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Unraveling the Hesitancy: Analyzing Conspiracy Theories About the Covid-19 Vaccine through ‘Twitter ‘

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 13, 64 - 84, 30.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2024.7.13.241

Öz

The vaccine hesitancy developed during the COVID-19 pandemic has spread the disease, delayed immunity, and increased death rates. Social media platforms have contributed to the spread of doubts, misinformation about vaccines. Twitter, being one of the most popular social networks in Turkiye, has become a significant platform for vaccine polarization. This study aims to examine the reasons for vaccine hesitancy and conspiracy theories developed by Turkish users on Twitter. 3939 tweets were analyzed with the hashtags #aşıyahayır (#notovaccine), #aşıolmayacağım (#Iwillnotgetvaccinated), #denekolmaTürkiye(#donotbeatestsubjectTurkiye), #aşıolmakistemiyorum(#Idonotwanttogetvaccinated). The examined categories are as follows: scientific (the highest number of comments in this category were related to medical side effects), miscellaneous (the highest number of comments were about the lack of mentioning reasons for vaccine hesitancy), conspiracy theories (the highest number of comments were about major pharmaceutical companies), and general content (opinions against administering Covid-19 vaccines to children).

Proje Numarası

BAP 121

Kaynakça

  • Berry, S., Johnson, K., Myles, L., Herndon L., Montoya, A., Fashaw, S., & Gifford, D. (2021). Lessons learned from frontline skilled nursing facility staff regarding COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 69(5), 1140-1146.
  • Blank, G., Dutton, W. H. & Lefkowitz, J. (2019, September 6). Perceived threats to privacy online: The Internet in Britain. The Oxford Internet Survey. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3522106, https://oxis.oii.ox.ac.uk/.
  • Danchin, M. & Buttery, J. (2021). COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy: A unique set of challenges. Internal Medicine Journal, 51(12), 1987-1989.
  • Douglas, K. M., Uscinski, J. E., Sutton, R., Cichocka, A, Turk Nefes, Ang, C. S. & Deravi, F. (2019). Understanding conspiracy theories, Political Psychology, 40(1), 3-35.
  • Einstein, K. L., & Glick D. M. (2015). Do I think BLS data are BS? The consequences of conspiracy theories. Political Behavior, 37(3), 679-701.
  • Einspanner, J, Dang-Anh M., & Thimm, C. (2016). Twitter verilerinin bilgisayar destekli içerik analizi. Weller, K., Burns, A., Burgess, J., Mahrt, M, & Puschmann, C. (Eds), E. Erbatur (Trans), Twitter ve toplum (pp. 136-145). Kafka Epsilon.
  • Ejaz, W., Ittefaq, M., Seo H., & Naz, F. (2021). Factors associated with the belief in COVID-19 related conspiracy theories in Pakistan. Health, Risk& Society, 23(3-4), 162-178.
  • Efendioğlu, E. (2020, June 15). COVID-19 myths, conspiracies: Another unfortunate aspect of pandemic. Daily Sabah, http:// www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/covid-19-myths-conspiracies-another -unfortunate-aspect-of-pandemic.
  • Etesaminia, S., & Bağcı Derinpınar, K. (2021). Aşı tereddütlerinde sosyal medyanın rolü. Uluslararası Sağlık Yönetimi ve Stratejileri Araştırma Dergisi, 7, 377-390.
  • Freeman, D., Loe, B, S., Chadwick, A., Vaccari, C., Waite, W., Rosebrock, L., Jenner, L., Petit, A., Lewandowsky, S., Vanderslott, S., Innocenti, S., Larkin, M., Giubilini, A., Yu, L. M., McShane, H., Pollard, A., & Lambe. S. (2020). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK: The Oxford coronavirus explanations, attitudes, and narratives survey (oceans) II. Psychological Medicine, 1-15.
  • Funk, C., & Tyson, A. (2020, December 3). Intent to get a Covid-19 vaccine rises to 60% as confidence in research and development process ıncreases. Pew Research Center. Science & Society, https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2020/12/03/intent-to-get-a-covid-19-vaccine-rises-to-60-as-confidence-inresearch-and-development-process-increase
  • Geldsetzer, P. (2020). Knowledge and perceptions of COVID-19 among the general public in the United States and the United Kingdom: A cross-sectional online survey, Annuals of Internal Medicine. 173(2), 157-160.
  • Greenwood, B. (2014). The contribution of vaccination to global health: past, present and future. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 369(1645). 20130433.
  • Hornsey, M. J, Lobera J., & Díaz-Catalán, C. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy is strongly associated with distrust of conventional medicine, and only weakly associated with trust in alternative medicine. Society Science Medience. June 255: 113019.
  • Jiang, X., Su, M. H., Juvan Hwang, R., Lian, R., Brauer, M., Kim, S., & Shah, D. (2021). Polarization over vaccination: Ideological differences in Twitter expression about COVID-19 vaccine favorability and specific hesitancy concerns. Social Media+ Society, 7(3), 20563051211048413. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211048413.
  • Jolley, D., & Douglas, K. M. (2014). The effects of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories on vaccination intentions. PLoS One, 9(2), e89177. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089177
  • Imhoff, R., & Lamberty, P. (2020). A bioweapon or a hoax? The link between distinct conspiracy beliefs about the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak and pandemic behavior. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(8), 1110-1118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620934692
  • Khan, Y. H., Mallhi, T. H., Hussain, A., Nasser, H., Alzarea, A., Alanazi, I. O., Abdullah, S., Tanveer, N., & Hashmi, F. K. (2020). Threat of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Pakistan: The need for measures to neutralize misleading narratives. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103(2), 603–604. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0671
