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THE DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL PERCEPTION OF MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY ART IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 526 - 544, 12.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.20488/sanattasarim.1403861

Öz

Modern and contemporary art are important indicators that reflect the visual cultural production of Western
modernity. In this respect, the Western art tradition has provided its development with a linear progression
model and the perception of the transformations in Europe as truth. Art knowledge has spread outside the
West as a Western truth. Modern art developed in parallel with the expansion of imperialist countries.
In the research, the importance of modern and contemporary art for the Middle East society has been
examined. While making this study, artists and works were evaluated with political and social developments.
Art has been the indicator of imperialist powers as well as the tool of the local power that wants to reach
modernity in the Middle East. This has caused tensions in the development of the perception of modern
and contemporary art. The community, which sees modern and contemporary art as a means of progress,
and the conservative community, which oppose it, formed the two ends of this tension. In the research, the
formation of the concept of taste and the spread of the idea of artistic taste outside the West were examined.
The importance of art productions in the Middle East for regional powers was revealed as a center where
this spread took place. The role of resistance played by postcolonial thought, embodied as an anti-imperialist
movement, in the region has been examined in terms of modern and contemporary art. Finally, the projection
of the prominent role of art regarding world citizenship in the global period in the Middle East has been
investigated.

Kaynakça

  • Abrahamian, E. (2008). Modern İran Tarihi. (Çev: D. Şendil), İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası. al-Bustani, B. (2018). Taswir, Peinture, Painting. (Trans: K. Halls), A. Lenssen (Ed.), In: Modern Art in the Arab World. (pp. 36-37). New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Ali, W. (2001). Modern Painting in the Mashriq. Sherifa Zuhur (Ed.), In: Colors of Enchantmenet Theater, Dance, Music and the Visual Arts of the Middle East. (pp. 363-387). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
  • Alsaden, A. (2019). Baghdad’s Arab Biennial. Third Text, 33(1), 122-150.
  • Amin, H. (2018). Contemporary Art Group, First Declaration. (Trans: S. Dorman), Anneka Lenssen (Ed.), In: Modern Art in the Arab World. (pp. 114-116). New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Araeen, R. (2011). Art and Postcolonial Society. Jonathan Harris (Ed.), In: Globalization and Contemporary Art. (pp. 365-374). West Sussex: Wiley- Blcakwell.
  • Arida, Z. Ve Mokaiesh, R. (2012). The Arab Image Foundation: Collecting, Studying and Preserving Photographs From The Middle East and North Africa. International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era, 1(1), 95-99.
  • Asad, T. (2016). Sekülerliğin Biçimleri, Hristiyanlık, İslamiyet ve Modernlik. (Çev: F. B. Aydar), İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Azman, A. (2012). Oryantalistlerin İstanbul’undan Bienalin İstanbul’una. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 3(24), 183-207.
  • Babaie, S. (2011). Voices of Authority Locating the “Modern” in “Islamic” Arts. Getty Research Journal, 3, 133-149. Baghdad Group for Modern Art, (2018). Manifesto. (Trans: D. el Husseiny), A. Lenssen (Ed.), In: Modern Art in the Arab World. (pp. 150-151). New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Barlas, Ş. (2007). Vision of Aesthetics and Culture in Yeni Adam: Republic of Fine Arts (1934-1950). Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag.
  • Baudrillard, J. (2009). Gösterge Ekonomi Politiği Hakkında Bir Eleştiri. (Çev: O. Adanır ve A. Bilgin), İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Bellamine, F. (2018). Interview with Fouad Bellamine. (Trans: T. V. Igriacio), A. Lenssen (Ed.), In: Modern Art in the Arab World. (pp. 410-411). New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Belting, H. (2011) An Anthropoloogy of Images Picture, Medium, Body. (Trans: T. Dunlap), Princeton University Press.
  • Bennett A. (2013). Kültür ve Gündelik Hayat. (Çev: N. Tokdoğan), Ankara: Phoenix.
