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A Comparison of the Gesture Use of Mothers and Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Typically Developing Children

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1, 23 - 48, 01.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.536938

Öz

In this study, gesture use of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD, 6 girls, and 24 boys) and typically
developing children (TD, 13 girls, and 17 boys) between the ages of 11-72 months, and their mothers were
compared to each other in social interaction (SI), joint attention (JA), behavior regulation (BR), and sum of all
(SUM) gesture categories. The findings of the study showed that gesture use of children with ASD was lower in
all gesture categories when compared to TD peers. Mothers of children with ASD displayed significantly lower
levels of gesture use than mothers of TD children in the BR, SI, and SUM categories. When gesture use differences
of children with ASD and TD children were examined as to whether their mothers were using the gestures, the
findings showed that the differences in gesture use of children with ASD and TD children were independent from
their mothers. On the other hand, when gesture use differences of mothers of children with ASD and mothers of
TD children were examined as to whether their children were using the gestures, the results of the study showed
that one of the sources of the differences in the SE and SUM gesture category scores of the mothers with ASD was
the differences in the scores obtained from the gesture categories of the children. Study findings were discussed
and suggestions for future research were provided. 

Kaynakça

  • Akın-Bülbül, I. & Özdemir, S. (2017). Ortak dikkat becerileri ve otizm spektrum bozukluğu. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(1), 195-220.
  • Acredolo, L., & Goodwyn, S. (1988). Symbolic gesturing in normal infants. Child Development, 450-466.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, DSM-5: 5th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 265-290.
  • Anderson, D. K., Lord, C., Risi, S., DiLavore, P. S., Shulman, C., Thurm, A., ... & Pickles, A. (2007). Patterns of growth in verbal abilities among children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(4), 594-604.
  • Attwood, A., Frith, U., & Hermelin, B. (1988). The understanding and use of interpersonal gestures by autistic and Down's syndrome children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18(2), 241-257.
  • Bottema‐Beutel, K. (2016). Associations between joint attention and language in autism spectrum disorder and typical development: A systematic review and meta‐regression analysis. Autism Research, 9(10), 1021-1035.
  • Bourgeron, T. (2017). Genetics of autism spectrum disorder: impact on neuroanatomy and synaptic plasticity. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 27, S525.Brady, N. C., Marquis, J., Fleming, K., & McLean, L. (2004). Prelinguistic predictors of language growth in children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47(3), 663-677.
  • Brophy, J. E. (1970). Mothers as teachers of their own preschool children: The influence of socioeconomic status and task structure on teaching specificity. Child Development, 79-94.
  • Bruner, J. (1981). The social context of language acquisition. Language & Communication, 1(2-3), 155-178.
  • Calandrella, A. M., & Wilcox, M. J. (2000). Predicting language outcomes for young prelinguistic children with developmental delay. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 43(5), 1061-1071.
  • Cameron-Faulkner, T., Lieven, E., & Tomasello, M. (2003). A construction based analysis of child directed speech. Cognitive Science, 27(6), 843-873.
  • Capirci, O., Iverson, J. M., Pizzuto, E., & Volterra, V. (1996). Gestures and words during the transition to two-word speech. Journal of Child Language, 23(03), 645-673.
  • Capps, L., Kehres, J., & Sigman, M. (1998). Conversational abilities among children with autism and children with developmental delays. Autism, 2(4), 325-344.
  • Carpenter, M., Tomasello, M., & Striano, T. (2005). Role reversal imitation and language in typically developing infants and children with autism. Infancy, 8(3), 253-278.
  • Charman, T., Swettenham, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Cox, A., Baird, G., & Drew, A. (1997). Infants with autism: An investigation of empathy, pretend play, joint attention, and imitation. Developmental Psychology, 33(5), 781-789.