  • Kata, A. (2012). Anti-vaccine activists, Web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm - An overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement. Vaccine, 30, 3778-3789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.112
  • Kearney, M. D., Chiang, S., & Massey, P. (2020). The Twitter origins and evolution of the COVID-19 “Plandemic” conspiracy theory. Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review, 1(3).
  • Krippendorff, K. (2011). Agreement and information in the reliability of coding. Communication Methods and Measures, 5(2), 93-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2011.568376
  • Küçükali, H., Ataç, Ö., Palteki, A. S., Tokaç, A. Z., & Hayran, O. (2022). Vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaccination attitudes during the start of COVID-19 vaccination program: A content analysis on Twitter data. Vaccines, 10(161). https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020161
  • Lazarus, J. V., Ratzan, S. C., Palayew, A., Gostin, L. O., Larson, H. J., Rabin, K., Kimball, S., & El-Mohandes, A. (2021). A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nature Medicine, 27(2), 225-228. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9
  • Lin, Y., Hu, Z., Zhao, Q., Alias, H., Danaee, M., & Wong, L.-P. (2020). Understanding COVID-19 vaccine demand and hesitancy: A nationwide online survey in China. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14(12), e0008961. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008961
  • Megget, K. (2020). Even COVID-19 can’t kill the anti-vaccination movement. BMJ Clinical Research Ed., 369, m2184.
  • Nuzhath, T., Samia, T., Rahul, S. K., Nusrat, T. F., Mariya, R., Farabi, M., Arman, A., et al. (2020). COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy, misinformation and conspiracy theories on social media: A content analysis of Twitter data. SocArXiv. December 11. doi:10.31235/osf.io/vc9jb.
  • Palamenghi, L., Barello, S., Boccia, S., & Graffigna, G. (2020). Mistrust in biomedical research and vaccine hesitancy: The forefront challenge in the battle against COVID-19 in Italy. European Journal of Epidemiology, 35(8), 785-788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00675-8
  • Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J., Zhang, Y., Lu, J. G., & Rand, D. G. (2020). Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: Experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy-nudge intervention. Psychological Science, 31(7), 770–780.
  • Puri, N., Coomes, E. A., Haghbayan, H., & Gunaratne, K. (2020). Social media and vaccine hesitancy: New updates for the era of COVID-19 and globalized infectious diseases. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 16(11), 2586-2593. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1780846
  • Reno, C., Maietti, E., Fantini, M. P., Savoia, E., Manzoli, L., Montalti, M., & Gori, D. (2021). Enhancing COVID-19 vaccines acceptance: Results from a survey on vaccine hesitancy in Northern Italy. Vaccines, 9(4), 378.
  • Reinhart, R. J. (2020, December 23). More Americans now willing to get COVID-19 vaccine. Gallup Blog. https://news.gallup.com/poll/325208/americans-willing-covid-vaccine.aspx
  • Rosenberg, H., Syed, S., & Rezaie, S. (2020). The Twitter pandemic: The critical role of Twitter in the dissemination of medical information and misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 22(4), 418-421. https:// https://doi.org/10.1017/cem.2020.361
  • Roth, Y., & Pickles, N. (2020). Updating our approach to misleading information. Twitter Blog. https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/product/2020/updating-our-approach-to-misleading-information.html
  • Salali, G. D., & Uysal, M. S. (2020). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is associated with beliefs on the origin of the novel coronavirus in the UK and Turkey. Psychological Medicine, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720004067
  • Scannell, D., Desens, L., Guadagno, M., Tra, Y., Acker, E., Sheridan, K., Rosner, M., Mathieu, J., & Fulk, M. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine discourse on Twitter: A content analysis of persuasion techniques, sentiment and mis/disinformation. Journal of Health Communication, 26(7), 443-459. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2021.1955050
  • Skinner, G. (2020, August 10). Who's least likely to say they'll get a Covid-19 vaccine? Ipsos MORI. https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/whos-least-likely-say-theyll-get-covid-19-vaccine
  • Smith, P., Humiston, S., Marcuse, E., Zhao, Z., Dorell, C. G., Howes, C., & Hibbs, B. (2011). Parental delay or refusal of vaccine doses, childhood vaccination coverage at 24 months of age, and the health belief model. Public Health Reports, 126, 135-146.
  • Statista. (2020). Distribution of Twitter users in the United Kingdom (UK) Q1 2020, by frequency of use. https://www.statista.com/statistics/611306/frequency-of-twitter-use-in-the-united-kingdom-uk
  • Teyit.org. (2021). Türkiye’de aşı dezenformasyonu: Yanlış bilgiyi kimler yayıyor, ilişki ağları ne?, https://teyit.org/teyitpedia/turkiyede-asi-dezenformasyonu-yanlis-bilgiyi-kimler-yayiyor-iliski-aglari-ne, 11.10.2021.
  • Thelwall, M., Kousha, K., & Thelwall, S. (2021). Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy on English-language Twitter. Profesional de la Información, 30(2), e300212.
  • Troiano, G., & Nardi, A. (2021). Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19. Public Health, 194, 245-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.02.025
  • Uscinski, J. E., Klofstad, C., & Atkinson, M. D. (2016). What drives conspiratorial beliefs? The role of ınformational cues and predispositions. Political Research Quarterly, 69(1), 57-71.
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Aşı Tereddüdünü Anlamak: Covid-19 Aşısı ile İlgili Komplo Teorilerinin ‘Twitter’ Üzerinden Analizi

