Süpervizör, Terapist ve Hasta Üçlüsünde Terapötikİttifak ve Etkileyen Faktör Olarak Şema Kavramı: BirVaka Üzerinden Analiz

Öz

Yapılan çalışmanın hedefi Young şema alanlarının, Young uyumsuz baş etme biçimlerinin, Young ebeveynlik biçimlerinin Süpervizör A, Terapist B ve Hasta C arasındaki terapötik ittifakını ölçmekti. Bu vaka çalışması için, katılımcılar bir süpervizör (klinik psikoloji doktora öğrencisi), bir terapist (klinik psikoloji yüksek lisans öğrencisi) ve bir hastadan (AYNA klinik psikoloji ünitesine başvuran) oluşmaktaydı. Araştırmada, terapötik ittifakı ölçmek için niteliksel (araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen açık uçlu soru formu ve ilişkisel halkalar) ve niceliksel (terapötik ittifak ölçekleri/süpervizör-terapist formları ve terapist-hasta formları) olmak üzere iki farklı ölçüm biçimi kullanıldı. Sonuçlara göre, Young erken yaş dönemi uyumsuz şemaları, Young baş etme biçimleri, Young ebeveynlik biçimleri ile süpervizörler, terapistler ve hastaların terapötik ittifakları arasında bir ilişki olduğu tespit edildi. Çıkan sonuçlar Şema Teorisi çerçevesinde tartışıldı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Şema Teori
• Terapötik İttifak
• Süpervizyon
• Psikoterapi

Therapeutic Alliance among Supervisor, Therapist, and Client Trio and Schema Concept as the Affecting Factor: A Case Analysis

Öz

In the present study, the aim was to measure the effects of Young schema domains, Young maladaptive coping styles, and Young parenting styles on working alliance among Supervisor A, Therapist B, and Client C. For the case study, participants were a supervisor (clinical psychology doctorate student), a therapist (clinical psychology master student), and a client (applicant to AYNA Psychotherapy Unit). In order to measure working alliance, two types of measurement, one qualitative (open ended questions and relational circles, which were developed by the researcher) and one quantitative scale (Working alliance inventory/supervisor-therapist and therapist-client forms) were used. According to the results, a relation between Young schemas, parenting styles, and coping styles and working alliance was found among Supervisor A, Therapist B, and Client C. Associations were discussed in line with Schema Theory.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Schema Theory
• Working Alliance
• Supervision
• Psychotherapy

Kaynakça

1. Agnew Davies, R., Stiles, W. B., Hardy, G. E., Barkam, M., & Shapiro, D. A. (1998). Alliance structure assessed by the Agnew Relationship Measure (ARM). British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 155−172.
2. Allen, J. G., Newsom, G. E., Gabbard, G. O., & Coyne, L. (1984). Scales to assess the therapeutic alliance from a psychoanalytic perspective. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 48, 383−400.
3. Anderson, R., & Anderson, G. (1962). Development of an instrument for measuring rapport. Personal Guidance Journal, 41, 18-24.
4. Aslan, H., Taymur, İ., & Türkçapar, M. H. (2012). Evaluation of cognitive schemas based on the presence of anxiety disorder among coronary artery disease patients. Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, 1(3), 171-177.
5. Arntz, A. (2012). Schema Therapy for Cluster C Personality Disorders, in The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Schema Therapy: Theory, Research, and Practice (eds M. van Vreeswijk, J. Broersen and M. Nadort), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK.
6. Aron, L. (1996). A meeting of minds: Mutuality in psychoanalysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.
7. Bachelor, A. (1987). The counseling evaluation inventory and the counselor rating form: Their relationship to perceived improvement and to each other. PsychologicalReports, 61(2), 567−575.
8. Baillargeon, P., Cote, R., & Douville, L. (2012). Resolution process of therapeutic alliance ruptures: A review of the literature. Psychology, 3(12), 1049-1058.

9. Baranoff, J., Oei, T. P. S., Ho Cho, S., & Kwon, S.-M. (2006).Factor structure and internal consistency of the Young Schema Questionnaire (Short Form) in Korean and Australian samples. Journal of Affective Disorders, 93, 133–140.
10. Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (1962). Dimensions of therapist response as casual factors in therapeutic change. Psychological Monographs, 76, 562.
11. Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (1986). The relationship inventory now: Issues and advances in theory, method and use. In L. S. Greenberg & W.M. Pinsof (Eds.), The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook (pp. 439−467). New York and London: Guilford Press.
12. Beck, A. T., Rush, J. A., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.
13. Bell, D. (1997). Reason and Passion. London
14. Bell, M., Billington, R., & Becker, B. (1986). A scale for the assessment of object relations: Reliability, validity, and factorial invariance. Journal of Clinincal Psychology, 42, 733-741.
15. Berne, E. (1975). What do you say after you say hello? London.
16. Bordin, E. S. (1979). The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 16, 252-260.
17. Bordin, E. S. (1980). Of human bonds that bind or free. Presidential Address to Tenth Annual Convention of Society for Research on Psychotherapy, Pacific Grove, California.
18. Bordin, E. (1983). Supervision in counseling: II Contemporary models of supervision: A working alliance based model of supervision. Counseling Psychologist, 11, 35–42.
19. Bordin, E. S. (1994). Theory and research on the therapeutic working alliance: New directions. In A. O. Horvath & L. S. Greenberg (Eds.), The working alliance: Theory, research and practice (pp. 13-37). New York: Wiley.
20. Bowlby, J. (1988). A Secure Base. New York: Basic Books.
21. Braswell, L., Kendall, P. C., Braith, J., Carey, M. P., & Vye, C. S. (1985). Involvement in cognitive-behavioral therapy with children: process and its relationship to outcome. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 9, 611−630.
22. Brenner, C. (1979). Working alliance, therapeutic alliance, and transference. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 27, 136-158.
23. Cabrera, N. J., Tamis-LeMonda, C. S., Bradley, R. H., Hofferth, S., & Lamb, M. E. (2000). Fatherhood in the twenty-first century. Child Development, 71, 127-136.
24. Carson, R. C. (1969). Interaction concepts of personality. Oxford, England: Aldine.
25. Castonguay, L. G., Constantino, M. J., & Grosse Holtforth, M. (2006). The working alliance: Where are we and where should we go? Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 43(3), 271−279.
26. Cashdan, S. (1988). Object Relations Therapy. New York: Norton & Company, s. 53-78.
27. Constantino, M. J., Arnow, B., Blasey, C., & Agras, W. S. (2005). The association between patient characteristics and the therapeutic alliance in cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal therapy for bulimia nervosa. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 203−211.
28. Creed, T. A., & Kendall, P. C. (2005). Therapist alliance – building behavior within a cognitive – behavioral treatment for anxiety in youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(3), 498−505.
29. Crits-Christoph, P., Baranackie, K., Kurcias, J. S., Beck, A. T., Carroll, K., Perry, K.,Luborsky, L., McLellan, A. T., Woody, G. E., Larry, T., Gallagher, D., & Zitrin, C. (1991). Meta-analysis of therapist effects in psychotherapy outcome studies. Psychotherapy Research, 1(2), 81-91.
30. Curtis, H. C. (1979). The concept of the therapeutic alliance: Implications for the “widening scope”. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 27, 159-192.
31. Derlega, V. J., & Chaikin, A. L. (2010). Privacy and self-disclosure in social relationships. Journal of Social Issues, 33(3), 102-115.
32. Di Giuseppe, R., Linscott, J., & Jilton, R. (1996). Developing the therapeutic alliance in child- adolescent psychotherapy. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 5, 85−100.
33. Driver, C., Martin, E., Banks, M., Mander, G., & Stewart, J. (2002). Supervising Psychotherapy. London: Sage Publications.
34. Duan, C., & Hill, C. E. (1996). The current state of empathy research. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 43, 267-274.
35. Duan, C., & Kivlighan, D. M. (2002). Relationships among therapist presession mood, therapist empathy, and session evaluation. Psychotherapy Research, 12(1), 23-37.
36. Durlak, J. A. (1998). Common risk and protective factors in successful prevention programs. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68(4), 512-520.