  • Clifford, S., Young, R., & Williamson, P. (2007). Assessing the early characteristics of autistic disorder using video analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(2), 301-313.
  • Crais, E., Douglas, D. D., & Campbell, C. C. (2004). The intersection of the development of gestures and intentionality. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47(3), 678-694.
  • Crais, E. R., Watson, L. R., & Baranek, G. T. (2009). Use of gesture development in profiling children’s prelinguistic communication skills. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18(1), 95-108.
  • Colgan, S. E., Lanter, E., McComish, C., Watson, L. R., Crais, E. R., & Baranek, G. T. (2006). Analysis of social interaction gestures in infants with autism. Child Neuropsychology, 12(4-5), 307-319.
  • Dewey, D., Cantell, M., & Crawford, S. G. (2007). Motor and gestural performance in children with autism spectrum disorders, developmental coordination disorder, and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(2), 246-256.
  • Diken, I. H., Ardıç, A., Diken, Ö., & Gilliam, E. J. (2012). Exploring the validity and reliability of Turkish version of Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2: Turkish standardization study. Eğitim ve Bilim, 37(166), 318-328.
  • Folstein, S. E., & Rosen-Sheidley, B. (2001). Genetics of austim: complex aetiology for a heterogeneous disorder. Nature Reviews Genetics, 2(12), 943-955.
  • Foulkes, P., Docherty, G., & Watt, D. (2005). Phonological variation in child-directed speech. Language, 81(1) 177-206.
  • Freeman, S., & Kasari, C. (2013). Parent–child interactions in autism: Characteristics of play. Autism, 17(2), 147-161.
  • Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., O’Reilly, M. C., Sauer, E. S., DeRuyter, J. L., & Blanc, M. (2002, April). Infant motor dyspraxia as a predictor of speech in childhood autism. Poster presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Toronto, Canada.
  • Goldin-Meadow, S. (1999). The role of gesture in communication and thinking. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3(11), 419-429.
  • Goldin‐Meadow, S., Goodrich, W., Sauer, E., & Iverson, J. (2007). Young children use their hands to tell their mothers what to say. Developmental Science, 10(6), 778-785.
  • Gómez, J. C. (2015). Hand leading and hand taking gestures in autism and typically developing children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(1), 68-74.
  • Goodwyn, S. W., & Acredolo, L. P. (1993). Symbolic gesture versus word: Is there a modality advantage for onset of symbol use?. Child Development, 64(3), 688-701.
  • Guidetti, M., & Nicoladis, E. (2008). Introduction to special issue: Gestures and communicative development. First Language, 28(2), 107-115.
  • Iverson, J. M., Capirci, O., & Caselli, M. C. (1994). From communication to language in two modalities. Cognitive Development, 9(1), 23-43.
  • Iverson, J. M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Gesture paves the way for language development. Psychological Science, 16(5), 367-371.
  • Iverson, J. M., Capirci, O., Longobardi, E., & Caselli, M. C. (1999). Gesturing in mother-child interactions. Cognitive Development, 14(1), 57-75.
  • Iverson, J. M., Longobardi, E., Spampinato, K., & Cristina Caselli, M. (2006). Gesture and speech in maternal input to children with Down's syndrome. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 41(3), 235-251.
  • Iverson, J. M., Northrup, J. B., Leezenbaum, N. B., Parladé, M. V., Koterba, E. A., & West, K. L. (2017). Early gesture and vocabulary development in ınfant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(1), 1-17.
  • Iverson, J., Thal, D., Wetherby, A., Warren, S., & Reichle, J. (1998). Communicative transitions: There’s more to the hand than meets the eye. Transitions in Prelinguistic Communication, 7, 59-86.
  • Iverson, J. M., & Wozniak, R. H. (2007). Variation in vocal-motor development in infant siblings of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(1), 158-170.
  • Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2(3), 217-250.
  • Kasari, C., Paparella, T., Freeman, S., & Jahromi, L. B. (2008). Language outcome in autism: randomized comparison of joint attention and play interventions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 125.
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Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan ve Tipik Gelişim Gösteren Çocukların ve Annelerinin Jest Kullanımlarının Karşılaştırılması