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 13, 64 - 84, 30.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2024.7.13.241

Öz

Covid-19 pandemisi sırasında gelişen aşı tereddütü hastalığın yayılmasına, bağışıklığın gecikmesine ve ölüm oranlarının artmasına neden olmuştur. Sosyal medya platformları, aşılar hakkındaki şüphelerin ve yanlış bilgilerin yayılmasına katkıda bulunmuştur. Türkiye'de en popüler sosyal ağlardan biri olan Twitter, aşı karşıtlığı için önemli bir platform haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma, Türk kullanıcıları tarafından Twitter'da geliştirilen aşı tereddüdü ve komplo teorilerinin nedenlerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. #aşıyahayır, #aşıolmayacağım, #denekolmaTürkiye, #aşıolmakistemiyorum gibi etiketlerle atılmış 3939 tweet analiz edildi. İncelenen kategoriler arasında bilimsel (bu kategorideki en yüksek sayıdaki yorumlar genellikle tıbbi yan etkilerle ilgili), çeşitli (en yüksek sayıdaki yorumlar aşı tereddüdü nedenlerinin belirtilmemesi ile ilgili), komplo teorileri (en yüksek sayıdaki yorumlar büyük ilaç şirketleriyle ilgili) ve genel içerik (Covid-19 aşılarının çocuklara uygulanmasına karşı görüşler) yer almıştır.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma Yaşar Üniversitesi Proje Değerlendirme Komisyonu (PDK) tarafından kabul edilen BAP121 no.lu ve “Covid-19 Pandemisinde Türkiye’de Aşı Karşıtlığına Dair Kamuoyu Araştırması” başlıklı proje kapsamında desteklenmiştir.

