.com/news/politics/stalin-hitout-against-move-to-dub-or-carry-hindi-subtitles-in- regional-films-1387857.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Suda, J. P. (1969). The Indian National movement. Jai Prakash Nath.
  • Swaroop, S.S. (2017). A Critique of ‘Hind Swaraj’ and ‘Hindutva’, ournal of Politics and Governance. 6(1).
  • Tandon, A. ve Singh V. K. (2013). Impact of Mahatma Gandhi's concepts on mental health: Reflections. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2).
  • Trivedi, P. (2017). Architect of a philosophy. Kanpur Graphics, Kanpur.
  • Unsworth, S. (2010). An upside down view of governance. Brighton: IDS. http://www2.ids.ac.uk/gdr/cfs/pdfs/AnUpsidedownViewofGovernance.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Upadhyaya, P.C. (1992). The Politics of Indian secularism. Modern Asian Studies, 26(4), 815-853.
  • Wilson, R. (1997). Human rights, culture & context. Anthropological Perspectives. London: Pluto Press.
  • Scroll.in. (2016). #PoMoneModi: Go away, sonny, say Malayalis As Prime Minister Compares Kerala To Somalia.https://scroll.in/article/807927/pomonemodi-go-away-sonny-say-malayalis-asprime-minister-compares-kerala-to-somalia adresinden erişilmiştir.

Yeni Kurumsalcı Perspektiften Hindistan Siyasetinin Değişimi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 34, 1455 - 1486, 28.02.2021
https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.796323