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1, 23 - 48, 01.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.536938

Öz

Bu araştırmada 11-72 ay aralığındaki otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan (OSB; 6 kız, 24 erkek) ve tipik gelişim
gösteren (TGG; 13 kız, 17 erkek) çocukların ve annelerinin jest kullanım düzeyleri sosyal etkileşim (SE), ortak
dikkat (OD), davranış düzenleme (DD) ve sergilenen tüm jestlerin toplamından elde edilen toplam (TPLM) jest
kategorilerinde incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın bulguları, OSB’li çocukların tüm jest kategorilerinde daha düşük
düzeyde jest sergileyerek TGG’li akranlarından farklılaştıklarını göstermiştir. OSB’li çocuğa sahip annelerin ise
DD, SE ve TPLM jest kategorilerinde daha düşük düzeyde jest sergileyerek TGG’li çocuğa sahip annelerden
anlamlı düzeyde farklılaştıkları belirlenmiştir. OSB’li ve TGG’li çocukların jest kullanım farklılıklarının,
annelerinin jest kullanımlarından kaynaklanıp kaynaklanmadığı incelendiğinde, OSB’li ve TGG’li çocukların jest
kullanımlarındaki puan farklılığının annelerinden bağımsız olduğu bulgulanmıştır. Annelerin jest kullanımındaki
farklılığın, çocukların jest kullanımından kaynaklanıp kaynaklanmadığı incelendiğinde ise araştırma sonuçları,
OSB’li annelerin SE ve TPLM jest kategorine ait puanlarında bulgulanan farklılığın kaynaklarından birinin
çocukların jest kategorilerinden elde ettikleri puan farklılığı olduğunu göstermiştir. Araştırma bulguları tartışılmış
ileri araştırmalara yönelik önerilere yer verilmiştir