  • Bhabha, H. K. (2016). Kültürel Konumlanış. (Çev: T. Uluç), İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Bıçak, A. (2013). Tarih Düşüncesi. Cogito Tarihyazıcılığı. 73, 36-60.
  • Bourriaud, N. (2005). İlişkisel Estetik. (Çev: S. Özen). İstanbul: Bağlam Yayınları.
  • Bozkuş, Ş. B. (2012). Turkey In Global Art Scene: Representing Dynamics of Art and Culture in International Exhibitions After the 1980s. Berlin: Lambert Acedemic.
  • Bozkuş, Ş. B. (2013). Çağdaş Sanatın Kentle Buluşması:1980 Sonrası Türkiye’de Çağdaş Sanatın Mekânsal Dönüşümü. Marmara İletişim Dergisi, 20, 80-97.
  • Bull, M. (2011). The Two Economies of World Art. Jonathan Harris (Ed.), In: Globalization and Contemporary Art. (pp. 179-190). West Sussex: Wiley- Blcakwell.
  • Burger, P. (2004). Avangard Kuramı. (Çev: E. Özbek), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Cemayel, C. (2018). The Painter. (Trans: M. McClure), A. Lenssen (Ed.), In: Modern Art in the Arab World. (pp. 107-108). New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Chebaa, M. (2018). Discussion Forum the First Arab Biennial. (Trans: D. el Husseiny), A. Lenssen (Edt), In: Modern Art in the Arab World. (pp. 384-385). New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Dabashi, H. (2016). Iran Without Borders Towards a Critique of the Postcolonial Nation. London: Verso.
  • Determann, J. M. (2009). Edge of Arabia: Contemporary Art from Saudi Arabia. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 2, 171-175.
  • Duve, T. (2007). The Glocal and the Singuniversal Reflections on Art and Culture in the Global World. Third Text, 21(6), 681-688.
  • Emin, M. (1981). Beyaz Zambaklar Memleketinde. M. Kaplan (Ed.), Atatürk Devri Fikir Hayatı I İçinde. (ss. 232-235). Ankara: Başbakanlık Basımevi.
  • Field, J. (2006). Sosyal Sermaye. (Çev: B. Bilgen), İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Gasparian, N. (2021). The First Sanayeh Plastic Arts Meeting, Ashkal Alwan Beirut 1995. Octavian Esanu (Ed.), In: Contemporary Art and Capitalist Modernization. (pp. 304-318). New York: Routledge.
  • Gilroy, P. (1987). There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack: The Cultural Poltics of ‘Race’ and Nation. Londra: Hutchinson.
  • González, O. (2009). Culture and Politics in the Visual Arts of the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Macalester International, 23(16), 204-216.
  • Grant, C. ve Price, D. (2020). Decolonizing Art History. Journal of the Association for Art History, 43(1), 9-66.
  • Gruber, C. (2013). Images of the Prophet Muhammad In and Out of Modernity: The Curious Case of a 2008 Mural in Tehran. C. Gruber and S. Haugbolle (Eds.), In: Visual Culture in the Modern Middle East. (pp. 3-31). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Harris, J. (2011). Globalization and Contemporary Art, West Sussex: Wiley- Blcakwell.
  • Haugbolle, S. (2013). Naji al-Ali and the Iconography of Arab Secularism. C. Gruber (Ed.), In: Visual Culture in the Modern Middle East. (pp. 231-260). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Hourani, K. (2011). Globalization Questions and Contemporary Art’s Answers Art in Palestine. Jonathan Harris (Ed.), In: Globalization and Contemporary Art. (pp. 297-306). West Sussex: Wiley- Blcakwell.
  • Kane, P. (2010). Art Education and the Emergence of Radical Art Movements in Egypt: The Surrealists and the Contemporary Arts Group 1938–1951. The Journal of Aesthetic Education, 44(4), 95-119.