Destekleyen Kurum

Yaşar Üniversitesi

Proje Numarası

BAP 121

Kaynakça

  • Berry, S., Johnson, K., Myles, L., Herndon L., Montoya, A., Fashaw, S., & Gifford, D. (2021). Lessons learned from frontline skilled nursing facility staff regarding COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 69(5), 1140-1146.
  • Blank, G., Dutton, W. H. & Lefkowitz, J. (2019, September 6). Perceived threats to privacy online: The Internet in Britain. The Oxford Internet Survey. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3522106, https://oxis.oii.ox.ac.uk/.
  • Danchin, M. & Buttery, J. (2021). COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy: A unique set of challenges. Internal Medicine Journal, 51(12), 1987-1989.
  • Douglas, K. M., Uscinski, J. E., Sutton, R., Cichocka, A, Turk Nefes, Ang, C. S. & Deravi, F. (2019). Understanding conspiracy theories, Political Psychology, 40(1), 3-35.
  • Einstein, K. L., & Glick D. M. (2015). Do I think BLS data are BS? The consequences of conspiracy theories. Political Behavior, 37(3), 679-701.
  • Einspanner, J, Dang-Anh M., & Thimm, C. (2016). Twitter verilerinin bilgisayar destekli içerik analizi. Weller, K., Burns, A., Burgess, J., Mahrt, M, & Puschmann, C. (Eds), E. Erbatur (Trans), Twitter ve toplum (pp. 136-145). Kafka Epsilon.
  • Ejaz, W., Ittefaq, M., Seo H., & Naz, F. (2021). Factors associated with the belief in COVID-19 related conspiracy theories in Pakistan. Health, Risk& Society, 23(3-4), 162-178.
  • Efendioğlu, E. (2020, June 15). COVID-19 myths, conspiracies: Another unfortunate aspect of pandemic. Daily Sabah, http:// www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/covid-19-myths-conspiracies-another -unfortunate-aspect-of-pandemic.
  • Etesaminia, S., & Bağcı Derinpınar, K. (2021). Aşı tereddütlerinde sosyal medyanın rolü. Uluslararası Sağlık Yönetimi ve Stratejileri Araştırma Dergisi, 7, 377-390.
  • Freeman, D., Loe, B, S., Chadwick, A., Vaccari, C., Waite, W., Rosebrock, L., Jenner, L., Petit, A., Lewandowsky, S., Vanderslott, S., Innocenti, S., Larkin, M., Giubilini, A., Yu, L. M., McShane, H., Pollard, A., & Lambe. S. (2020). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK: The Oxford coronavirus explanations, attitudes, and narratives survey (oceans) II. Psychological Medicine, 1-15.
  • Funk, C., & Tyson, A. (2020, December 3). Intent to get a Covid-19 vaccine rises to 60% as confidence in research and development process ıncreases. Pew Research Center. Science & Society, https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2020/12/03/intent-to-get-a-covid-19-vaccine-rises-to-60-as-confidence-inresearch-and-development-process-increase
  • Geldsetzer, P. (2020). Knowledge and perceptions of COVID-19 among the general public in the United States and the United Kingdom: A cross-sectional online survey, Annuals of Internal Medicine. 173(2), 157-160.
  • Greenwood, B. (2014). The contribution of vaccination to global health: past, present and future. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 369(1645). 20130433.
  • Hornsey, M. J, Lobera J., & Díaz-Catalán, C. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy is strongly associated with distrust of conventional medicine, and only weakly associated with trust in alternative medicine. Society Science Medience. June 255: 113019.
  • Jiang, X., Su, M. H., Juvan Hwang, R., Lian, R., Brauer, M., Kim, S., & Shah, D. (2021). Polarization over vaccination: Ideological differences in Twitter expression about COVID-19 vaccine favorability and specific hesitancy concerns. Social Media+ Society, 7(3), 20563051211048413. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211048413.
  • Jolley, D., & Douglas, K. M. (2014). The effects of anti-vaccine conspiracy theories on vaccination intentions. PLoS One, 9(2), e89177. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089177
  • Imhoff, R., & Lamberty, P. (2020). A bioweapon or a hoax? The link between distinct conspiracy beliefs about the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak and pandemic behavior. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 11(8), 1110-1118. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620934692