Kaynakça

  • Akın-Bülbül, I. & Özdemir, S. (2017). Ortak dikkat becerileri ve otizm spektrum bozukluğu. Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 36(1), 195-220.
  • Acredolo, L., & Goodwyn, S. (1988). Symbolic gesturing in normal infants. Child Development, 450-466.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, DSM-5: 5th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 265-290.
  • Anderson, D. K., Lord, C., Risi, S., DiLavore, P. S., Shulman, C., Thurm, A., ... & Pickles, A. (2007). Patterns of growth in verbal abilities among children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(4), 594-604.
  • Attwood, A., Frith, U., & Hermelin, B. (1988). The understanding and use of interpersonal gestures by autistic and Down's syndrome children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 18(2), 241-257.
  • Bottema‐Beutel, K. (2016). Associations between joint attention and language in autism spectrum disorder and typical development: A systematic review and meta‐regression analysis. Autism Research, 9(10), 1021-1035.
  • Bourgeron, T. (2017). Genetics of autism spectrum disorder: impact on neuroanatomy and synaptic plasticity. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 27, S525.Brady, N. C., Marquis, J., Fleming, K., & McLean, L. (2004). Prelinguistic predictors of language growth in children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47(3), 663-677.
  • Brophy, J. E. (1970). Mothers as teachers of their own preschool children: The influence of socioeconomic status and task structure on teaching specificity. Child Development, 79-94.
  • Bruner, J. (1981). The social context of language acquisition. Language & Communication, 1(2-3), 155-178.
  • Calandrella, A. M., & Wilcox, M. J. (2000). Predicting language outcomes for young prelinguistic children with developmental delay. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 43(5), 1061-1071.
  • Cameron-Faulkner, T., Lieven, E., & Tomasello, M. (2003). A construction based analysis of child directed speech. Cognitive Science, 27(6), 843-873.
  • Capirci, O., Iverson, J. M., Pizzuto, E., & Volterra, V. (1996). Gestures and words during the transition to two-word speech. Journal of Child Language, 23(03), 645-673.
  • Capps, L., Kehres, J., & Sigman, M. (1998). Conversational abilities among children with autism and children with developmental delays. Autism, 2(4), 325-344.
  • Carpenter, M., Tomasello, M., & Striano, T. (2005). Role reversal imitation and language in typically developing infants and children with autism. Infancy, 8(3), 253-278.
  • Charman, T., Swettenham, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Cox, A., Baird, G., & Drew, A. (1997). Infants with autism: An investigation of empathy, pretend play, joint attention, and imitation. Developmental Psychology, 33(5), 781-789.
  • Clifford, S., Young, R., & Williamson, P. (2007). Assessing the early characteristics of autistic disorder using video analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(2), 301-313.
  • Crais, E., Douglas, D. D., & Campbell, C. C. (2004). The intersection of the development of gestures and intentionality. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47(3), 678-694.
  • Crais, E. R., Watson, L. R., & Baranek, G. T. (2009). Use of gesture development in profiling children’s prelinguistic communication skills. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18(1), 95-108.
  • Colgan, S. E., Lanter, E., McComish, C., Watson, L. R., Crais, E. R., & Baranek, G. T. (2006). Analysis of social interaction gestures in infants with autism. Child Neuropsychology, 12(4-5), 307-319.
  • Dewey, D., Cantell, M., & Crawford, S. G. (2007). Motor and gestural performance in children with autism spectrum disorders, developmental coordination disorder, and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13(2), 246-256.
  • Diken, I. H., Ardıç, A., Diken, Ö., & Gilliam, E. J. (2012). Exploring the validity and reliability of Turkish version of Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2: Turkish standardization study. Eğitim ve Bilim, 37(166), 318-328.
  • Folstein, S. E., & Rosen-Sheidley, B. (2001). Genetics of austim: complex aetiology for a heterogeneous disorder. Nature Reviews Genetics, 2(12), 943-955.
  • Foulkes, P., Docherty, G., & Watt, D. (2005). Phonological variation in child-directed speech. Language, 81(1) 177-206.
  • Freeman, S., & Kasari, C. (2013). Parent–child interactions in autism: Characteristics of play. Autism, 17(2), 147-161.
  • Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., O’Reilly, M. C., Sauer, E. S., DeRuyter, J. L., & Blanc, M. (2002, April). Infant motor dyspraxia as a predictor of speech in childhood autism. Poster presented at the International Conference on Infant Studies, Toronto, Canada.
  • Goldin-Meadow, S. (1999). The role of gesture in communication and thinking. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 3(11), 419-429.
  • Goldin‐Meadow, S., Goodrich, W., Sauer, E., & Iverson, J. (2007). Young children use their hands to tell their mothers what to say. Developmental Science, 10(6), 778-785.