  • Kapur, G. (2000). When Was Modernism Essays on Contemporary Cultural Practise in India. New Delhi: Tulika Books.
  • Karatani, K. (2011). Derinliğin Keşfi Modern Japon Edebiyatının Kökenleri. (Çev: D. Ç. Güven ve İ. Öner), İstanbul: Metis.
  • Keshmirshekan, H. (2007). Contemporary Iranian Art: The Emergence of New Artistic Discourses. Iranian Studies, 40(3), 335-366.
  • Keyder, Ç. (1998). 1990’larda Türkiye’de Modernleşmenin Doğrultusu. (Çev: N. Elhüseyni), S. Bozdoğan (Ed.), Türkiye’de Modernleşme ve Ulusal Kimlik içinde. (ss. 39-53). İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
  • Köksal, D. (2004). Art and Power in Turkey: Culture, Aesthetics and Nationalism During the Single Party Era. New Perspectives on Turkey, 31, 91-119.
  • Kunitsin, G. (1976). Sanatta Sosyalist Gerçekçilik içinde, (Çev: S. Cılızoğlu), (ss. 114-146). Ankara: Yeni Dünya Yayınları. Lenssen A., Rogers S. ve Shabout N. (2018). Modern Art in the Arab World. New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Leoussi, A. S. (2004). The Ethno-Cultural Roots of National Art. Nations and Nationalism, 10(1/2), 143-159.
  • Lorasdağı, B. K. (2010). The Relationship Between Islam and Globalization in Turkey in the Post-1990 Period: The Case of MÜSİAD. Bilig, 52, 105-128.
  • Maasri, Z. (2020). Cosmopolitan Radicalism The Visual Politics of Beirut’s Global Sixties. Cambridge University Press.
  • McAndrew, C. (2010). An Introduction to Art and Finance. C. McAndrew (Ed.), In: Fine Art and High Finance. (pp. 1-30). New York: Bloomberg Press.
  • Mazini, I. (2018). The Spinks and Mokhtar’s Statue. (Trans: K. Halls), A. Lenssen (Ed.), In: Modern Art in the Arab World. (pp. 58-67.) New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Mohamed, D. A. (2021). Al-Nitaq Festival of Art, Cairo, 2000 and 2001. Octavian Esanu (Ed.), In: Contemporary Art and Capitalist Modernization. (pp. 256-267). New York: Routledge.
  • Muhtar, M. (2018). The Response of Sculptor Mokhtar to Mr. Al-Mazini.(Trans: K. Halls), A. Lenssen (Ed.), In: Modern Art in the Arab World. (pp. 63-67). New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Nerval, G. (2012). Doğu’ya Seyahat. (Çev: S. Hilav). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Özpınar, C. (2016). Türkiye’de Sanat Tarihi Yazımı (1970-2010). İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
  • Pieprzak, K. (2010). Imagined Museum Art and Modernity Postcolonial Morocco. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Porter, V. (2006). Word İnto Art Artists of the Modern Middle East. London: The British Museum Press Publishing.
  • Pullin, E. (2013). The Culture of Funding Culture. . C. R. Moran (Ed.), In: Intelligence Studies in Britain and the US: Historiography Since 1945 (pp. 47-64). Edinburg University Press.
  • Rabbat, N. (2018). The Nakba and Arab Culture, In: Modern Art in the Arab World. A. Lenssen (Edt), (pp. 161-162). New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Renda, G. (1977). Batılılaşma Döneminde Türk Resim Sanatı. Ankara: Hacettepe Yayınları.
  • Saunders, F. S. (2000). Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War. London: Granta Books.
  • Shabout, N. (2017). Modernism and the Visual Arts in the Middle East and North Africa. S. Ross and A. C. Lindgren (Eds.), In: The Modernist World. (pp. 488-498). New York: Routledge.
  • Shabout, N.(2007). Modern Arab Art Formation of Arab Aesthetics. University Press of Florida.
