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İFADE ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜ TEORİSİ IŞIĞINDA SOSYAL MEDYADA NEFRET SÖYLEMİNİ DÜZENLEMENİN ZORLUKLARI

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 97 - 134, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.52273/sduhfd..922588

Öz

Uluslararası insan hakları belgeleri herkesin düşünce ve ifade özgürlüğü hakkına sahip olduğunu ilan etmesine rağmen, bugün birçok ülkede nefret ve şiddeti körükleyen konuşma da dahil olmak üzere sosyal medyada belirli ifade biçimlerini sansürleyen veya sınırlayan yasalar bulunmaktadır. Bazı serbest konuşma savunucuları, zararlı konuşmaya en iyi yanıtın, farklı fikirlerin herhangi bir konuşmaya özgürce meydan okumasına izin veren tartışmalar olduğu düşüncesiyle hiçbir ifadenin kısıtlanmadığı açık bir fikir pazarını tercih eder. Yine de bazıları, sosyal medyada nefret söylemi üzerindeki kısıtlamaların, azınlık topluluklarını bu konuşmanın neden olduğu zararlardan korumak için çok önemli olduğunu savunuyor. Nefret söylemi, özgür konuşmanın sınırlarını test eden çok karmaşık bir soruyu gündeme getiriyor. Bu nedenle, ifade özgürlüğünü destekleyen teorilere dayanarak, bu makale, sosyal medyada nefret söylemi üzerindeki düzenleyici ikilemi, düzenleyici süreci çerçeveleyen argümanları ve zorlukları inceleyerek analiz etmeye çalışmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Ağtaş, A. Ö. (2018). Judith Butler'ın Nefret Söylemi Eleştirisi: Dildeki Performatif ve Yaralayıcı Dil. Fe Dergi: Feminist Eleştiri, 10(1), 1-12. Retrieved February 18, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323448139_Judith_Butler'in_Nefret_Soylemi_Elestirisi_Dildeki_Performatif_ve_Yaralayici_Dil (3.10.2020).
  • ALA. (2017, December). American Library Association. Retrieved from Hate Speech and Hate Crime: http://www.ala.org/advocacy/intfreedom/hate (9.12.2020).
  • Al-Hassan, A. and Al-Dossari, H. (2019). Detection of Hate Speech in Social Networks: A Survey On Multilingual Corpus. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT), 83-100, DOI: 10.5121/csit.2019.90208.
  • Alkiviadou, N. (2018). Hate speech on social media networks: towards a regulatory framework? Information & Communications Technology Law, 28(1): 1-17. doi:10.1080/13600834.2018.1494417
  • Alonso, P. and Saini, R. and Kovacs, G. (2019). The North at HASOC 2019: Hate Speech Detection in Social Media Data. FIRE 2019 (pp. 293-299). Kolkata: Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
  • Altıparmak, Y. A. (2015). Silencing Effect on Dissent and Freedom of Expression in Turkey in Journalism at Risk: Threats, Challenges and Perspectives, Council of Europe Publishing, 2015, 145-173.
  • Altman, A. (1993). Liberalism and Campus Hate Speech: A Philosophical Examination. An International Journal of Social, Political, and Legal Philosophy, 103(2), 302-317. Retrieved June 3, 2020, from https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/293497?journalCode=et (9.12.2020).
  • Apalara, R. (2017). Striking a Balance: Freedom of Expression and the Prohibition of Hate Speech and Offensive Remarks. Social Science Research Network (SSRN), 1-76. Retrieved June 7, 2020, from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3035410 (7.10.2020).
  • Appiagyei-Atua, K. (2005). A Review of Theories of Expression in the Context of the Development Argument. University of Ghana Law Journal, XXIV, 197-227. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  • Arcan, H. E. (2013). Interrupted Social Peace: Hate Speech in Turkish Media. The IAFOR Journal of Media, Communication and Film, 1(1), 43-56. Audrin, C. B. (2019). Toward an Understanding of the Characteristics of Secondary School Cyberhate Perpetrators. Front. Educ.
  • Beausoleil, L. E. (2019). Free, Hateful, and Posted: Rethinking First Amendment Protection of Hate Speech in a Social Media World. Boston College Law Review, 60(7).
  • Bell, J. (2009). Restraining the Heartless: Racist Speech and Minority Rights. Indiana Law Journal, 84, 963-979. Retrieved June 13, 2020, from http://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_3_Bell.pdf (9.12.2020).
  • Benesch, S. (2014). Defining and Diminishing Hate Speech. Retrieved from State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2014: https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/mrg-state-of-the-worlds-minorities-2014-chapter02.pdf (9.12.2020).
  • Brannon, V. C. (2019). Free Speech and the Regulation of Social Media Content. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from https://crsreports.congress.gov (9.12.2020).
  • Brown, A. (2017). What is hate speech? Part 1: The Myth of Hate. Law and Philosophy, 36(4). doi:10.1007/s10982-017-9297-1
  • Budek, K. (2019, January 24). How artificial intelligence can fight hate speech in social media. Retrieved from deepsense.ai: https://deepsense.ai/artificial-intelligence-hate-speech/ (29.10.2020).
  • Cease Fire Centre for Civilian Rights. (2019). Peoples under Threat 2019. Minority Rights Group International. from: https://minorityrights.org/publications/peoples-under-threat-2019/