37. Eckler-Hart, A. H. (1987). True and false self in the development of psychotherapist. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 24(4), 683-692.
38. Efstation, J. F., Patton, M. J., & Kardash, C. M. (1990). Measuring the working alliance in counselor supervision. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 322–329.
39. Elliott, R., Watson, J. C., Goldman, R. H., & Greenberg, L. S. (2004). Learning emotion-focused therapy: The process-experiential approach to change. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
40. Ellis, M. V. (1991). Critical incidents in clinical supervision and in supervisor supervision: Assessing supervisory issues. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 342-349.
41. Elvins, R., & Green, J. (2008). The conceptualization and measurement of therapeutic alliance: An empirical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1167–1187.
42. Estrada, A., & Russell, R. (1999). The development of the child psychotherapy process scales (CPPS). Psychotherapy Research, 9, 154−166.
43. Eugster, S. L., &Wampold, B. E. (1996). Systematic effects of participant role on evaluation of the psychotherapy session. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(5), 1020−1028.
44. Fleischer, J. A., & Wissler, A. (1985). The therapist as patient: Special problems and considerations. Psychotherapy, 22(3), 587-594.
45. Florsheim, P., Shotorbani, S., Guest-Warnick, G., Barrett, T., & Hwang, W. C. (2000). Role of the working alliance in the treatment of delinquent boys in community based programs. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 94−107.
46. Frank, A. F., & Gunderson, J. G. (1990). The role of the therapeutic alliance in the treatment of schizophrenia. Relationship to course and outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 228−236.
47. Frank, J. D., & Frank, J. B. (1991). Persuasion and Healing: A comparative study of psychotherapy, (3rd Ed) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
48. Freud, S. (1912). Standard Ed. The dynamics of transference. In Complete Psychological Works, vol. 12. (pp. 97−108)London: Hogarth Press.
49. Freud, S. (1913). On beginning the treatment: Further recommendations on the technique of psychoanalysis. Standard edition of the completeworks of Sigmund Freud (pp. 97-108). London: Hogarth Press.
50. Freud, S. (1966). On the beginning the treatment. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 12, pp. 112-144). London: Hogarth Press. (Original work published in 1913 Frieswyk, S. H., Allen, J. G., Colson, D. B., Coyne, L., Gabbard, G. O., Horwitz, L., & Newsom, G. (1986). Therapeutic alliance: Its place as a process and outcome variable in dynamic psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 32-38.
51. Friedlander, M. L., Horvath, A. O., Cabero, A., Escudero, V., Heatherington, L., & Martens, M. P. (2006). System for observing family therapy alliances: a tool for research and practice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(2), 214−224.
52. Frieswyk, S. H., Allen, J. G., Colson, D. B., Coyne, L., Gabbard, G. O., Horwitz, L., & Newsom, G. (1986). Therapeutic alliance: Its place as a process and outcome variable in dynamic psychotherapy research. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 32-38.
53. Geller, J., Orlinsky, D., & Norcross, J. (2005). The psychotherapist’s own psychotherapy: Client and clinician perspectives. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
54. Gelso, C. J., & Carter, J. A. (1985). The relationship in counseling and psychotherapy: Components, consequences, and theoretical antecedents. The Counseling Psychologist, 13, 155-244.
55. Gelso, C. J., & Carter, J. A. (1994). Components of the psychotherapy relationship: Their interaction and unfolding during treatment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41(3), 296-306.
56. Gelso, C. J., & Hayes, J. A. (1998). The psychotherapy relationship: Theory, research, and practice. New York: John Wiley.
57. Glickauf-Hughes, C., & Mehlman, E. (1995). Narcissistic issues in therapists: Diagnostic and treatment considerations. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 32(2), 213-221.
58. Gomes-Schwartz, B. (1978). Effective ingredients in psychotherapy: prediction of outcome from process variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 1023−1035.
59. Gorin, S. (1993). The prediction of child psychotherapy outcome: factors specific to treatment. Psychotherapy, 30(1), 152−158.