  • Gómez, J. C. (2015). Hand leading and hand taking gestures in autism and typically developing children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(1), 68-74.
  • Goodwyn, S. W., & Acredolo, L. P. (1993). Symbolic gesture versus word: Is there a modality advantage for onset of symbol use?. Child Development, 64(3), 688-701.
  • Guidetti, M., & Nicoladis, E. (2008). Introduction to special issue: Gestures and communicative development. First Language, 28(2), 107-115.
  • Iverson, J. M., Capirci, O., & Caselli, M. C. (1994). From communication to language in two modalities. Cognitive Development, 9(1), 23-43.
  • Iverson, J. M., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Gesture paves the way for language development. Psychological Science, 16(5), 367-371.
  • Iverson, J. M., Capirci, O., Longobardi, E., & Caselli, M. C. (1999). Gesturing in mother-child interactions. Cognitive Development, 14(1), 57-75.
  • Iverson, J. M., Longobardi, E., Spampinato, K., & Cristina Caselli, M. (2006). Gesture and speech in maternal input to children with Down's syndrome. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 41(3), 235-251.
  • Iverson, J. M., Northrup, J. B., Leezenbaum, N. B., Parladé, M. V., Koterba, E. A., & West, K. L. (2017). Early gesture and vocabulary development in ınfant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(1), 1-17.
  • Iverson, J., Thal, D., Wetherby, A., Warren, S., & Reichle, J. (1998). Communicative transitions: There’s more to the hand than meets the eye. Transitions in Prelinguistic Communication, 7, 59-86.
  • Iverson, J. M., & Wozniak, R. H. (2007). Variation in vocal-motor development in infant siblings of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(1), 158-170.
  • Kanner, L. (1943). Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child, 2(3), 217-250.
  • Kasari, C., Paparella, T., Freeman, S., & Jahromi, L. B. (2008). Language outcome in autism: randomized comparison of joint attention and play interventions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76(1), 125.
  • Luyster, R. J., Kadlec, M. B., Carter, A., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2008). Language assessment and development in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(8), 1426-1438.
  • Matychuk, P. (2005). The role of child-directed speech in language acquisition: a case study. Language Sciences, 27(3), 301-379.
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  • Medeiros, K., & Winsler, A. (2014). Parent–child gesture use during problem solving in autistic spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(8), 1946-1958.
  • Mitchell, S., Brian, J., Zwaigenbaum, L., Roberts, W., Szatmari, P., Smith, I., & Bryson, S. (2006). Early language and communication development of infants later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 27(2), 69-78.
  • Mundy, P., Sigman, M., & Kasari, C. (1990). A longitudinal study of joint attention and language development in autistic children. Journal of Autism and developmental Disorders, 20(1), 115-128.
  • Mundy, P., Sigman, M., Ungerer, J., & Sherman, T. (1987). Nonverbal communication and play correlates of language development in autistic children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 17(3), 349-364.
  • Namy, L. L., Acredolo, L., & Goodwyn, S. (2000). Verbal labels and gestural routines in parental communication with young children. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 24(2), 63-79.
  • Namy, L. L., Campbell, A. L., & Tomasello, M. (2004). The changing role of iconicity in non-verbal symbol learning: A U-shaped trajectory in the acquisition of arbitrary gestures. Journal of Cognition and Development, 5(1), 37-57.
  • Olmsted, P. P., & Jester, R. E. (1972). Mother‐child interaction in a teaching situation. Theory into Practice, 11(3), 163-170.
  • Olson, J., & Masur, E. F. (2013). Mothers respond differently to infants’ gestural versus nongestural communicative bids. First Language, 33(4), 372-387.
  • Ozonoff, S., Iosif, A. M., Baguio, F., Cook, I. C., Hill, M. M., Hutman, T., ... & Steinfeld, M. B. (2010). A prospective study of the emergence of early behavioral signs of autism. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(3), 256-266.
  • Özçalışkan, Ş., Adamson, L. B., Dimitrova, N., & Baumann, S. (2018). Do Parents Model Gestures Differently When Children’s Gestures Differ?. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(5), 1492-1507.
  • Özçalışkan, Ş., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2005). Gesture is at the cutting edge of early language development. Cognition, 96(3), B101-B113.
  • Parladé, M. V., & Iverson, J. M. (2015). The development of coordinated communication in infants at heightened risk for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(7), 2218-2234.
  • Paul, R., Chawarska, K., & Volkmar, F. (2008). Differentiating ASD from DLD in toddlers. Perspectives on Language Learning and Education, 15(3), 101-111.
