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HİTİT VE ESKİ MISIR’DA TEKNOLOJİK BİR SİLAH: SAVAŞ ARABALARI

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 675 - 696, 30.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.52835/19maysbd.946617

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, savaş arabalarından ilk kez ne zaman yararlanıldığı, savaş arabalarının zamanla nasıl geliştirildiği, savaş arabası yapılırken hangi malzemeler kullanıldığı, yazılı ve görsel kanıtlardan yararlanılarak Hitit ve Eski Mısır krallığında savaş arabalarının nasıl ve kimler tarafından kullanıldığına dair bilgiler ele alınmaktadır. Savaş arabasına dair ilk görsel kanıtlar Sümerler tarafından yapılan Ur Standardı ve Akbabalar Steli üzerinde bulunmaktadır. Parmaklı tekerleğin kullanımına dair bulgular ise Güney Urallar ve Kuzey Kazakistan bölgesindeki mezar buluntularından gelmektedir. Anadolu’da Kültepe kazılarında bulunan silindir mühürlerin üzerinde savaş arabaları bulunmaktadır. Savaş arabalarının en önemli parçası olan atların, koşumlanmadan önce nasıl eğitimden geçirilmesi gerektiğini anlatan Kikkuli metni son derece önemli bir kaynaktır. Savaş arabalarının bakımı ve gideri çok olduğundan her kesimin sahip olabileceği bir silah olmamış, yalnızca soylu insanlar tarafından kullanılmıştır.
Hititler savaş arabalarını dışarıdan almış ve zamanla geliştirmişlerdir. Hitit savaş arabasının kullanımını içeren birincil kaynaklar bulunmaktadır. Hititler savaş arabalarını savaş meydanlarında kullanmış, komşu krallıklarla da yapılan anlaşmalarla da savaş arabası desteği almıştır. Hitit savaş arabaları altı parmaklı ve dikdörtgen şekilde yapılmıştır. Arabalara iki adet at koşumlanmıştır. Arabaların kabinleri hayvan derileri ile kaplanmış, iki veya üç kişiden oluşan asker grubu tarafından kullanılmıştır. Hitit tarihinde ilk defa savaş arabaları Anitta döneminde kullanılmıştır. Eski Mısır krallığına savaş arabaları Hiksosların istilası sonucu girmiştir. Mısırlılar, Hiksoslardan gördükleri savaş arabalarını benimsemiş ve geliştirmişlerdir. Mısır’da savaş arabaları ilk defa Kamose’nin krallığı döneminde kullanılmıştır. Mısır savaş arabalarından bahseden birçok yazılı ve görsel kanıt bulunmaktadır. Genellikle tapınak duvarları ve kral yıllıkları savaş arabalarından bahsetmektedir. Mısır savaş arabaları başlarda dört parmaklı daha sonra ise altı parmaklı yapılmıştır. Arabanın kabini hayvan derileri ile kaplanmıştır. Arabayı iki asker kullanmıştır. Savaş arabasına iki at koşumlandırılmıştır. Eski Mısırlılar araba yapımında kullanılacak olan ahşap türlerini genellikle dışarıdan ithal etmiştir.

References

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  • Alparslan, M. (2002). “Artukka: Assuwa Ülkesi ve Lokalizasyonu”, Anadolu Araştırmaları, 16, 23-35.
  • Anglim, S.- Jestice, P. vd. (2002). Fighting Techniques of the Ancient World (3000 BC to 500 AD): Equipment, Combat Skills and Tactics. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, St Martin’s Press.
  • Beckman, G. (1995). Hittite Diplomatic Text. Atlanta: Scholar Press.
  • Bierbrier, M.L. (1999). Historical Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. London: Scarecrow Press.
  • Bourriau, J.D. (2000). The Second Intermediate Period (1600-1550 BC.). I. Shaw (Ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. (172-207). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bradfort, A.S. (2001). With Arrow, Sword and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World. Wesport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers.
  • Breasted, J.H. (1903). The Battle of Kadesh, A Study in the Earliest Known Military Strategy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Breasted, J.H. (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt I, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Bryan, B.M. (2000). The 18th Dynasty before the Amarna Period (1550-1351 BC.). I. Shaw (Ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (207-264). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bryce, T. (2005). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bryce, T. (2007). Hittite Warrior. New York: Osprey Publishing.