  • Chong, D. (2006). Free Speech and Multiculturalism In and Out of the Academy. Political Psychology, 27(2), 29-54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00448.x (2.12.2020).
  • Çelik, E. (2013). Nefret Söylemi İfade Özgürlüğünün Neresinde? İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 205-240. Retrieved February 21, 2021, from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/208301 (9.12.2020).
  • Çiftçi T. and Gashi L. and Hoffmann R. and Bahr D. (2018). Hate speech on Facebook. 4th European Conference on Social Media Research. At Mykolas Romeris University Vilnius, Lithuania. Retrieved June 12, 2020, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323512148_Hate_speech_on_Facebook (13.10.2020).
  • Dalkılıç, M. Y. (2018). Nefret Söylemi ve İfade Özgürlüğü Tartışmaları Çerçevesinde İslamofobya: L’Express Dergisi Örneği. Medya ve Din Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 89-109. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/496944(9.12.2020).
  • Demaske, C. (2019). Social Justice, Recognition Theory and the First Amendment: A New Approach to Hate Speech Restriction. Journal of Communication Law and Policy, 24(3), 347-401. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10811680.2019.1627800.
  • Demirbaş, T. (2017). Nefret Söylemi ve Nefret Suçları. D.E.Ü. Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 2693-2701. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://hukuk.deu.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/3-TIMUR-DEMIRBAS.pdf (19.12.2020).
  • Donovan, J. (2019, October 28). Navigating the Tech Stack: When, Where and How Should We Moderate Content? Retrieved from INTERNET GOVERNANCE, PLATFORM GOVERNANCE:
  • Dural, B. G. (2012). Othering Through Hate Speech: The Turkish-Islamist (V)AKIT Newspaper as a Case Study. Turkish Studies, 13(3), 489-507. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2012.715482
  • Fiss, J. and Mchangama, J. (2019). The Digital Berlin Wall: How Germany (Accidentally) Created a Prototype for Global Online Censorship. Copenhagen: Justitia. https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Analyse_The-Digital-Berlin-Wall-How-Germany-Accidentally-Created-a-Prototype-for-Global-Online-Censorship.pdf (2.7.2020).
  • Gelashvili, T. (2018). Hate Speech on Social Media: Implications of Private Regulation and Governance Gaps. JAMM07 Master Thesis. Lund University, Faculty of Law. https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=8952399&fileOId=8952403 (6.10.2020).
  • George, C. (2015). Hate Speech Law and Policy. Retrieved from Wiley Online Library: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781118767771.wbiedcs139 (6.10.2020).
  • George, C. (2020, June 3). Ethical Journalism Network. Retrieved from Hate Speech: A Dilemma for Journalists the World Over: https://ethicaljournalismnetwork.org/resources/publications/ethics-in-the-news/hate-speech (5.11.2020).
  • Gorwa, R. and Binns, R. and Katzenbach C. (2020). Algorithmic content moderation: Technical and political challenges in the automation of platform governance. Big Data & Society, 1-25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719897945
  • Gölcü, A. ve Balcı, Ş. (2012). Hate Speech In Turkish And Israel Press: A Comparison Analysis Of Mavi Marmara Raid. Turkey: Selçuk University. 272-290. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289506459_Hate_Speech_in_Turkish_and_Israel_Press_A_Comparison_Analysis_of_Mavi_Marmara_Event (9.2.2021).
  • Hare, I. and Weinstein, J. (2009). Extreme Speech and Democracy. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548781.001.0001 Hawkins, S. (2012, March 8). How Free Speech and Social Media Fit Together. Retrieved from Social Media Examiner: https://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/how-free-speech-and-social-media-fit-together/ (8.4.2020).
  • Holmes, K. R. (2018, October 22). The Origins of "Hate Speech". Retrieved from The Heritage Foundation: https://www.heritage.org/civil-society/commentary/the-origins-hate-speech (13.2.2021).
  • HRW. (2018). Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from Somalia: Events of 2018: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/somalia (9.12.2020).
  • Hünler, O. S. (2019). Popülist Sağ ve Sosyal Medyada Nefret Söylemi. Eleştirel Psikoloji Bülteni, 8, 6-12. Retrieved February 20, 2021,
  • Hylton, K. N. (1996). Implications of Mill's Theory of Liberty for the Regulation of Hate Speech and Hate Crimes. The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, 3(1), pp.35-57. Retrieved June 8, 2020, from https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1377&context=roundtable (23.2.2021).
  • Yazıcı, T. (2016). Yeni Medyanın Nefret Dili: Suriyeli Mültecilerle İlgili Ekşi Sözlük Örneği. Global Media Journal TR Edition, 7(13), 115-136. Retrieved February 19, 2021, from https://globalmediajournaltr.yeditepe.edu.tr/sites/default/files/T%C3%BClay%20YAZICI.pdf (16.2.2021).