  • Shammout, I. (2018). Discussion Forum the First Arab Biennial. (Trans: D. el Husseiny), A. Lenssen (Ed.), In: Modern Art in the Arab World, (pp. 376-383). New York: The Museum of Modern Art.
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  • Tansuğ, S. (1997). Çağdaş Türk Sanatında Temel Yaklaşımlar. Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi.
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  • Younan, R. (2018). The Objective of the Contemporary Artist. (Trans: M. McClure), A. Lenssen (ed.), In: Modern Art in the ArabWorld. (pp. 88-93). New York: Museum of Modern Art.

MODERN VE ÇAĞDAŞ SANATIN ORTA DOĞU’DA GELİŞİMİ VE TOPLUMSAL ALGISI

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2, 526 - 544, 12.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.20488/sanattasarim.1403861

Öz

Modern ve çağdaş sanat, Batı modernliğinin görsel kültürel üretimini yansıtan önemli göstergelerdir. Batı
sanat geleneği bu açıdan gelişimini lineer bir ilerleme modeli ile Avrupa içinde yaşanan dönüşümlerin hakikat
olarak algılanmasını sağlamıştır. Sanat bilgisi Batı dışına bu eksende bir Batı hakikati olarak yayılmıştır.
Modern sanat emperyalist ülkelerin çevreye yayılmasıyla eş olarak gelişmiştir.
Araştırmada, modern ve çağdaş sanatın Orta Doğu toplumu için önemi incelenmiştir. Bu inceleme yapılırken
sanatçı ve eserler, siyasi ve toplumsal gelişmeler açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Sanat, Orta Doğu’da modernliğe
ulaşmak isteyen yerel iktidarın aracı olduğu gibi emperyalist iktidarların göstergesi de olmuştur. Bu durum,
modern ve çağdaş sanat algısının gelişiminde gerginliklere sebep olmuştur. Modern ve çağdaş sanatı ilerleme
aracı olarak gören topluluk ile buna karşı çıkan muhafazakâr topluluk bu gerilimin iki ucunu oluşturmuştur.
Araştırmada beğeni kavramının oluşumu ve sanatsal beğeni düşüncesinin Batı dışına yayılımını incelenmiştir.
Bu yayılımın gerçekleştiği bir merkez olarak Orta Doğu’da sanat üretimlerin bölge iktidarları açısından
önemi ortaya çıkarılmıştır. Emperyalizm karşıtı hareket olarak cisimleşen postkolonyal düşüncenin bölgede
oynadığı direniş rolü, modern ve çağdaş sanat açısından incelenmiştir. Son olarak küresel dönemde sanatın
dünya vatandaşlığına ilişkin olarak belirginleşen rolünün Orta Doğudaki izdüşümü araştırılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Abrahamian, E. (2008). Modern İran Tarihi. (Çev: D. Şendil), İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası. al-Bustani, B. (2018). Taswir, Peinture, Painting. (Trans: K. Halls), A. Lenssen (Ed.), In: Modern Art in the Arab World. (pp. 36-37). New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Ali, W. (2001). Modern Painting in the Mashriq. Sherifa Zuhur (Ed.), In: Colors of Enchantmenet Theater, Dance, Music and the Visual Arts of the Middle East. (pp. 363-387). Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press.
  • Alsaden, A. (2019). Baghdad’s Arab Biennial. Third Text, 33(1), 122-150.
  • Amin, H. (2018). Contemporary Art Group, First Declaration. (Trans: S. Dorman), Anneka Lenssen (Ed.), In: Modern Art in the Arab World. (pp. 114-116). New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Araeen, R. (2011). Art and Postcolonial Society. Jonathan Harris (Ed.), In: Globalization and Contemporary Art. (pp. 365-374). West Sussex: Wiley- Blcakwell.