  • Paul, R., Fuerst, Y., Ramsay, G., Chawarska, K., & Klin, A. (2011). Out of the mouths of babes: Vocal production in infant siblings of children with ASD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(5), 588-598.
  • Rozga, A., Hutman, T., Young, G. S., Rogers, S. J., Ozonoff, S., Dapretto, M., & Sigman, M. (2011). Behavioral profiles of affected and unaffected siblings of children with autism: Contribution of measures of mother–infant interaction and nonverbal communication. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41(3), 287-301.
  • Rowe, M. L., Özçalışkan, Ş., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (2008). Learning words by hand: Gesture's role in predicting vocabulary development. First Language, 28(2), 182-199.
  • Rowe, M. L. (2012). A longitudinal investigation of the role of quantity and quality of child‐directed speech in vocabulary development. Child Development, 83(5), 1762-1774.
  • Rowe, M. L. (2008). Child-directed speech: relation to socioeconomic status, knowledge of child development and child vocabulary skill. Journal of Child Language, 35(01), 185-205.
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  • Singh, L., Morgan, J. L., & Best, C. T. (2002). Infants' listening preferences: Baby talk or happy talk? Infancy, 3(3), 365-394.
  • Smith, V., Mirenda, P., & Zaidman-Zait, A. (2007). Predictors of expressive vocabulary growth in children with autism. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50(1), 149-160.
  • Spence, M. A. (2001). The genetics of autism. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 13(6), 561-565.
  • Stone, W. L., Ousley, O. Y., Yoder, P. J., Hogan, K. L., & Hepburn, S. L. (1997). Nonverbal communication in two-and three-year-old children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 27(6), 677-696.
  • Talbott, M. R., Nelson, C. A., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2015). Maternal gesture use and language development in infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(1), 4-14.
  • Thal, D. J., & Tobias, S. (1992). Communicative gestures in children with delayed onset of oral expressive vocabulary. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 35(6), 1281-1289.
  • Thurm, A., Lord, C., Lee, L. C., & Newschaffer, C. (2007). Predictors of language acquisition in preschool children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(9), 1721-1734.
  • Toth, K., Munson, J., Meltzoff, A. N., & Dawson, G. (2006). Early predictors of communication development in young children with autism spectrum disorder: Joint attention, imitation, and toy play. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 36(8), 993-1005.
  • Töret, G. ve Acarlar F. (2011), Otizmli, Down Sendromlu ve Normal Gelişim Gösteren Türk Çocukların Dil Öncesi Dönemdeki Jest Kullanım Becerilerinin İncelenmesi. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 11(3), 1471-1478.
  • Töret, G., Özdemir, S., & Özkubat, U. (2015). Ciddi düzeyde otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklar ile annelerinin ebeveyn-çocuk etkileşimlerinin ebeveyn ve çocuk davranışları açısından incelenmesi. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 16(01), 001-022.
  • Vorstman, J. A., Parr, J. R., Moreno-De-Luca, D., Anney, R. J., Nurnberger Jr, J. I., & Hallmayer, J. F. (2017). Autism genetics: opportunities and challenges for clinical translation. Nature Reviews Genetics, 18(6), 362-376.
  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Warlaumont, A. S., Richards, J. A., Gilkerson, J., & Oller, D. K. (2014). A social feedback loop for speech development and its reduction in autism. Psychological Science, 25(7), 1314-1324.
  • Watson, L. R., Crais, E. R., Baranek, G. T., Dykstra, J. R., & Wilson, K. P. (2013). Communicative gesture use in infants with and without autism: A retrospective home video study. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 22(1), 25-39.
  • Wetherby, A. M., Cain, D. H., Yonclas, D. G., &Walker, V. G. (1988). Analysis of intentional communication of normal children from the prelinguistic to the multiword stage. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 31(2), 240-252.
  • Werner, E., Dawson, G., Osterling, J., & Dinno, N. (2000). Brief report: Recognition of autism spectrum disorder before one year of age: A retrospective study based on home videotapes. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(2), 157-162.
Toplam 79 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İşık Akın Bülbül 0000-0001-5964-6082

Selda Özdemir Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-9205-5946

Gökhan Töret Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-8801-2310

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mart 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Akın Bülbül, İ., Özdemir, S., & Töret, G. (2020). Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan ve Tipik Gelişim Gösteren Çocukların ve Annelerinin Jest Kullanımlarının Karşılaştırılması. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 21(1), 23-48. https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.536938




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