60. Gök, A. C. (2012). Associated factors of psychological well-being: Early maladaptive schemas, schema coping processes, and parenting styles. Unpublished master’s thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
61. Green, J., Kroll, L., Imre, D., Frances, F. M., Begum, K., & Gannon, L. (2001). Health gain and predictors of outcome in inpatient and day patient child psychiatry treatment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40, 325−332.
62. Greenberg, L. S., Rice, L. N., & Elliott, R. (1993). Facilitating emotional change. New York: Guilford Press.
63. Greenson, R. R. (1965). The working alliance and the transference neuroses. Psychoanalysis Quarterly, 34, 155-181.
64. Greenson, R. R. (1967). The technique and practice of psychoanalysis. New York: International Universities Press, Inc.
65. Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281-291.
66. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 348-362.
67. Hawke, L. D., & Provencher, M. D. (2012). The Canadian French young schema questionnaire: Confirmatory factor analysis and validation in clinical and nonclinical samples. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 44(1), 40-49.
68. Hinshelwood, R., Robinson, S. & Zarate, O. (2006). Introducing Melanie Klein. Cambridge.
69. Hoffart, A., Sexton, H., Hedley, L. M., Wang, C. E., Holthe, H., Haugum, J. A., Nordahl, H. M., Hovland, O. J., & Holte, A. (2005). The structure of maladaptive schemas: A conŞrmatory factor analysis and a psychometric evaluation of factor-derived scales. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(6), 627–644.
70. Holland, J. L. (1997). Making vocational choices (3rd ed.). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources
71. Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., Flückiger, C., & Symonds, D. (2011). Alliance in individual psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 9-16.
72. Horvath, A. O., & Greenberg, L. S. (1989). Development and validation of the Working Alliance Inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36, 223-233.
73. Horvath, A. O., & Symonds, D. B. (1991). Relation between working alliance and outcome in psychotherapy; A meta analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(2),139−149.
74. Hougaard, E. (1994). The therapeutic alliance: A conceptual analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 35, 67−85.
75. Huppert, J. D., Kivity, Y., Barlow, D. H., Gorman, J. M., Shear, K., & Woods, S. W. (2014). Therapist effects and the outcome-alliance correlation in cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behavior Research and Therapy, 52, 26-34.
76. Jacobs, C. (1991). Violations of the supervisory relationship: An ethical and educational blind spot. Social Work, 36, 130-135.
77. Johnson, S. (2001). The therapeutic alliance with early adolescents: Introduction of an instrument. Dissertation Abstracts International, 61(10), 5567B.
78. Johnson, S., Hogue, A., Diamond, G., Leckrone, J., & Liddle, H. A. (1998). Scoring manual for the Adolescent Therapeutic Alliance Scale (ATAS).Philadelphia: Temple University Unpublished manuscript.
79. Jung, C. G. (1976). Analytical psychology: Its theory and practice. London.
80. Karaosmanoğlu, A., Soygüt, G., & Kabul, A. (2011). Psychometric properties of the Turkish Young Compensation Inventory. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/cpp.78.
81. Kazdin, A. E., Holland, L., Crowley, M., & Breton, S. (1997). Barriers to treatment participation scale: Evaluation and validation in the context of child outpatient treatment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(8), 1051−1062.
82. Kazdin, A. E., & Nock, M. K. (2003). Delineating mechanisms of change in child and adolescent therapy: Methodological issues and research recommendations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 1116−1129.
83. Kelly, F. D. (1997). The psychological assessment of abused and traumatized children. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
84. Kendall, P. C. (1994). Treating anxiety disorders in children: results of a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 100−110.
85. Kiesler, D. J. (1988). Therapeutic metacommunication: Therapist impact disclosure as feedback in psychotherapy. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologist Press.
86. Kiesler, D. J. (1996). Contemporary interpersonal theory and research: Personality, psychopathology, and psychotherapy. New York: Wiley.
87. Kim, S. C., Boren, D. M., & Solem, S. L. (2001). The Kim alliance scale: Development and preliminary testing. Clinical Nursing Research, 10, 314−331.