  • Khan, Y. H., Mallhi, T. H., Hussain, A., Nasser, H., Alzarea, A., Alanazi, I. O., Abdullah, S., Tanveer, N., & Hashmi, F. K. (2020). Threat of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in Pakistan: The need for measures to neutralize misleading narratives. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 103(2), 603–604. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0671
  • Kata, A. (2012). Anti-vaccine activists, Web 2.0, and the postmodern paradigm - An overview of tactics and tropes used online by the anti-vaccination movement. Vaccine, 30, 3778-3789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.11.112
  • Kearney, M. D., Chiang, S., & Massey, P. (2020). The Twitter origins and evolution of the COVID-19 “Plandemic” conspiracy theory. Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review, 1(3).
  • Krippendorff, K. (2011). Agreement and information in the reliability of coding. Communication Methods and Measures, 5(2), 93-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2011.568376
  • Küçükali, H., Ataç, Ö., Palteki, A. S., Tokaç, A. Z., & Hayran, O. (2022). Vaccine hesitancy and anti-vaccination attitudes during the start of COVID-19 vaccination program: A content analysis on Twitter data. Vaccines, 10(161). https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10020161
  • Lazarus, J. V., Ratzan, S. C., Palayew, A., Gostin, L. O., Larson, H. J., Rabin, K., Kimball, S., & El-Mohandes, A. (2021). A global survey of potential acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Nature Medicine, 27(2), 225-228. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-1124-9
  • Lin, Y., Hu, Z., Zhao, Q., Alias, H., Danaee, M., & Wong, L.-P. (2020). Understanding COVID-19 vaccine demand and hesitancy: A nationwide online survey in China. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14(12), e0008961. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008961
  • Megget, K. (2020). Even COVID-19 can’t kill the anti-vaccination movement. BMJ Clinical Research Ed., 369, m2184.
  • Nuzhath, T., Samia, T., Rahul, S. K., Nusrat, T. F., Mariya, R., Farabi, M., Arman, A., et al. (2020). COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy, misinformation and conspiracy theories on social media: A content analysis of Twitter data. SocArXiv. December 11. doi:10.31235/osf.io/vc9jb.
  • Palamenghi, L., Barello, S., Boccia, S., & Graffigna, G. (2020). Mistrust in biomedical research and vaccine hesitancy: The forefront challenge in the battle against COVID-19 in Italy. European Journal of Epidemiology, 35(8), 785-788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00675-8
  • Pennycook, G., McPhetres, J., Zhang, Y., Lu, J. G., & Rand, D. G. (2020). Fighting COVID-19 misinformation on social media: Experimental evidence for a scalable accuracy-nudge intervention. Psychological Science, 31(7), 770–780.
  • Puri, N., Coomes, E. A., Haghbayan, H., & Gunaratne, K. (2020). Social media and vaccine hesitancy: New updates for the era of COVID-19 and globalized infectious diseases. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 16(11), 2586-2593. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1780846
  • Reno, C., Maietti, E., Fantini, M. P., Savoia, E., Manzoli, L., Montalti, M., & Gori, D. (2021). Enhancing COVID-19 vaccines acceptance: Results from a survey on vaccine hesitancy in Northern Italy. Vaccines, 9(4), 378.
  • Reinhart, R. J. (2020, December 23). More Americans now willing to get COVID-19 vaccine. Gallup Blog. https://news.gallup.com/poll/325208/americans-willing-covid-vaccine.aspx
  • Rosenberg, H., Syed, S., & Rezaie, S. (2020). The Twitter pandemic: The critical role of Twitter in the dissemination of medical information and misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine, 22(4), 418-421. https:// https://doi.org/10.1017/cem.2020.361
  • Roth, Y., & Pickles, N. (2020). Updating our approach to misleading information. Twitter Blog. https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/product/2020/updating-our-approach-to-misleading-information.html