THE CHALLENGES OF REGULATING HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL MEDIA IN LIGHT OF THE THEORY OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 97 - 134, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.52273/sduhfd..922588

Öz

Although international human rights instruments declare that everyone has the right to freedom of thought and expression, many countries today have laws that censor or limit certain forms of expression on social media, including speech that fuels hatred and violence. Some free speech advocates prefer an open market of ideas where no expression is restricted thinking that the best answer to harmful speech is discussions that allow different ideas to challenge any speech freely. Still some others, on the other hand, argue that restrictions on hate speech on social media are vital for protecting minority communities from the harms caused by this speech. Hate speech raises a very complex question that tests the limits of free speech. Thus, based on the theories that underpin freedom of expression, this piece of work strives to analyze the regulatory dilemma on hate speech on social media by exploring the arguments and challenges that frame the regulatory process.

Kaynakça

  • Ağtaş, A. Ö. (2018). Judith Butler'ın Nefret Söylemi Eleştirisi: Dildeki Performatif ve Yaralayıcı Dil. Fe Dergi: Feminist Eleştiri, 10(1), 1-12. Retrieved February 18, 2021, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323448139_Judith_Butler'in_Nefret_Soylemi_Elestirisi_Dildeki_Performatif_ve_Yaralayici_Dil (3.10.2020).
  • ALA. (2017, December). American Library Association. Retrieved from Hate Speech and Hate Crime: http://www.ala.org/advocacy/intfreedom/hate (9.12.2020).
  • Al-Hassan, A. and Al-Dossari, H. (2019). Detection of Hate Speech in Social Networks: A Survey On Multilingual Corpus. Computer Science & Information Technology (CS & IT), 83-100, DOI: 10.5121/csit.2019.90208.
  • Alkiviadou, N. (2018). Hate speech on social media networks: towards a regulatory framework? Information & Communications Technology Law, 28(1): 1-17. doi:10.1080/13600834.2018.1494417
  • Alonso, P. and Saini, R. and Kovacs, G. (2019). The North at HASOC 2019: Hate Speech Detection in Social Media Data. FIRE 2019 (pp. 293-299). Kolkata: Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0).
  • Altıparmak, Y. A. (2015). Silencing Effect on Dissent and Freedom of Expression in Turkey in Journalism at Risk: Threats, Challenges and Perspectives, Council of Europe Publishing, 2015, 145-173.
  • Altman, A. (1993). Liberalism and Campus Hate Speech: A Philosophical Examination. An International Journal of Social, Political, and Legal Philosophy, 103(2), 302-317. Retrieved June 3, 2020, from https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/293497?journalCode=et (9.12.2020).
  • Apalara, R. (2017). Striking a Balance: Freedom of Expression and the Prohibition of Hate Speech and Offensive Remarks. Social Science Research Network (SSRN), 1-76. Retrieved June 7, 2020, from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3035410 (7.10.2020).
  • Appiagyei-Atua, K. (2005). A Review of Theories of Expression in the Context of the Development Argument. University of Ghana Law Journal, XXIV, 197-227. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  • Arcan, H. E. (2013). Interrupted Social Peace: Hate Speech in Turkish Media. The IAFOR Journal of Media, Communication and Film, 1(1), 43-56. Audrin, C. B. (2019). Toward an Understanding of the Characteristics of Secondary School Cyberhate Perpetrators. Front. Educ.
  • Beausoleil, L. E. (2019). Free, Hateful, and Posted: Rethinking First Amendment Protection of Hate Speech in a Social Media World. Boston College Law Review, 60(7).
  • Bell, J. (2009). Restraining the Heartless: Racist Speech and Minority Rights. Indiana Law Journal, 84, 963-979. Retrieved June 13, 2020, from http://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_3_Bell.pdf (9.12.2020).
  • Benesch, S. (2014). Defining and Diminishing Hate Speech. Retrieved from State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2014: https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/old-site-downloads/mrg-state-of-the-worlds-minorities-2014-chapter02.pdf (9.12.2020).
  • Brannon, V. C. (2019). Free Speech and the Regulation of Social Media Content. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from https://crsreports.congress.gov (9.12.2020).
  • Brown, A. (2017). What is hate speech? Part 1: The Myth of Hate. Law and Philosophy, 36(4). doi:10.1007/s10982-017-9297-1
  • Budek, K. (2019, January 24). How artificial intelligence can fight hate speech in social media. Retrieved from deepsense.ai: https://deepsense.ai/artificial-intelligence-hate-speech/ (29.10.2020).
  • Cease Fire Centre for Civilian Rights. (2019). Peoples under Threat 2019. Minority Rights Group International. from: https://minorityrights.org/publications/peoples-under-threat-2019/