88. Klein, M. (1932). The psychoanalysis of children. London: Hogarth Press.
89. Klein, M. (1952). “Some Theoretical Conclusions Regarding the Emotional Life of the Infant” in Developments in Psychoanalysis, London: Hogarth Press.
90. Köse, B. (2009). Associations of psychological well-being with early maladaptive schemas and self-construals. Unpublished master’s thesis. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
91. Kroll, L., & Green, J. M. (1997). Therapeutic alliance in inpatient child psychiatry. Development and initial validation of the family engagement questionnaire. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2(3), 431−447.
92. Ladany, N., Constantine, M. G., Miller, K., Erickson, C. D., & Muse-Burke, J. L. (2000). Supervisor countertransference: A qualitative investigation into its identification and description, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(1), 102-115.
93. Lamb, M. E. (1975). Fathers: Forgotten contributors to child development. Human Development, 18(4), 245-266.
94. Lamb, M. E., Pleck, J. H., & Levine, J. A. (1985). The role of the father in child development. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, 8, 229-266.
95. Leary, T. (1957). Interpersonal diagnosis of personality. New York: Ronald Press.
96. Lee, C. W., Taylor, G., & Dunn, J. (1999). Factor structure of the schema questionnaire in a large clinical sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23(4), 441-451.
97. Levenson, H. (1995). Time-limited dynamic psychotherapy: A guide to clinical practice. New York: Basic Books.
98. Linden, J., Stone, J., & Shertzer, B. (1965). Development and evaluation of an inventory for rating counseling. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 44, 267−276.
99. Luborsky, L. (1976). Helping alliances in psychotherapy. In J. L. Claghorn (Ed.), Successful psychotherapy (pp. 92-116). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
100. Luborsky, L. (1984). Principles of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.
101. Luborsky, L., Chandler, M. Auerbach, A. H., Cohen, J., & Bachrach, H. M. (1971). Factors influencing the outcome of psychotherapy: A review of quantitative research. Psychological Bulletin, 75(3), 145-185.
102. Luborsky, L., Singer, B., & Luborsky, L. (1975). Comparative studies of psychotherapies: Is it true that "Everyone has won and all must have prizes?" Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 995-1008.
103. Ludwig, A. M. (1983). The psychobiological functions of dissociation. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 26(2), 93-99.
104. Macran, S., Stiles, W. B., & Smith, J. A. (1999). How does personal therapy affect therapist’s practice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46, 419-431.
105. Marmar, C. R., Horowitz, M. J., Weiss, D. S., & Marziali, E. (1986). The development of the therapeutic alliance rating system. In L. S. Greenberg &W.M. Pinsof (Eds.), The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook (pp. 367−390). New York and London: Guilford Press.
106. Marmarosh, C. L., Gelso, C. J., Markin, R. D., Majors, R., Mallery, C., & Choi, J. (2009). The real relationship in psychotherapy: Relationships to adult attachments, working alliance, transference, and therapy outcome. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56(3), 337-350.
107. Marziali, E., Marmar, C., & Krupnick, J. (1981). Therapeutic alliance scales: Development and relationship to psychotherapy outcome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 172, 417−423.
108. Mayers, D., & Hayes, J. A. (2006). Effects of therapist general self-disclosure and countertransference disclosure on ratings of the therapist and session. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 43(2), 173-185.
109. McCarthy, W.C., & Frieze, I.H. (1999). Negative aspects of therapy: Client perceptions of therapists’ social influence, burnout, and quality of care. Journal of Social Issues, 55(1),
110. McCoy Lynch, M. (2012). Factors influencing successful psychotherapy outcomes. Master of Social Work Clinical Research Papers, 57.
111. McGuire-Snieckus, R., McCabe, R., Catty, J., Hanson, L., & Priebe, S. (2007). A new scale to assess the therapeutic relationship in community mental health: STAR. Psychological Medicine, 37, 85−95.
112. McLeod, B. D., & Weisz, J. R. (2005). The therapy process observational coding system-alliance scale: Measure characteristics and prediction of outcome in usual clinical practice. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(2), 323−333.