  • Bryce, T. (2019). Warrior of Anatolia: A Concise History of the Hittites. London-New York: I.B Tauris.
  • Burney, C.A. (2004). Historical Dictonary of Hittites. Toronto and Oxford: Scarecrow Press.
  • Calver, A.M. (2013). Vehicle of the Sun: The Royal Chariot in the New Kingdom. A.J. Veldmeijer ve S. Ikram (Ed.). Chasing Chariots Preceedings of the First İnternational Chariot Conference 2012, (45-72). Leiden: Sidestone Press.
  • Carney, R. (2005). “The Chariot: A Weapon that Revolutionized Egyptian Warfare”, History Matters, II, 1-10.
  • Carter, H. ve Mace, A.C. (1977). The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamen. New York: Dover Publications.
  • Ceram, C.W. (2008). Tanrılar Mezarlar ve Bilginler. Hayrullah Örs (Çev.). İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Chondros, T.G.- Milidoris, F.G. vd. (2016). “The Evolution of the Double Horse Chariot from the Bronze Age”, FME Transactions, 44, 229-236.
  • Cotterell, A. (2005). Chariot: From Chariot to Tank, The Astounding Rise and Fall of the World’s First War Machine. New York: The Overlock Press.
  • Dawson, D. (2001). The First Armies. London: Cassell.
  • Edgerton, W.F. ve Wilson, J.A. (1936). Historical Records of Ramses III. The Text in Medinet Habu 1-2, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Fields, N. (2006). Bronze Age War Chariots. New York: Osprey Publishing.
  • Goetze, A. (1963). “Warfare in Asia Minor”, Iraq, 25, 124-130.
  • Grimal, N. (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt, I. Shaw (Çev.). Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Gurney, O.R. (1990). Hititler. Pınar Arpaçay (Çev.). Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
  • Hackett, J. (1989). Warfare in the Ancient World. London: Sidgwick and Jackson.
  • Hallo, W.W. ve Younger, K.L. (2003). The Context of Scripture. Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical World. Leiden: Brill.
  • Hamblin, W.J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn History. London: Routledge.
  • Healy, M. (1993). The Warrior Pharaoh Rameses II and the Battle of Qadesh. USA: Osprey Publishing.
  • Hernandez, D. ve Roberto, A. (2014). “The Role of the War Chariot in the Formation of the Egyptian Empire in the Early 18th Dynasty”, Studien zur Altagyptischen Kultur, 43, 109-122.
  • Herslund, O. (2018). Text, Writing and Language of New Kingdom Egypt. A.J. Veldmeijer, S. Ikram (Ed), Chariot in Ancient Egypt, The Tano Chariot, A Case Study (150-199). Leiden: Sidestone.
  • Hornung, E. (2004). Mısır Tarihi. Zehra Aksu Yılmazer (Çev.). İstanbul: Kabalcı yay.
  • Hotten, H. (1981). Die Apologie Hattusilis III. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz.
  • Jestice, P.G. (2010). Ancient Egyptian Warfare. New York: GS Learning Library.
  • Keagen, J. (1995). Savaş Sanatı Tarihi. Füsun Doruker (Çev.). İstanbul: Gençlik yay.
  • Klengel, H. (1999). Geschichte des Hethitischen Reiches, Köln: Brill.
  • Laroche, E. (1971). Catalogue des Textes Hittites (CTH). Paris: Klencksieck.
  • Leick, G. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia. United Kingdom: The Scarecrow Press.
  • Lichtheim, M. (1976). Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings 2, Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Littauer, M.A. ve Crouwel, J.H. (1979). Wheeled Vehicles and Ridden Animals in The Ancient Near East. Leiden: Brill.
  • Littauer, M.A. ve Crouwel, J.H. (1996). “The Origin of the True Chariot”, Antiquity, 70, 934-939.
  • Lorenz, J. ve Schrakamp I. (2011). “Hittite Military and Warfare”, H. Genz, D.P Mielke (Ed.). Insight into Hittite History and Archaeology (125-152). Leuven, Paris: Walpole MA.