  • Chong, D. (2006). Free Speech and Multiculturalism In and Out of the Academy. Political Psychology, 27(2), 29-54. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2006.00448.x (2.12.2020).
  • Çelik, E. (2013). Nefret Söylemi İfade Özgürlüğünün Neresinde? İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 205-240. Retrieved February 21, 2021, from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/208301 (9.12.2020).
  • Çiftçi T. and Gashi L. and Hoffmann R. and Bahr D. (2018). Hate speech on Facebook. 4th European Conference on Social Media Research. At Mykolas Romeris University Vilnius, Lithuania. Retrieved June 12, 2020, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323512148_Hate_speech_on_Facebook (13.10.2020).
  • Dalkılıç, M. Y. (2018). Nefret Söylemi ve İfade Özgürlüğü Tartışmaları Çerçevesinde İslamofobya: L’Express Dergisi Örneği. Medya ve Din Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 89-109. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/496944(9.12.2020).
  • Demaske, C. (2019). Social Justice, Recognition Theory and the First Amendment: A New Approach to Hate Speech Restriction. Journal of Communication Law and Policy, 24(3), 347-401. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10811680.2019.1627800.
  • Demirbaş, T. (2017). Nefret Söylemi ve Nefret Suçları. D.E.Ü. Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 2693-2701. Retrieved February 20, 2021, from https://hukuk.deu.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/3-TIMUR-DEMIRBAS.pdf (19.12.2020).
  • Donovan, J. (2019, October 28). Navigating the Tech Stack: When, Where and How Should We Moderate Content? Retrieved from INTERNET GOVERNANCE, PLATFORM GOVERNANCE:
  • Dural, B. G. (2012). Othering Through Hate Speech: The Turkish-Islamist (V)AKIT Newspaper as a Case Study. Turkish Studies, 13(3), 489-507. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14683849.2012.715482
  • Fiss, J. and Mchangama, J. (2019). The Digital Berlin Wall: How Germany (Accidentally) Created a Prototype for Global Online Censorship. Copenhagen: Justitia. https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Analyse_The-Digital-Berlin-Wall-How-Germany-Accidentally-Created-a-Prototype-for-Global-Online-Censorship.pdf (2.7.2020).
  • Gelashvili, T. (2018). Hate Speech on Social Media: Implications of Private Regulation and Governance Gaps. JAMM07 Master Thesis. Lund University, Faculty of Law. https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=8952399&fileOId=8952403 (6.10.2020).
  • George, C. (2015). Hate Speech Law and Policy. Retrieved from Wiley Online Library: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781118767771.wbiedcs139 (6.10.2020).
  • George, C. (2020, June 3). Ethical Journalism Network. Retrieved from Hate Speech: A Dilemma for Journalists the World Over: https://ethicaljournalismnetwork.org/resources/publications/ethics-in-the-news/hate-speech (5.11.2020).
  • Gorwa, R. and Binns, R. and Katzenbach C. (2020). Algorithmic content moderation: Technical and political challenges in the automation of platform governance. Big Data & Society, 1-25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951719897945
  • Gölcü, A. ve Balcı, Ş. (2012). Hate Speech In Turkish And Israel Press: A Comparison Analysis Of Mavi Marmara Raid. Turkey: Selçuk University. 272-290. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289506459_Hate_Speech_in_Turkish_and_Israel_Press_A_Comparison_Analysis_of_Mavi_Marmara_Event (9.2.2021).
  • Hare, I. and Weinstein, J. (2009). Extreme Speech and Democracy. Oxford Scholarship Online. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199548781.001.0001 Hawkins, S. (2012, March 8). How Free Speech and Social Media Fit Together. Retrieved from Social Media Examiner: https://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/how-free-speech-and-social-media-fit-together/ (8.4.2020).
  • Holmes, K. R. (2018, October 22). The Origins of "Hate Speech". Retrieved from The Heritage Foundation: https://www.heritage.org/civil-society/commentary/the-origins-hate-speech (13.2.2021).
  • HRW. (2018). Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from Somalia: Events of 2018: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/somalia (9.12.2020).
  • Hünler, O. S. (2019). Popülist Sağ ve Sosyal Medyada Nefret Söylemi. Eleştirel Psikoloji Bülteni, 8, 6-12. Retrieved February 20, 2021,
  • Hylton, K. N. (1996). Implications of Mill's Theory of Liberty for the Regulation of Hate Speech and Hate Crimes. The University of Chicago Law School Roundtable, 3(1), pp.35-57. Retrieved June 8, 2020, from https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1377&context=roundtable (23.2.2021).
  • Yazıcı, T. (2016). Yeni Medyanın Nefret Dili: Suriyeli Mültecilerle İlgili Ekşi Sözlük Örneği. Global Media Journal TR Edition, 7(13), 115-136. Retrieved February 19, 2021, from https://globalmediajournaltr.yeditepe.edu.tr/sites/default/files/T%C3%BClay%20YAZICI.pdf (16.2.2021).
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Biruk Paulos Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-6059-972X