Öz

Bu makalenin amacı, Hindistan siyasetinin değişimini kurumsal analiz üzerinden incelemektir. Kurumlar son dönemlerde siyasal değişim çalışmalarında fazlasıyla incelenmektedir. Sadece resmi kurumlar değil, gayri resmi kurumlar üzerinden de ülke siyasetlerinin değişimi analiz edilebilmektedir. Bu makalede de Hindistan siyaseti, yükselen gayri resmi kurumlar üzerinden incelenecektir. Hindistan siyasetindeki değişim, gayri resmi kurumların değişimi üzerinden tartışılacaktır. Hindistan’ın bağımsızlığı sonrası ülkede iktidar olan Kongre Partisi ülkedeki hem ulus hem de devlet inşası süreçlerini yöneten aktör olmuştur. Resmi kurumlar, Kongre Partisi’nin yönetme gücünü arttırmışken; gayri resmi kurumlar da yönetme kapasitesini pozitif yönde etkilemiştir. Bu noktada Kongre Partisi’nin başvurduğu gayri resmi kurum sekülerizm olmuştur. Sekülerizm, çeşitlilikleriyle tanınan ülkenin bir arada yaşama kültürünü güçlendirmiştir. Kongre Sistemi’nin çöküşü sonrası ise yükselen Hindu milliyetçiliği sekülerizmin yerini almıştır. Hindutva olarak bilinen Hindu milliyetçiliği ideolojisi, bir gayri resmi kurum olarak hem kitleleri mobilize etmiş hem de BJP’yi iktidara taşımıştır. Hindu milliyetçiliğinin anti-demokratik ve dışlayıcı karakteri ise hem ulusal hem de bölgesel anlamda Hindutva karşıtı bir dalga ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu bağlamda Hindutva’ya alternatif birçok ulusal ve bölgesel gayri resmi kurum yükselişe geçmiştir. Çalışmada tüm bu gayri resmi kurumların yükselişi ve Hindistan siyasetine etkisi ele alınacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, S. (2012). Caste dominance in Rural India: Cause and effect. https://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/governance/castedominance-in-rural-india-cause-and-effect.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Balasubramanian, M. (1980). Nehru: A study in secularism. Uppal.
  • Berman, S. (1998).The social democratic moment: Ideas and politics in the making of Interwar Europe. Harvard University Press.
  • Berman, S. (2013). Ideational theorizing in the social sciences since ‘policy paradigms, social learning and the state’. Governance, 26(2), 217-237.
  • Brinks, D. (2003). Informal institutions and the rule of law: The judicial response to state killings in Buenos Aires and Sao Paulo in the 1990s. Comparative Politics, 36(1), 1-19.
  • Chitkara, M. G. (1997). Hindutva. New Delhi: APH Publishing.
  • Colignon, R. A. ve Chikako U. (2003). Amakudari: The hidden fabric of Japans economy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Collins, K. (2002). Clans, pacts and politics in Central Asia. Journal of Democracy 13 (3), 137-52.
  • Curran, J.A. (1950). The RSS: Militant Hinduism. Far Eastern Survey, 19(10), 93-98
  • Della Porta, D.ve Alberto V. (1999). Corrupt exchanges: Actors, resources, and mechanisms ofpolitical corruption. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
  • DFID (2010). Building peaceful states and societies. A DFID Practice Paper. London: Department for International Development.
  • Devare, A. (2011). History and the making of a Modern Hindu Self, Routledge.
  • Do Not Need Lesson On Food Habits From Delhi, Nagpur: Kerala CM Pinarayi Vijayan. (28.05.2017.). Indian Express.
  • Dravidanadu Demand Revives On Twitter, After Centre’s Ban On Cattle Slaughter. (30.05.2017). Newsd. https://newsd.in/dravidanadu-demand-revivestwitter-after-centres-ban-cattle-slaughter/ adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Gafoor, A. ve Noorani, A. M. (2002). Savarkar and Hindutva: The GodseConnection. LeftWord Books.
  • Giddens,A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Gokhale, J. (1993). From concessions to confrontation: The politics of an India Untouchable Community. Bombay: Popular Prakashan.
  • Hankla, C.R. (2008). Parties and patronage: An analysis of trade and industrial policy in India. Comparative Politics, 41(1), 41-60.
  • Hoveyda, A. (2011). Indian Government and politics. New Delhi: Pearson.
  • How Slaughter Ban Revived the Demand for #DravidaNadu. (30.05.2017). Quint. https://www.thequint.com/news/india/how-slaughter-ban-revived-the-demandfor-dravida-nadu. adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Indian Constitution. (1949). http://egazette.nic.in/writereaddata/1949/e-2358-1949-0000-109779.pdf (11.02.2021).
  • Indian PM Modi Mocked Over Kerala-Somalia Comparison. (11.05.2016). BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36264001 adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Iyer, A. (30.04.2017,). Modi govt contemptuous of Tamil Nadu, imposing Hindi: DMK’s Stalin. Hindustan Times, https://www.hindustantimes.com/indianews/modi-govt-contemptuous-of-tamil-nadu-imposing-hindi- dmk-sstalin/story-WRlJK7qJMubfv7Z4KmluQJ.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Jaffrelot, C. (1999). The Hindu nationalist movement in India. The Journal of Asian Studies. 58(2).
  • Jaffrelot, C. (2010). Religion, caste, and politics in India. New Delhi:Primus Books.
  • Joglekar, J. (2006). Veer Savarkar Father of Hindu Nationalism. New Delhi:Lulu.com.
  • Mathew, Joseph (1986). Ideology, protest, and social mobility : Case Study of Mahars & Pulayas. New Delhi:Inter-India Publications,
  • Jütting, J., Drechsler D., Bartsch, S. ve de Soysa, I. (2007). Informal institutions: How social norms help or hinder development. Paris: OECD. http://browse.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/pdfs/product/4107101e.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Kothari, R. (1964). The Congress 'System' in India. Asian Survey, 4(12), 1161-1173.