  • Arida, Z. Ve Mokaiesh, R. (2012). The Arab Image Foundation: Collecting, Studying and Preserving Photographs From The Middle East and North Africa. International Journal of Heritage in the Digital Era, 1(1), 95-99.
  • Asad, T. (2016). Sekülerliğin Biçimleri, Hristiyanlık, İslamiyet ve Modernlik. (Çev: F. B. Aydar), İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Azman, A. (2012). Oryantalistlerin İstanbul’undan Bienalin İstanbul’una. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyoloji Dergisi, 3(24), 183-207.
  • Babaie, S. (2011). Voices of Authority Locating the “Modern” in “Islamic” Arts. Getty Research Journal, 3, 133-149. Baghdad Group for Modern Art, (2018). Manifesto. (Trans: D. el Husseiny), A. Lenssen (Ed.), In: Modern Art in the Arab World. (pp. 150-151). New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Barlas, Ş. (2007). Vision of Aesthetics and Culture in Yeni Adam: Republic of Fine Arts (1934-1950). Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag.
  • Baudrillard, J. (2009). Gösterge Ekonomi Politiği Hakkında Bir Eleştiri. (Çev: O. Adanır ve A. Bilgin), İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Bellamine, F. (2018). Interview with Fouad Bellamine. (Trans: T. V. Igriacio), A. Lenssen (Ed.), In: Modern Art in the Arab World. (pp. 410-411). New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Belting, H. (2011) An Anthropoloogy of Images Picture, Medium, Body. (Trans: T. Dunlap), Princeton University Press.
  • Bennett A. (2013). Kültür ve Gündelik Hayat. (Çev: N. Tokdoğan), Ankara: Phoenix.
  • Bhabha, H. K. (2016). Kültürel Konumlanış. (Çev: T. Uluç), İstanbul: İnsan Yayınları.
  • Bıçak, A. (2013). Tarih Düşüncesi. Cogito Tarihyazıcılığı. 73, 36-60.
  • Bourriaud, N. (2005). İlişkisel Estetik. (Çev: S. Özen). İstanbul: Bağlam Yayınları.
  • Bozkuş, Ş. B. (2012). Turkey In Global Art Scene: Representing Dynamics of Art and Culture in International Exhibitions After the 1980s. Berlin: Lambert Acedemic.
  • Bozkuş, Ş. B. (2013). Çağdaş Sanatın Kentle Buluşması:1980 Sonrası Türkiye’de Çağdaş Sanatın Mekânsal Dönüşümü. Marmara İletişim Dergisi, 20, 80-97.
  • Bull, M. (2011). The Two Economies of World Art. Jonathan Harris (Ed.), In: Globalization and Contemporary Art. (pp. 179-190). West Sussex: Wiley- Blcakwell.
  • Burger, P. (2004). Avangard Kuramı. (Çev: E. Özbek), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Cemayel, C. (2018). The Painter. (Trans: M. McClure), A. Lenssen (Ed.), In: Modern Art in the Arab World. (pp. 107-108). New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Chebaa, M. (2018). Discussion Forum the First Arab Biennial. (Trans: D. el Husseiny), A. Lenssen (Edt), In: Modern Art in the Arab World. (pp. 384-385). New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Dabashi, H. (2016). Iran Without Borders Towards a Critique of the Postcolonial Nation. London: Verso.
  • Determann, J. M. (2009). Edge of Arabia: Contemporary Art from Saudi Arabia. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 2, 171-175.
  • Duve, T. (2007). The Glocal and the Singuniversal Reflections on Art and Culture in the Global World. Third Text, 21(6), 681-688.
  • Emin, M. (1981). Beyaz Zambaklar Memleketinde. M. Kaplan (Ed.), Atatürk Devri Fikir Hayatı I İçinde. (ss. 232-235). Ankara: Başbakanlık Basımevi.
  • Field, J. (2006). Sosyal Sermaye. (Çev: B. Bilgen), İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Gasparian, N. (2021). The First Sanayeh Plastic Arts Meeting, Ashkal Alwan Beirut 1995. Octavian Esanu (Ed.), In: Contemporary Art and Capitalist Modernization. (pp. 304-318). New York: Routledge.