  • Macqueen, J.G. (2013). Hititler ve Hitit Çağında Anadolu. Esra Davutoğlu (Çev.). Ankara: Arkadaş yay.
  • Messerschmidt, L. (1903). The Hittites. London: David Nutt.
  • Moortgat, A. (1969) The Art of Ancient Mesopotamia. London: Paidon Press.
  • Morkot, R.G. (2003). Historical Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. London: Scarecrow Press.
  • Murnane, W.J. (1985). The Road to Kadesh: A Historical Interpretation of the Battle Reliefs of Kings Sety I at Karnak. Chicago: Illinois.
  • Nardo, D. (2009). Science, Technology and Warfare in Ancient Mesopotamia. USA: Lucent Press.
  • Oppenheim, A.L. (1967). Letters from Mesopotamia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Piggott, S. (1968). “The Beginnings of Wheeled Transport”, Scientific Amarican, 219/2, 82-90.
  • Pinheiro, E.M.M. (2010). The Origin and Spread of the War Chariot, (Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal.
  • Pritchard, J. (Ed.). (1969). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Princeton: PUP.
  • Redford, D.B. (1992). Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Ricke, H.- Hughes, G.R., vd. (1967). Beit el-Wali Temple of Ramesses II. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Press.
  • Sabbahy, L. (2013). Depictional Study of Chariot Use in New Kingdom Egypt. A.J. Veldmeijer ve S. Ikram (Ed.), Chasing Chariots Proceedings of the First İnternational Chariot Conference 2012, (191-202). Leiden: Sidestone Press. Sabbahy, L. (2018). Context of Use and Iconography of Chariots in the New Kingdom. A.J. Veldmeijer ve S. Ikram (Ed.). Chariot in Ancient Egypt, The Tano Chariot, A Case Study (120-149). Leiden: Sidestone.
  • Spalinger, A. (2005). War in Ancient Egypt: The New Kingdom. USA: Blackwell Puplishing.
  • Spalinger, A. (2013). Egyptian Chariots: Departing for War. A.J. Veldmeijer, S. Ikram (Ed.). Chasing Chariots Proceedings of the First International Chariot Conference Cairo 2012, (237-256). Leiden: Sidestone Press.
  • Stillman, N. ve Tallis, N. (1984). Armies of the Ancient Near East 3.000 BC to 539 BC. England: Wargames Research Group.
  • Trimm, C. (2017). Fighting for the King and the Gods: A Survey of Warfare in the Ancient Near East. Atlanta: SBL Press.
  • Van Dijk, J. (2000). The Amarna Period and the Later New Kingdom (1352-1069 BC). I. Shaw (Ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (265-307). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Weir, W. (2005). 50 Weapons That Changed Warfare. USA: New Page Books.
  • Williams, B. (2002). Ancient Egypt War and Weapons. Oxford: Harcourt Educations.
  • Winter, I. (1985) “After the Battle is Over: Stele of the Vultures and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East”. H.L Kessler ve S. Simpson (Ed.), Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (11-32). Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art.
  • Yadin, Y. (1963). The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands. New York: McGraw-Hill Book.
Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 675 - 696, 30.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.52835/19maysbd.946617

Abstract

References

  • Alp, S. (2000). Hitit Çağında Anadolu. İstanbul: Tübitak yay.
  • Alparslan, M. (2002). “Artukka: Assuwa Ülkesi ve Lokalizasyonu”, Anadolu Araştırmaları, 16, 23-35.
  • Anglim, S.- Jestice, P. vd. (2002). Fighting Techniques of the Ancient World (3000 BC to 500 AD): Equipment, Combat Skills and Tactics. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, St Martin’s Press.
  • Beckman, G. (1995). Hittite Diplomatic Text. Atlanta: Scholar Press.
  • Bierbrier, M.L. (1999). Historical Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. London: Scarecrow Press.
  • Bourriau, J.D. (2000). The Second Intermediate Period (1600-1550 BC.). I. Shaw (Ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. (172-207). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bradfort, A.S. (2001). With Arrow, Sword and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World. Wesport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers.
