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‘Sözde Karca’ Kelimelerin Kökeni ve Türkçedeki Hurri-Urartuca Leksikal Alıntılar Üzerine

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 34, 25 - 68, 01.06.2017

Öz

Bu çalışma, Stephanos Byzantinos’un Ethnika adlı eseri başta olmak üzere, Bizans kaynaklarında geçen ve ‘Karca’ olarak nitelendirilen bazı sözcükler üzerinde durmaktadır. Bu sözcükler, Karca yazıtlarda tanıklanmadığı için, ilgili literatürde ‘sözde Karca’ pseudo-glosses olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Çalışmamızda, altı ‘sözde Karca’ kelime ele alınmış ve bunlar için Pre- Proto-Türkçeye kadar dayanan etimolojiler önerilmiştir. Bizanslı yazarların eserlerinde Karca olarak ortaya çıkan bu sözcüklerin Urartularla temas hâlindeki Kimmerler veya Hurrilerle yakın ilişki içinde olan Turukkular aracılığıyla Anadolu’ya girmiş olabileceği öne sürülmüştür. Bu sebeple, Hurri-Urartuca ve Türkçenin söz varlıkları arasındaki toplam otuz yedi benzer kelime listelenmiş, bunların Urartucadan Türkçeye alıntılar olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu karşılaştırmalara dayanarak, Pre-Proto-Türkçenin ses özelliklerine değinilmiştir. Kimmer nüfusunun kısmen Türkçe konuşanlardan oluştuğu ve dillerinin bir yandan ‘sözde Karca’ sözcüklerin kaynağı, diğer yandan Urartuca sözcüklerin alıcısı olduğu varsayımı en makul öneri olarak görülmektedir

Kaynakça

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On The Origin of the Pseudo-Carian Glosses And the Hurro-Urartian Lexical Loans in Turkic

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 34, 25 - 68, 01.06.2017

Öz

The present study deals with a number of glosses which appear in the Byzantinian sources, most of them in Ethnica of Stephanos Byzantinos, and are labeled as Carian. As these glosses are not actually attested in Carian inscriptions, they are called pseudo-glosses in the relevant literature. Six of these pseudo-Carian glosses are examined and for all of them, Turkic etymologies are proposed which reach into the depth of Pre- Proto-Turkic. It is asserted that the glosses which surface as Carian in the works of the Byzantinian historians may have entered into Anatolia by the Cimmerians or by the Turukku which were in close contact with the Urartians and Hurrians, respectively. Therefore, thirty-seven similar lexical items in the Hurro-Urartian and Turkic vocabularies are listed. It has been concluded that these may be Urartian loanwords in Turkic. Based on these correspondences, the phonological features of Pre-Proto-Turkic are discussed. The supposition that the Cimmerian population was partly Turkic-speaking and their language was the donor of the pseudo-Carian glosses and the recipient of the Urartian loanwords proves to be the most plausible one