  • Salali, G. D., & Uysal, M. S. (2020). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is associated with beliefs on the origin of the novel coronavirus in the UK and Turkey. Psychological Medicine, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720004067
  • Scannell, D., Desens, L., Guadagno, M., Tra, Y., Acker, E., Sheridan, K., Rosner, M., Mathieu, J., & Fulk, M. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine discourse on Twitter: A content analysis of persuasion techniques, sentiment and mis/disinformation. Journal of Health Communication, 26(7), 443-459. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2021.1955050
  • Skinner, G. (2020, August 10). Who's least likely to say they'll get a Covid-19 vaccine? Ipsos MORI. https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/whos-least-likely-say-theyll-get-covid-19-vaccine
  • Smith, P., Humiston, S., Marcuse, E., Zhao, Z., Dorell, C. G., Howes, C., & Hibbs, B. (2011). Parental delay or refusal of vaccine doses, childhood vaccination coverage at 24 months of age, and the health belief model. Public Health Reports, 126, 135-146.
  • Statista. (2020). Distribution of Twitter users in the United Kingdom (UK) Q1 2020, by frequency of use. https://www.statista.com/statistics/611306/frequency-of-twitter-use-in-the-united-kingdom-uk
  • Teyit.org. (2021). Türkiye’de aşı dezenformasyonu: Yanlış bilgiyi kimler yayıyor, ilişki ağları ne?, https://teyit.org/teyitpedia/turkiyede-asi-dezenformasyonu-yanlis-bilgiyi-kimler-yayiyor-iliski-aglari-ne, 11.10.2021.
  • Thelwall, M., Kousha, K., & Thelwall, S. (2021). Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy on English-language Twitter. Profesional de la Información, 30(2), e300212.
  • Troiano, G., & Nardi, A. (2021). Vaccine hesitancy in the era of COVID-19. Public Health, 194, 245-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.02.025
  • Uscinski, J. E., Klofstad, C., & Atkinson, M. D. (2016). What drives conspiratorial beliefs? The role of ınformational cues and predispositions. Political Research Quarterly, 69(1), 57-71.
  • Wagner, A. L., Huang, Z., Ren J., Laffoon, M., Ji, M., Pinckney, L. C., Sun, X., Prosser, L. A., Matthew L. Boulton, & Brian J Zikmund-Fisher (2020). Vaccine hesitancy and concerns about vaccine safety and effectiveness in Shanghai, China. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 60(1): 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.09.003
  • Wang, Y., McKee, M., Torbica, A. & Stuckler, D. (2019). Systematic literature review on the spread of health-related misinformation on social media. Social Science & Medicine 240, 112552.
  • We Are Social. (2022). Digital 2022 report. https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2022/04/more-than-5-billion-people-now-use-the-internet/?utm_source=feedotter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=FO-05-04-2022&utm_content=httpswearesocialcomukblog202204morethan5billionpeoplenowusetheinternet.
  • WHO. (2019). Ten threats to global health in 2019. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019
  • Wojcik, S. & Hughes, A. (2019). Sizing up Twitter users. Pew Research Center. Internet & Technology. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users
  • Wolfe R. M., Sharp L. K., & Lipsky, M. (2002). Content and design attributes of antivaccination. JAMA. 287, 3245-3248.
  • Varol, Tuğçe, Schneider, F., Mesters, I., Ruiter, R. A., Kok, G., & ten Hoor, G. A. (2021). “Facilitating ınformed decision making: Determinants of university students’ COVID-19 vaccine uptake.” PsyArXiv. June 18. doi:10.31234/osf.io/u46bm.
  • Yang, Z., Xi, L., & Hepeng, J. (2021). Is ıt all a conspiracy? Conspiracy theories and people’s attitude to COVID-19 Vaccination. Vaccines, 9(10), 1051.
  • Zimmerman, R., Wolfe, R., Fox, D. E., Fox, J., Nowalk, M. P., Troy, J., & Sharp, L. (2005). Vaccine criticism on the world wide web. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 7(2), e17.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İletişim Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ebru Gökaliler 0000-0002-4134-8447