  • Gilroy, P. (1987). There Ain’t No Black in the Union Jack: The Cultural Poltics of ‘Race’ and Nation. Londra: Hutchinson.
  • González, O. (2009). Culture and Politics in the Visual Arts of the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Macalester International, 23(16), 204-216.
  • Grant, C. ve Price, D. (2020). Decolonizing Art History. Journal of the Association for Art History, 43(1), 9-66.
  • Gruber, C. (2013). Images of the Prophet Muhammad In and Out of Modernity: The Curious Case of a 2008 Mural in Tehran. C. Gruber and S. Haugbolle (Eds.), In: Visual Culture in the Modern Middle East. (pp. 3-31). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Harris, J. (2011). Globalization and Contemporary Art, West Sussex: Wiley- Blcakwell.
  • Haugbolle, S. (2013). Naji al-Ali and the Iconography of Arab Secularism. C. Gruber (Ed.), In: Visual Culture in the Modern Middle East. (pp. 231-260). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Hourani, K. (2011). Globalization Questions and Contemporary Art’s Answers Art in Palestine. Jonathan Harris (Ed.), In: Globalization and Contemporary Art. (pp. 297-306). West Sussex: Wiley- Blcakwell.
  • Kane, P. (2010). Art Education and the Emergence of Radical Art Movements in Egypt: The Surrealists and the Contemporary Arts Group 1938–1951. The Journal of Aesthetic Education, 44(4), 95-119.
  • Kapur, G. (2000). When Was Modernism Essays on Contemporary Cultural Practise in India. New Delhi: Tulika Books.
  • Karatani, K. (2011). Derinliğin Keşfi Modern Japon Edebiyatının Kökenleri. (Çev: D. Ç. Güven ve İ. Öner), İstanbul: Metis.
  • Keshmirshekan, H. (2007). Contemporary Iranian Art: The Emergence of New Artistic Discourses. Iranian Studies, 40(3), 335-366.
  • Keyder, Ç. (1998). 1990’larda Türkiye’de Modernleşmenin Doğrultusu. (Çev: N. Elhüseyni), S. Bozdoğan (Ed.), Türkiye’de Modernleşme ve Ulusal Kimlik içinde. (ss. 39-53). İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
  • Köksal, D. (2004). Art and Power in Turkey: Culture, Aesthetics and Nationalism During the Single Party Era. New Perspectives on Turkey, 31, 91-119.
  • Kunitsin, G. (1976). Sanatta Sosyalist Gerçekçilik içinde, (Çev: S. Cılızoğlu), (ss. 114-146). Ankara: Yeni Dünya Yayınları. Lenssen A., Rogers S. ve Shabout N. (2018). Modern Art in the Arab World. New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Leoussi, A. S. (2004). The Ethno-Cultural Roots of National Art. Nations and Nationalism, 10(1/2), 143-159.
  • Lorasdağı, B. K. (2010). The Relationship Between Islam and Globalization in Turkey in the Post-1990 Period: The Case of MÜSİAD. Bilig, 52, 105-128.
  • Maasri, Z. (2020). Cosmopolitan Radicalism The Visual Politics of Beirut’s Global Sixties. Cambridge University Press.
  • McAndrew, C. (2010). An Introduction to Art and Finance. C. McAndrew (Ed.), In: Fine Art and High Finance. (pp. 1-30). New York: Bloomberg Press.
  • Mazini, I. (2018). The Spinks and Mokhtar’s Statue. (Trans: K. Halls), A. Lenssen (Ed.), In: Modern Art in the Arab World. (pp. 58-67.) New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Mohamed, D. A. (2021). Al-Nitaq Festival of Art, Cairo, 2000 and 2001. Octavian Esanu (Ed.), In: Contemporary Art and Capitalist Modernization. (pp. 256-267). New York: Routledge.