113. Mitchell, S. A. (1988). Relational concepts in psychoanalysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
114. Mitchell, S. A. (1993). Hope and dread in psychoanalysis. New York: Basic Books.
115. Molinaro (1998). Development and validation of a new measure of therapist focus on alliance related content. Dissertation Abstracts International, 58(10), 5651B.
116. Nissen-Lie, H. A., & Havik, O. E. (2013). The contribution of the quality of therapists’s personal lives to the development of the working alliance. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60(4),
117. Orlinsky, D. E., & Howard, K. I. (1966). Therapy Session Report (Form T and Form P). Chicago: Institute of Juvenile Research.
118. Orlinsky, D. E., & Howard, K. I. (1975). Varieties of Psychotherapeutic Experience: Multivariate Analysis of Patients' and Therapists' Reports. New York: Teachers College Press.
119. Özbaş, A. A., Sayın, A., & Coşar, B. (2012). Üniversite sinavina hazirlanan öğrencilerde sinav öncesi anksiyete düzeyi ile erken dönem uyumsuz şema ilişkilerinin incelenmesi. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1, 81-89.
120. Patton, M. J. (1984). Managing social interaction in counseling: A contribution from the philosophy of science. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 442-456.
121. Pinsof, W.M. (1999). Family Therapy Alliance Scale-Revised. Unpublished Manuscript. The Family Institute, Evanston IL.
122. Priebe, S., & Gruyters, T. (1993). Role of the helping alliance in psychiatric community care: A prospective study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181(9), 553−557.
123. Priebe, S., & McCabe, R. (2006). The therapeutic relationship in psychiatric settings. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 113(429), 69−72.
124. Prochaska, J. O., & Norcross, J. C. (2006). Systems of psychotherapy: A transtheoretical analysis (Sixth Edition). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks-Cole.
125. Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente C. C. (1986). Toward a comprehensive model of change. Addictive Behaviors: Processes of Change. W. R. Miller and N. Heather. New York; Plenum Press: 3-27.
126. Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (1999). Composure at any cost? The cognitive consequences of emotion suppression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(8), 1033-1044.
127. Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 95-103.
128. Rogers, C. R. (1965). Client-centered therapy: its current practice, implications, and theory. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
129. Rosenberger, E. W., & Hayes, J. A. (2002). Origins, consequences, and management of countertransference: A case study. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(2), 221-232.
130. Rosenfeld, H. W. (2010). Addressing personal issues in supervision: Positive and negative experiences of supervisees. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 71(4-B), 2699.
131. Russell, A. & Saebel, J. (1997). Mother–son, mother–daughter, father–son, and father–daughter: Are they distinct relationships? Developmental Review, 17, 111-147.
132. Saariaho, T., Saariaho, A., Karila, I., & Joukama, M. (2009). The psychometric properties of the Finnish Young Schema Questionnaire in chronic pain patients and a non-clinical sample. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40, 158-168.
133. Safran, J. D. (1993). Breaches in the therapeutic alliance: An arena for negotiating authentic relatedness. Psychotherapy, 30(1), 11-24.
134. Safran, J. D., & Muran, J. C. (2000). Negotiating the therapeutic alliance: A relational treatment guide. New York: Guilford Press.
135. Safran, J. D., & Segal, Z. (1996). Interpersonal process in cognitive therapy. Northvale, New Jersey: Jason Aronson Inc.
136. Sarıtaş, D. (2007). The effects of maternal acceptance-rejection on psychological distress of adolescents: The mediator roles of early maladaptive schemas. Unpublished mater’s thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
137. Sarıtaş, D., & Gençöz, T. (2011). Psychometric properties of “Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3” in a Turkish adolescent sample. Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapies, 11(1), 83-96.
138. Sarlin, N.S. (1992). Working relationships in the treatment of adolescent inpatients: Early treatment predictors and associations with outcome. Dissertation Abstracts International.
139. Saunders, S. M., Howard, K. I., & Orlinsky, D. E. (1989). The therapeutic bond scales: Psychometric characteristics and relationship to treatment effectiveness. Psychological assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1, 323−330.