  • Breasted, J.H. (1903). The Battle of Kadesh, A Study in the Earliest Known Military Strategy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Breasted, J.H. (2001). Ancient Records of Egypt I, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Bryan, B.M. (2000). The 18th Dynasty before the Amarna Period (1550-1351 BC.). I. Shaw (Ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (207-264). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bryce, T. (2005). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bryce, T. (2007). Hittite Warrior. New York: Osprey Publishing.
  • Bryce, T. (2019). Warrior of Anatolia: A Concise History of the Hittites. London-New York: I.B Tauris.
  • Burney, C.A. (2004). Historical Dictonary of Hittites. Toronto and Oxford: Scarecrow Press.
  • Calver, A.M. (2013). Vehicle of the Sun: The Royal Chariot in the New Kingdom. A.J. Veldmeijer ve S. Ikram (Ed.). Chasing Chariots Preceedings of the First İnternational Chariot Conference 2012, (45-72). Leiden: Sidestone Press.
  • Carney, R. (2005). “The Chariot: A Weapon that Revolutionized Egyptian Warfare”, History Matters, II, 1-10.
  • Carter, H. ve Mace, A.C. (1977). The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamen. New York: Dover Publications.
  • Ceram, C.W. (2008). Tanrılar Mezarlar ve Bilginler. Hayrullah Örs (Çev.). İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Chondros, T.G.- Milidoris, F.G. vd. (2016). “The Evolution of the Double Horse Chariot from the Bronze Age”, FME Transactions, 44, 229-236.
  • Cotterell, A. (2005). Chariot: From Chariot to Tank, The Astounding Rise and Fall of the World’s First War Machine. New York: The Overlock Press.
  • Dawson, D. (2001). The First Armies. London: Cassell.
  • Edgerton, W.F. ve Wilson, J.A. (1936). Historical Records of Ramses III. The Text in Medinet Habu 1-2, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Fields, N. (2006). Bronze Age War Chariots. New York: Osprey Publishing.
  • Goetze, A. (1963). “Warfare in Asia Minor”, Iraq, 25, 124-130.
  • Grimal, N. (1992). A History of Ancient Egypt, I. Shaw (Çev.). Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Gurney, O.R. (1990). Hititler. Pınar Arpaçay (Çev.). Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
  • Hackett, J. (1989). Warfare in the Ancient World. London: Sidgwick and Jackson.
  • Hallo, W.W. ve Younger, K.L. (2003). The Context of Scripture. Monumental Inscriptions from the Biblical World. Leiden: Brill.
  • Hamblin, W.J. (2006). Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn History. London: Routledge.
  • Healy, M. (1993). The Warrior Pharaoh Rameses II and the Battle of Qadesh. USA: Osprey Publishing.
  • Hernandez, D. ve Roberto, A. (2014). “The Role of the War Chariot in the Formation of the Egyptian Empire in the Early 18th Dynasty”, Studien zur Altagyptischen Kultur, 43, 109-122.
  • Herslund, O. (2018). Text, Writing and Language of New Kingdom Egypt. A.J. Veldmeijer, S. Ikram (Ed), Chariot in Ancient Egypt, The Tano Chariot, A Case Study (150-199). Leiden: Sidestone.
  • Hornung, E. (2004). Mısır Tarihi. Zehra Aksu Yılmazer (Çev.). İstanbul: Kabalcı yay.
  • Hotten, H. (1981). Die Apologie Hattusilis III. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz.
  • Jestice, P.G. (2010). Ancient Egyptian Warfare. New York: GS Learning Library.
  • Keagen, J. (1995). Savaş Sanatı Tarihi. Füsun Doruker (Çev.). İstanbul: Gençlik yay.
  • Klengel, H. (1999). Geschichte des Hethitischen Reiches, Köln: Brill.
  • Laroche, E. (1971). Catalogue des Textes Hittites (CTH). Paris: Klencksieck.
  • Leick, G. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia. United Kingdom: The Scarecrow Press.