Özlem Alikılıç 0000-0001-6311-2622

Proje Numarası BAP 121
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Ocak 2024
Kabul Tarihi 26 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 13

Kaynak Göster

APA Gökaliler, E., & Alikılıç, Ö. (2024). Unraveling the Hesitancy: Analyzing Conspiracy Theories About the Covid-19 Vaccine through ‘Twitter ‘. Etkileşim(13), 64-84. https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2024.7.13.241
AMA Gökaliler E, Alikılıç Ö. Unraveling the Hesitancy: Analyzing Conspiracy Theories About the Covid-19 Vaccine through ‘Twitter ‘. Etkileşim. Nisan 2024;(13):64-84. doi:10.32739/etkilesim.2024.7.13.241
Chicago Gökaliler, Ebru, ve Özlem Alikılıç. “Unraveling the Hesitancy: Analyzing Conspiracy Theories About the Covid-19 Vaccine through ‘Twitter ‘”. Etkileşim, sy. 13 (Nisan 2024): 64-84. https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2024.7.13.241.
EndNote Gökaliler E, Alikılıç Ö (01 Nisan 2024) Unraveling the Hesitancy: Analyzing Conspiracy Theories About the Covid-19 Vaccine through ‘Twitter ‘. Etkileşim 13 64–84.
IEEE E. Gökaliler ve Ö. Alikılıç, “Unraveling the Hesitancy: Analyzing Conspiracy Theories About the Covid-19 Vaccine through ‘Twitter ‘”, Etkileşim, sy. 13, ss. 64–84, Nisan 2024, doi: 10.32739/etkilesim.2024.7.13.241.
ISNAD Gökaliler, Ebru - Alikılıç, Özlem. “Unraveling the Hesitancy: Analyzing Conspiracy Theories About the Covid-19 Vaccine through ‘Twitter ‘”. Etkileşim 13 (Nisan 2024), 64-84. https://doi.org/10.32739/etkilesim.2024.7.13.241.
JAMA Gökaliler E, Alikılıç Ö. Unraveling the Hesitancy: Analyzing Conspiracy Theories About the Covid-19 Vaccine through ‘Twitter ‘. Etkileşim. 2024;:64–84.
MLA Gökaliler, Ebru ve Özlem Alikılıç. “Unraveling the Hesitancy: Analyzing Conspiracy Theories About the Covid-19 Vaccine through ‘Twitter ‘”. Etkileşim, sy. 13, 2024, ss. 64-84, doi:10.32739/etkilesim.2024.7.13.241.
Vancouver Gökaliler E, Alikılıç Ö. Unraveling the Hesitancy: Analyzing Conspiracy Theories About the Covid-19 Vaccine through ‘Twitter ‘. Etkileşim. 2024(13):64-8.