  • Kumar, A. (2016). Growth of secularism in the Indian Society. National Journal of Advanced Research, 2(3).
  • Kundu, I. (2018). Hindutva Vs Hilsa in West Bengal: How Mamata Banerjee Will Counter Amit Shah's Saffron Surge, Dailyo. https://www.dailyo.in/politics/mamata-banerjee-tmc-bjp-amit-shah- westbengal/story/1/26310.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Langston, Joy. 2003. The formal bases of informal power: Mexico. Paper presented at the conference Informal Institutions and Politics in Latin America, Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame, April 24-25.
  • Leftwich, A. ve Sen, K. (2010). Beyond institutions: Institutions and organizations in the politics and economics of poverty reduction - Thematic synthesis of research evidence. DFID-funded Research Programme Consortium on Improving Institutions for Pro-Poor Growth (IPPG). Manchester: University of Manchester. http://www.ippg.org.uk/8933_Beyond%20Institutions.final%20(1).pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Levitsky, S. (2001). An "organized disorganization": Informal organization and the persistence of local party structures in Argentine Peronism. Journal of Latin American Studies 33 (1), 29-68.
  • Lowndes V. ve Roberts M. (2013). Why institutions matter: The new institutionalism in political science. London: Red Globe Press.
  • Migdal, J. S. (2001). State in society: Studying how states and societies transform and constitute each other. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • North, D.C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change, and economic performance. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • O'Donnell, G. (1994). Delegative democracy. Journal of Democracy, 5(1), 55-69.
  • Omvedt, G. (1994). Dalits and the democratic revolution: Dr Ambedkar and the Dalit Movement in Colonial India. Sage, New Delhi.
  • Pandian, J. (1987). Caste, nationalism and ethnicity: An interpretation of Tamil Cultural History and Social Order. Bombay: Popular Prakashan,
  • Panigrahi, D. N ve Gandhi, I. (1985). Indira Gandhi: An apostle of national integration. Vikas.
  • Pantham, T. (1997). Indian secularism and its critics: Some reflections. The Review of Politics. 59(3), 523-540.
  • Parvathy, A. A.(2003). Hindutva, ideology, and politics. Deep & Deep Publications.
  • Pisharoty, S. B. (05.08.2018). Both the BJP and the Trinamool Congress Are Stirring the Communal Pot in Assam. The Wire, , https://thewire.in/politics/bjp-tmc-nrc-assam-communalism adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Polanyi, K. (2001). The great transformation: The political and economic origins of our time. 2nd ed. Foreword by J. E. Stiglitz; introduction by Fred Block. Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Purohit, B. R. (1965). Hindu Revivalism and Indian nationalism. Sathi Prakashan.
  • Sarvarkar, V.D. (2003). Excerpts from Hindutva.ed. Chakrabarty B. Communal Identity in India: Its Construction and Articulation in the Twentieth Century.New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  • Sen, A. (1993). The threats to secular India. Social Scientist, 21(3/4), 5-23.
  • Sen, A. (2004). Democracy and secularism in India. Basu, K. (ed.). India’s Emerging Economy. MIT Press.
  • Seth, S. (2006). The critique of renunciation: Bal Gangadhar Tilak's Hindu nationalism. PostColonial Studies, 9(2).
  • Sharma, J. (2007). Terrifying vision: M. S. Golwalkar, the RSS, and India. Penguin Books.
  • Stalin Hits Out Against Move to Dub or Carry Hindi Subtitles in Regional Films. (30.05.2017). News 18. https://www.news18.com/news/politics/stalin-hitout-against-move-to-dub-or-carry-hindi-subtitles-in- regional-films-1387857.html adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Suda, J. P. (1969). The Indian National movement. Jai Prakash Nath.
  • Swaroop, S.S. (2017). A Critique of ‘Hind Swaraj’ and ‘Hindutva’, ournal of Politics and Governance. 6(1).
  • Tandon, A. ve Singh V. K. (2013). Impact of Mahatma Gandhi's concepts on mental health: Reflections. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl 2).
  • Trivedi, P. (2017). Architect of a philosophy. Kanpur Graphics, Kanpur.
  • Unsworth, S. (2010). An upside down view of governance. Brighton: IDS. http://www2.ids.ac.uk/gdr/cfs/pdfs/AnUpsidedownViewofGovernance.pdf adresinden erişilmiştir.
  • Upadhyaya, P.C. (1992). The Politics of Indian secularism. Modern Asian Studies, 26(4), 815-853.
  • Wilson, R. (1997). Human rights, culture & context. Anthropological Perspectives. London: Pluto Press.
  • Scroll.in. (2016). #PoMoneModi: Go away, sonny, say Malayalis As Prime Minister Compares Kerala To Somalia.https://scroll.in/article/807927/pomonemodi-go-away-sonny-say-malayalis-asprime-minister-compares-kerala-to-somalia adresinden erişilmiştir.
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hayati Ünlü 0000-0002-2645-5930

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Şubat 2021
Kabul Tarihi 3 Kasım 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 34

Kaynak Göster

APA Ünlü, H. (2021). Yeni Kurumsalcı Perspektiften Hindistan Siyasetinin Değişimi. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 17(34), 1455-1486. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.796323