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  • PAYNE, Annick, (2010), Hieroglyphic Luwian, An Introduction with Original Texts, 2nd Revised Edition, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • PdC = DE COURTEILLE, Pavet, (1870), Dictionnaire Turk-Oriental, Paris: Imprimerie impériale.
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  • POPPE, N., (1960), Vergleichende Grammatik der altaischen Sprachen. Teil 1. Vergleichende Lautlehre, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
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  • PULLEYBLANK, E. G., (1962), “The consonantal system of Old Chinese, Part II”, Asia Major, IX: 206-265.
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  • RAMSTEDT, G. J., (1957), Einführung in die altaische Sprachwissenschaft. I: Lautlehre, (ed. P. Aalto), Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
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  • SEVİN, Veli, (2005), Hakkâri Taşları, Çıplak Savaşçıların Gizemi, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
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  • SHIMUNEK, Andrew, (2011), “Review of The Kitan Language and Script by Daniel Kane”, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, LXIV, 1: 101-107.
  • SHIMUNEK, Andrew, (2014), “A New Decipherment and Linguistic Reconstruction of the Kitan– Chinese Bilingual Inscription of 1134 A.D.”, Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, LXVII, 1: 97-118.
  • SKAFF, Jonathan Karam, (2012), Sui-Tang China and Its Turco-Mongol Neighbors: Culture, Power, and Connections, 580-800, Oxford-New York: Oxford University Press.
  • SOYSAL, Oğuz, (2004), Hattischer Wortschatz in hethitischer Textüberlieferung, (Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section One, The Near and the Middle East, Volume Seventy-Four), Leiden- Boston: Brill.
  • SSTMYa = Sravnitel’nıy Slovar’ Tunguso-Man’çjurskih Yazıkov, Materialı k Etimologiçeskomu Slovaryu (1975-1977), Tom I-II, Leningrad: Nauk.
  • SSU-MA CH’IEN, (2010), The Grand Scribe’s Records, Volume IX, The Memoirs of Han China, Part II, (Edited by William H. Nienhauser, Jr.), Bloomington-Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
  • STACHOWSKI, Marek, (1993), Dolganischer Wortschatz, Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński.
  • STACHOWSKI, Marek, (1993a), Geschichte des jakutischen Vokalismus, Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński.
  • STACHOWSKI, Marek, (1996), “Über einige altaische Lehnwörter in den Jenissej-Sprachen”, Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia, I, 91-115.
  • STACHOWSKI, Marek, (1998), Dolganischer Wortschatz, Supplementband, Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka.
  • STAROSTIN, S. A. ve M. RUHLEN, (1994), “Proto-Yeniseian Reconstructions, with Extra-Yeniseian Comparisons”, On the Origin of Languages: Studies in Linguistic Taxonomy, Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • ŞİRİN, Hatice, (2016), Eski Türk Yazıtları Söz Varlığı İncelemesi. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • TEKİN, T., (1977), “Ön Türkçede Ünsüz Yitimi”, TDAY-Belleten, s. 35-51.
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  • TEKİN, T., (1993), Hunların Dili, Ankara: Doruk Yayınları.
  • TEKİN, T., (2003), Orhon Türkçesi Grameri, (Yay. Mehmet Ölmez), İstanbul: Türk Dilleri Araştırma Dizisi.
  • TEKİN, T., (2008), Orhon Yazıtları, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • TMEN = DOERFER, Gerhard, (1963-1975), Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen, Band I-IV, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
  • ToB = STAROSTIN, S. A., The Tower of Babel, An International Etymological Database Project, http://starling.rinet.ru/main.html (Son erişim tarihi: 09.01.2017).
  • TOKHTAS’EV, Sergei R., (1992), “Cimmerians”, Encyclopædia Iranica, VI, 2, 563-567. Çevrimiçi: http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cimmerians-nomads (Son erişim tarihi: 30.12.2016).
  • UTİL = MADVALİYEV, A., (ed.) (2006-2008), Ŭzbek Tilining İzohli LuŞati, I-V, Toşkent: Ŭzbekiston Milliy Entsiklopediyasi Davlat İlmiy Naşriyoti.
  • UW = RÖHRBORN, K., (1977-1998), Uigurisches Wörterbuch, Sprachmaterial der vorislamischen türkischen Texte aus Zentralasien, Lfg. 1-6, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
  • ÜNAL, Orçun, (2015), “İhe Ashete Yazıtı: Yeni Bir Okuma ve Anlamlandırma Denemesi”, Bilig, 73: 271-294.
  • ÜNLÜ, Suat, (2012), Karahanlı Türkçe Sözlüğü, Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi.
  • ÜNLÜ, Suat, (2012a), Harezm-Altınordu Türkçesi Sözlüğü, Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi.
  • VASİLEVİÇ, G. M., (1958), Evenkiysko-Russkiy Slovar’, Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo.
  • VASMER, Max, (1987), Etimologiçeskiy Slovar’ Russkogo Yazıka, Tom III, Moskva: Progress.
  • VEWT = RÄSÄNEN, Martti, (1969), Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