140. Scott, J., Teasdale, J. D., Paykel, E. S., Johnson, A. L., Abbott, R., Hayhurst, H,. Moore, R., & Garland, A. (2000). Effects of cognitive therapy on psychological symptoms and social functioning in residual depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 440-446.
141. Seligman, M. E. P., Reivich, K., Jaycox, L., & Gillham, J. (1995). The optimistic child. US: Houghton, Mifflin and Company.
142. Shirk, S. R., & Saiz, C. C. (1992). Clinical, empirical and developmental perspectives on the therapeutic relationship in child psychotherapy. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 713−728.
143. Sidney, J. B. (2013). The patient’s contribution to the therapeutic process: A Rogerian-psychodynamic perspective. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 30(2), 139-166.
144. Smith, M. L., & Glass, G. V. (1977). Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist, 32, 752-760.
145. Smith-Acuna, S., Durlak, J., & Kaspar, C. (1991). Development of child psychotherapy measures. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 20, 126−131.
146. Solano, C. H. Batten, P. G., & Parish, E. A. (1982). Loneliness and patterns of self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(3), 524-531.
147. Soygüt, G., Karaosmanoğlu, H.A., & Çakır, Z. (2008a). Early stage maladaptic schemas: An examination of the psychometric properties of the Young Parenting Inventory. Turkish Psychological Articles, 11(22), 34–36.
148. Soygüt, G., Karaosmanoğlu, A. ve Çakır, Z. (2009). Erken Dönem Uyumsuz Şemaların Değerlendirilmesi: Young Şema Ölçeği Kısa Form-3'ün Psikometrik Özelliklerine İlişkin Bir İnceleme. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(1), 75-84.
149. Stallard, P. (2007). Early maladaptive schemas in children: Stability and differences between a community and a clinic referred sample. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14,
150. Sterba, R. (1934). The fate of the ego in analytic therapy. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 15, 117-126.
151. Stricker, G. & Healey, B. J. (1990). Projective assessment of object relations: A review of the empirical literature. Psychological Assessment, 2, 219-230.
152. Strong, S. R. (1968). Counseling: An interpersonal influence process. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 15, 215−224.
153. Sullivan, H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: Norton.
154. Svensson, B., & Hansson, L. (1999). Relationships among patient and therapist ratings of therapeutic alliance and patient assessment of therapeutic process: A study of cognitive therapy with long term mentally ill patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 87(9), 579−585.
155. Symonds, D., & Horvath, A. O. (2004). Optimising the alliance in couple therapy. Family Process, 43(4), 443−455.
156. Taber, B. J., Leibert, T. W., & Agaskar, V. R. (2011). Relationships among client–therapist personality congruence, working alliance, and therapeutic outcome. Psychotherapy, 48(4),
157. Teitelbaum, S. H. (1990). Supertransference: The role of the supervisor's blind spots. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 7, 243-258.
158. Tracey, T. J., & Kokotovic, A. M. (1989). Factor structure of the Working Alliance Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 1, 207–210.
159. Ünal, B. (2012). Early maladaptıve schemas and well-beıng: Importance of parenting styles and other psychological resources. Unpublished master’s thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
160. Wampold, B. E., & Brown, G. S. (2005). Estimating variability in outcomes attributable to therapists: A naturalistic study of outcomes in managed care. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(5), 914−923.
161. Wachtel, P. L. (2008). Relational theory and the practice of psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Press.
162. Winnicott, D. W. (1965). The Family and Individual Development. London: Tavistock.
163. Young, J. (1994). Young Parenting Inventory. Unpublisehed report.
164. Young, J. (1995). Young Compensation Inventory. New York: Cognitive Therapy Center of New York.
165. Young, J. E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. (3rd ed.) Sarasota FL: Professional Resource Press.
166. Young, J. E., & Brown, G. (1990). Young Schema Questionnaire: Special Edition. New York: Schema Therapy Institute.
167. Young J. E., Klosko J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York. The Guilford Pres.
168. Young, J., & Rygh, J. (1994). Young-Rygh Avoidance Inventory. New York: Cognitive Therapy Center of New York.
169. Zetzel, E. (1956). Current concepts of transference. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 37, 369-375.