  • Muhtar, M. (2018). The Response of Sculptor Mokhtar to Mr. Al-Mazini.(Trans: K. Halls), A. Lenssen (Ed.), In: Modern Art in the Arab World. (pp. 63-67). New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Nerval, G. (2012). Doğu’ya Seyahat. (Çev: S. Hilav). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
  • Özpınar, C. (2016). Türkiye’de Sanat Tarihi Yazımı (1970-2010). İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
  • Pieprzak, K. (2010). Imagined Museum Art and Modernity Postcolonial Morocco. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Porter, V. (2006). Word İnto Art Artists of the Modern Middle East. London: The British Museum Press Publishing.
  • Pullin, E. (2013). The Culture of Funding Culture. . C. R. Moran (Ed.), In: Intelligence Studies in Britain and the US: Historiography Since 1945 (pp. 47-64). Edinburg University Press.
  • Rabbat, N. (2018). The Nakba and Arab Culture, In: Modern Art in the Arab World. A. Lenssen (Edt), (pp. 161-162). New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Renda, G. (1977). Batılılaşma Döneminde Türk Resim Sanatı. Ankara: Hacettepe Yayınları.
  • Saunders, F. S. (2000). Who Paid the Piper? The CIA and the Cultural Cold War. London: Granta Books.
  • Shabout, N. (2017). Modernism and the Visual Arts in the Middle East and North Africa. S. Ross and A. C. Lindgren (Eds.), In: The Modernist World. (pp. 488-498). New York: Routledge.
  • Shabout, N.(2007). Modern Arab Art Formation of Arab Aesthetics. University Press of Florida.
  • Shammout, I. (2018). Discussion Forum the First Arab Biennial. (Trans: D. el Husseiny), A. Lenssen (Ed.), In: Modern Art in the Arab World, (pp. 376-383). New York: The Museum of Modern Art.
  • Smith, T. (2010). The State of Art History: Contemporary Art. The Art Bulletin, 92(4), 366-383
  • Simmel, G. (1957). Fashion. The American Journal of Sociology, 62(6), 541-558.
  • Tansuğ, S. (1997). Çağdaş Türk Sanatında Temel Yaklaşımlar. Ankara: Bilgi Yayınevi.
  • Telmisany, K. (2008). On Degenerate Art. (Trans: M. McClure), A. Lenssen (Ed.), In: Modern Art in the Arab World. (pp. 101-103). New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Timur, T. (2004). Türkiye Nasıl Küreselleşti. İstanbul: İmge Yayınevi.
  • Troçki, L. ve Breton A. (2015). Bağımsız ve Devrimci Bir Sanat İçin. (Çev: K. Özsezgin), A. Artun (Ed.), Sanat Manifestoları: Avangard Sanat ve Direniş içinde. (ss. 231-238). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Umar, M. (2018). Arabic Calligraphy: An Inspiring Element in Abstract Art. A. Lenssen (Ed.), In: Modern Art in the Arab World. (pp. 139-141). New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Watenpaugh, K. D. (2006). Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution. K. D. Watenpaugh (Ed.), In: Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class. (pp. 55-67). Princeton University Press.
  • Waters, M. (2001). Globalization. Londra: Routledge.
  • Younan, R. (2018). The Objective of the Contemporary Artist. (Trans: M. McClure), A. Lenssen (ed.), In: Modern Art in the ArabWorld. (pp. 88-93). New York: Museum of Modern Art.
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Görsel Sanatlar (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Oytun Doğan 0000-0002-4180-5708

Yayımlanma Tarihi 12 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Doğan, O. (2023). MODERN VE ÇAĞDAŞ SANATIN ORTA DOĞU’DA GELİŞİMİ VE TOPLUMSAL ALGISI. Sanat Ve Tasarım Dergisi, 13(2), 526-544. https://doi.org/10.20488/sanattasarim.1403861