  • VOVIN, A., (2000), “Did the Xiong-nu Speak a Yeniseian Language?”, Central Asiatic Journal, XLIV, 1: 87-104.
  • VOVIN, A., (2003), “Did the Xiongnu speak a Yeniseian Language? Part 2: Vocabulary”, Altaica Budapestinensia MMII, Proceedings of the 45th Permanent International Altaistic Conference [PIAC], Budapest, Hungary, June 23-28, 2002, (Edited by Alice Sárkőzi and Attila Rákos), Research Group for Altaic Studies, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Inner Asian Studies, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 389-394.
  • VOVIN, A., (2007), “Once Again on the Tabgač Language”, Mongolian Studies, XXIX, 191-206.
  • VOVIN, A., (2011), “Once Again on the Ruan-ruan Language”, Ötüken’den İstanbul’a Türkçenin 1290. Yılı (720-2010) Sempozyumu, Bildiriler / Papers, (ed. Mehmet Ölmez, Erhan Aydın, Peter Zieme, Mustafa S. Kaçalin), İstanbul: İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Yayınları, 1-10.
  • VOVIN, A., (2011a), “First and second person singular pronouns: a pillar or a pillory of the ‘Altaic’ hypothesis?”, Türk Dilleri Araştırmaları, XXI, 2: 251-278.
  • VOVIN, A., (2013), “Old Turkic Loanwords in the Khitan Language”, Yalım Kaya Bitigi, Osman Fikri Sertkaya Armağanı, (Ed. Hatice Şirin User – Bülent Gül), Ankara: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü, 621-625.
  • VOVIN, Alexander ve Edward VAJDA, Étienne DE LA VAISSIÈRE, (2016), “Who Were the Kjet (羯) and What Language Did They Speak?”, Journal Asiatique, CCCIV, 1: 125-144.
  • WATKINS, Calvert, (2008), “Hittite”, The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor, (Edited by Roger D. Woodard), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 6-30.
  • WATSON, Wilfred G. E., (2011), “Semitic and Non-Semitic Terms for Horse-Trappings in Ugaritic”, Aula Orientalis, 29: 155-176.
  • WCh = DOERFER, Gerhard ve Semih TEZCAN, (1980), Wörterbuch des Chaladsch (Dialekt von Xarrāb), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
  • WEGNER, Ilse, (1995), “Die hurritischen Körperteilbezeichnungen”, Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und Vorderasiatische Archäologie, LXXXV, 116-126.
  • WEGNER, Ilse, (2007), Einführung in die hurritische Sprache, 2., überarbeitete Auflage, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • WERNER, Heinrich, (2002), Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Jenissej-Sprachen, Bde 1-3, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • WERNER, Heinrich, (2003), M. A. Castrén und die Jenissejistik. Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 19. Jahrhunderts, (Veröffentlichungen der Societas Uralo-Altaica, Bd. 62), Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz.
  • WERNER, Heinrich, (2005), Die Jenissej-Sprachen des 18. Jahrhunderts, Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz.
  • WERNER, Heinrich, (2006), Die Welt der Jenissejer im Lichte des Wortschatzes. Zur Rekonstruktion der jenissejischen Protokultur, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • WERNER, Heinrich, (2010), “Zum historisch-kulturellen Hintergrund der jenissejisch-türkischen Wortparallelen”, Studies on the Turkic World. A Festschrift for Professor St. Stachowski on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday, (edited by E. Mańczak-Wohlfeld and B. Podolak), Kraków: Jagiellonian University Press, 169-189.
  • WILHELM, Gernot, (1980), “Der Komitativ des Urartäischen”, Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici, 22: 133-136.
  • WILHELM, Gernot, (2008), “Hurrian”, The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor, (Edited by Roger D. Woodard), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 81-104.
  • WILHELM, Gernot, (2008a), “Urartian”, The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor, (Edited by Roger D. Woodard), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 105-144.
  • WU, Yingzhe ve Juha JANHUNEN, (2010), New Materials on the Khitan Small Script. A Critical Edition of Xiao Dilu and Yelü Xiangwen, Folkestone: Global Oriental.
  • XIONG, Victor Cunrui, (2006), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty. His Life, Times, and Legacy, Albany: State University of the New York Press.
  • YEGOROV, V. G., (1964), Etimologiçeskiy Slovar’ Çuvaşskogo Yazıka, Çeboksarı.
  • YILMAZ, Emine, (2002), Çuvaşça Çok Zamanlı Morfoloji, Ankara: Grafiker Yayıncılık.
  • YTS = DİLÇİN, Cem, (1983), Yeni Tarama Sözlüğü, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • YÜCE, Nuri, (1993), Mukaddimetü’l-Edeb. Ḫvārizm Türkçesi ile Tercümeli Şuşter Nüshası. Giriş, Dil Özellikleri, Metin, İndeks, 2. Baskı, Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.
Toplam 189 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Orçun Ünal

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Sayı: 34

Kaynak Göster

APA Ünal, O. (2017). ‘Sözde Karca’ Kelimelerin Kökeni ve Türkçedeki Hurri-Urartuca Leksikal Alıntılar Üzerine. Türkbilig(34), 25-68.