The Goodwill and Consistency of Türkiye in the Repatriation of Foreign Cultural Property: Case Studies of China and Iraq

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 3, 51 - 84, 29.12.2023

Levent Tökün İpek Bayraktar

https://doi.org/10.54930/TARE.2023.32054

Öz

There are many national and international legal frameworks for the protection of cultural property. However, even though states enact laws to protect cultural property, ratify multilateral conventions, and adopt bilateral agreements, the illicit trade in cultural property remains a problem. The return of any cultural property is a multi-layered process, and it is critical that a state’s policy towards displaced cultural property is consistent and based on goodwill to ensure international protection of cultural properties.
This article elaborates on Türkiye’s goodwill and consistency in returning foreign cultural property to its country of origin. Two repatriation cases are examined to assess how Türkiye applies the principles of the 1970 UNESCO Convention and the bilateral agreements done accordingly regarding goodwill and consistency. The first case is, the Republic of Türkiye & the People’s Republic of China where the return was based on a bilateral agreement while the second case is the Republic of Türkiye & the Republic of Iraq where the repatriation took place based on diplomatic relations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

CULTURAL DIPLOMACY, CULTURAL PROPERTY, GOODWILL, ILLICIT TRAFFICKING, REPATRIATION

Yabancı Kökenli Kültür Varlıklarının İadesinde Türkiye'nin İyi Niyeti ve Tutarlı Yaklaşımı: Çin ve Irak Örneği

Öz

Kültürel varlıkların korunması ile ilgili birçok ulusal ve uluslararası yasal çerçeve vardır. Ancak, devletlerin kültürel varlıkları korumak için yasalar çıkarmasına, çok taraflı sözleşmeleri onaylamasına ve ikili anlaşmaları kabul etmesine rağmen, kültürel varlıkların yasa dışı ticareti hala devam eden bir sorundur. Herhangi bir kültür varlığının iadesi çok katmanlı bir süreçtir ki bir devletin yerinden edilmiş kültürel varlıklara yönelik politikasının da bu nesnelerin uluslararası ölçekte korunmasını sağlamak için tutarlı ve iyi niyete dayalı olması kritik öneme sahiptir.
Bu makale, Türkiye’nin yabancı kültür varlıklarını kaynak ülkesine iade etmedeki iyi niyetini ve tutarlılığını incelemektedir. Bu çerçevede, Türkiye’nin 1970 UNESCO Sözleşmesi ilkelerini ve buna göre yapılan ikili anlaşmaları nasıl uyguladığını değerlendirmek için iki iade vakası iyi niyet ve tutarlılık ilkelerine dayalı olarak incelenmektedir. İlk örnek, geri dönüşün ikili bir anlaşmaya dayalı olduğu Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ve Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti arasındayken, ikinci vaka, diplomatik ilişkilere dayalı olarak iadenin gerçekleştiği Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ve Irak Cumhuriyeti arasındadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ESER İADESİ, ESER KAÇAKÇILIĞI, İYİ NİYET, KÜLTÜR VARLIĞI, KÜLTÜREL DİPLOMASİ

Kaynakça

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• Fig. 1: Ankara’daki iade töreninde sergilenen Çin kökenli kültürel varlıklar. Kaynak: https://basin.ktb.gov.tr/Resim/ 320730,1-4jpg.png?0.
• Fig. 2: Çin’e iade edilen, Tang Hanedanı dönemindeki bir tapınağa ait duvar resmi (MS 618-907). Kaynak: https://basin.ktb.gov.tr/TR-248642/cin39in-turkiye39deki-iki-kultur-varligi-duzenlenen-torenle-iade-edildi.html.
• Fig. 2: Returned mural painting to China from a temple of the Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE). Source Available at: https://basin.ktb.gov.tr/TR-248642/cin39in-turkiye39deki-iki-kultur-varligi-duzenlenen-torenle-iade-edildi.html.
• Fig. 3: Repatriated Iraqi cylinder seal. Source Available at: https://basin.ktb.gov.tr/Resim/310467,1jpg.png?0.
• Fig. 3: İadesi gerçekleştirilen, Irak kökenli silindir mühür. Kaynak: https://basin.ktb.gov.tr/Resim/310467,1jpg.png?0.
• Fig. 4: Some of returned 81 Iraqi cultural objects displayed at the official ceremony in Hatay, Türkiye. Source Available at: https://basin.ktb.gov.tr/TR-243573/turkiyeden-dunyaya-ornek-tarihi-eser-hassasiyeti.html.
• Fig. 4: Hatay’daki resmi iade töreninde sergilenen Irak kökenli 81 kültürel varlıktan bazıları. Kaynak: https://basin.ktb.gov.tr/TR-243573/turkiyeden-dunyaya-ornek-tarihi-eser-hassasiyeti.html.