Seydi Çelik 0000-0003-1224-9877

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Paulos, B., & Çelik, S. (2021). THE CHALLENGES OF REGULATING HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL MEDIA IN LIGHT OF THE THEORY OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(1), 97-134. https://doi.org/10.52273/sduhfd..922588
AMA Paulos B, Çelik S. THE CHALLENGES OF REGULATING HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL MEDIA IN LIGHT OF THE THEORY OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION. SDÜHFD - SDLR. Haziran 2021;11(1):97-134. doi:10.52273/sduhfd.922588
Chicago Paulos, Biruk, ve Seydi Çelik. “THE CHALLENGES OF REGULATING HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL MEDIA IN LIGHT OF THE THEORY OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 11, sy. 1 (Haziran 2021): 97-134. https://doi.org/10.52273/sduhfd. 922588.
EndNote Paulos B, Çelik S (01 Haziran 2021) THE CHALLENGES OF REGULATING HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL MEDIA IN LIGHT OF THE THEORY OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 11 1 97–134.
IEEE B. Paulos ve S. Çelik, “THE CHALLENGES OF REGULATING HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL MEDIA IN LIGHT OF THE THEORY OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION”, SDÜHFD - SDLR, c. 11, sy. 1, ss. 97–134, 2021, doi: 10.52273/sduhfd..922588.
ISNAD Paulos, Biruk - Çelik, Seydi. “THE CHALLENGES OF REGULATING HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL MEDIA IN LIGHT OF THE THEORY OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 11/1 (Haziran 2021), 97-134. https://doi.org/10.52273/sduhfd. 922588.
JAMA Paulos B, Çelik S. THE CHALLENGES OF REGULATING HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL MEDIA IN LIGHT OF THE THEORY OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION. SDÜHFD - SDLR. 2021;11:97–134.
MLA Paulos, Biruk ve Seydi Çelik. “THE CHALLENGES OF REGULATING HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL MEDIA IN LIGHT OF THE THEORY OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 1, 2021, ss. 97-134, doi:10.52273/sduhfd. 922588.
Vancouver Paulos B, Çelik S. THE CHALLENGES OF REGULATING HATE SPEECH ON SOCIAL MEDIA IN LIGHT OF THE THEORY OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION. SDÜHFD - SDLR. 2021;11(1):97-134.

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