  • Lichtheim, M. (1976). Ancient Egyptian Literature: A Book of Readings 2, Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Littauer, M.A. ve Crouwel, J.H. (1979). Wheeled Vehicles and Ridden Animals in The Ancient Near East. Leiden: Brill.
  • Littauer, M.A. ve Crouwel, J.H. (1996). “The Origin of the True Chariot”, Antiquity, 70, 934-939.
  • Lorenz, J. ve Schrakamp I. (2011). “Hittite Military and Warfare”, H. Genz, D.P Mielke (Ed.). Insight into Hittite History and Archaeology (125-152). Leuven, Paris: Walpole MA.
  • Macqueen, J.G. (2013). Hititler ve Hitit Çağında Anadolu. Esra Davutoğlu (Çev.). Ankara: Arkadaş yay.
  • Messerschmidt, L. (1903). The Hittites. London: David Nutt.
  • Moortgat, A. (1969) The Art of Ancient Mesopotamia. London: Paidon Press.
  • Morkot, R.G. (2003). Historical Dictionary of Ancient Egypt. London: Scarecrow Press.
  • Murnane, W.J. (1985). The Road to Kadesh: A Historical Interpretation of the Battle Reliefs of Kings Sety I at Karnak. Chicago: Illinois.
  • Nardo, D. (2009). Science, Technology and Warfare in Ancient Mesopotamia. USA: Lucent Press.
  • Oppenheim, A.L. (1967). Letters from Mesopotamia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Piggott, S. (1968). “The Beginnings of Wheeled Transport”, Scientific Amarican, 219/2, 82-90.
  • Pinheiro, E.M.M. (2010). The Origin and Spread of the War Chariot, (Yüksek Lisans Tezi) Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal.
  • Pritchard, J. (Ed.). (1969). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Princeton: PUP.
  • Redford, D.B. (1992). Egypt, Canaan and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Ricke, H.- Hughes, G.R., vd. (1967). Beit el-Wali Temple of Ramesses II. Chicago: Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Press.
  • Sabbahy, L. (2013). Depictional Study of Chariot Use in New Kingdom Egypt. A.J. Veldmeijer ve S. Ikram (Ed.), Chasing Chariots Proceedings of the First İnternational Chariot Conference 2012, (191-202). Leiden: Sidestone Press. Sabbahy, L. (2018). Context of Use and Iconography of Chariots in the New Kingdom. A.J. Veldmeijer ve S. Ikram (Ed.). Chariot in Ancient Egypt, The Tano Chariot, A Case Study (120-149). Leiden: Sidestone.
  • Spalinger, A. (2005). War in Ancient Egypt: The New Kingdom. USA: Blackwell Puplishing.
  • Spalinger, A. (2013). Egyptian Chariots: Departing for War. A.J. Veldmeijer, S. Ikram (Ed.). Chasing Chariots Proceedings of the First International Chariot Conference Cairo 2012, (237-256). Leiden: Sidestone Press.
  • Stillman, N. ve Tallis, N. (1984). Armies of the Ancient Near East 3.000 BC to 539 BC. England: Wargames Research Group.
  • Trimm, C. (2017). Fighting for the King and the Gods: A Survey of Warfare in the Ancient Near East. Atlanta: SBL Press.
  • Van Dijk, J. (2000). The Amarna Period and the Later New Kingdom (1352-1069 BC). I. Shaw (Ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (265-307). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Weir, W. (2005). 50 Weapons That Changed Warfare. USA: New Page Books.
  • Williams, B. (2002). Ancient Egypt War and Weapons. Oxford: Harcourt Educations.
  • Winter, I. (1985) “After the Battle is Over: Stele of the Vultures and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East”. H.L Kessler ve S. Simpson (Ed.), Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (11-32). Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art.
  • Yadin, Y. (1963). The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands. New York: McGraw-Hill Book.
There are 64 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Yasin Gür 0000-0001-8374-8062

Publication Date September 30, 2021
Submission Date June 1, 2021
Acceptance Date July 28, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 2 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Gür, Y. (2021). HİTİT VE ESKİ MISIR’DA TEKNOLOJİK BİR SİLAH: SAVAŞ ARABALARI. 19 Mayıs Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(3), 675-696. https://doi.org/10.52835/19maysbd.946617