Research Article
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A Study on Professionalization Levels of Family Businesses: The Case of Kutahya

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 183 - 196, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.52835/19maysbd.1356158

Abstract

The research aims to determine the factors affecting the formation of these clusters by dividing family businesses into clusters according to their professionalization (finance, institutionalization, human resources control system, delegation of authority, and general) levels. Family businesses that are members of the Kütahya Chamber of Commerce were determined as the research sample. 1056 family businesses were included in the study. Professionalization levels of family businesses were examined by cluster analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. A cluster analysis revealed that family businesses can be divided into two clusters based on their levels of professionalization, with age of the family business, industry sector, generation of management, number of non-family executives, number of employees, and legal status having varying effects on professionalization (financial, institutionalization, human resources control system, delegation of authority, and overall).

References

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  • Arregle, J. L., Hitt, M. A., Sirmon, D. G. ve Very, P. (2007). The development of organizational social capital: Attributes of family firms. Journal of Management Studies, 44(1), 73-95.
  • Arregle, J. L., Hitt, M. A., Sirmon, D. G., ve Very, P. (2007). The development of organizational social capital: Attributes of family firms. Journal of Management Studies, 44(1), 73-95.
  • Astrachan, J. H. ve Shanker, M. C. (2003). Family businesses’ contribution to the US economy: A closer look. Family Business Review, 16(3), 211-219.
  • Basco, R. (2013). Family business: Theory and practice, Routledge.
  • Bird, B., Welsch, H., Astrachan, J. H., ve Pistrui, D. (2002). Family business research: The evolution of an academic field. Family Business Review, 15(4), 337-350.
  • Breton‐Miller, I.L., Miller, D. ve Steier, L.P. (2004). Toward an integrative model of effective FOB succession, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(4), 305-328.
  • Camfield, C. ve Franco, M. (2019). Theoretical framework for family firm management: relationship between personal values and professionalization and succession. Journal of Family Business Management. 1 - 28
  • Cattaneo, C. ve Bassani, G. (2020). Professionalization and managerialization in family firms: A still open issue. Management Controlling and Governance of Family Businesses, 29-49.
  • Chau, K. L. F. ve Wong, H. W. (2021). No Family company without family: the professionalization of a chinese family business in Hong Kong. Journal of Business Anthropology, 10(2), 262-282.
  • Chittoor, R. ve Das, R. (2007). Professionalization of management and succession performance - a vital linkage, Family Business Review, 20(1), 65-79.
  • Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H. ve Litz, R. A. (2004). Comparing the agency costs of family and non-family firms: Conceptual issues and exploratory evidence. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(4), 335-354.
  • Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H. ve Sharma, P. (2005). Trends and directions in the development of a strategic management theory of the family firm. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(5), 555-576.
  • Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., Kellermanns, F. W. ve Chang, E. P. (2007). Are family managers agents or stewards? An exploratory study in privately held family firms. Journal of Business Research, 60(10), 1030-1038.
  • Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., Kellermanns, F. W., ve Chang, E. P. (2007). Are family managers agents or stewards? An exploratory study in privately held family firms. Journal of Business Research, 60(10), 1030-1038.
  • Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., ve Litz, R. A. (2004). Comparing the agency costs of family and non-family firms: Conceptual issues and exploratory evidence. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(4), 335-354.
  • Chrisman, J. J., Sharma, P., Steier, L. P. ve Chua, J. H. (2013). The influence of family goals, governance, and resources on firm outcomes. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(6), 1249-1261.
  • Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., ve Bergiel, E. B. (2009). An agency theoretic analysis of the professionalized family firm, Entrepreneurship Theory And Practice, 33(2), 355-372.
  • Craig, J. B., Dibrell, C. ve Davis, P. S. (2008). Integrating agency and resource dependence theory: Firm profitability, industry regulation, and board task performance. Journal of Management, 34(5), 1010-1033.
  • Cruz, C., Larraza-Kintana, M. ve Garcés-Galdeano, L. (2014). The role of family involvement in firms' capital structure: Evidence from Spanish SMEs. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(4), 680-697.
  • De Massis, A., Frattini, F., Kotlar, J., Petruzzelli, A. M. ve Wright, M. (2016). Innovation through tradition: Lessons from innovative family businesses and directions for future research. Academy of Management Perspectives, 30(1), 93-116.
  • Dekker, J. C., Lybaert, N., Steijvers, T., Depaire, B. ve Mercken, R. (2013). Family firm types based on the professionalization construct: Exploratory research. Family Business Review, 26(1), 81-99.
  • Dekker, J., Lybaert, N., Steijvers, T. ve Depaire, B. (2015). The effect of family business professionalization as a multidimensional construct on firm performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(2), 516-538.
  • Duran, C., Şahin, Ö. N., ve Güler, M. (2017) Kamu Yönetimi ve İşletme Bölümü Öğrencilerine Verilen Eğitimin Girişimcilik Hislerine Katkısının Ölçülmesi, International Journal of Business, Economics and Management Perspective, 8(2), 41 - 54
  • Dyer, W. G. (1989). Integrating professional management into a family owned business. Family Business Review, 2(3), 221-235.
  • Ensley, M. D., Pearson, A. W. ve Sardeshmukh, S. R. (2007). The negative consequences of pay dispersion in family and non-family top management teams: An exploratory analysis of new venture, high-growth firms. Journal of Business Research, 60(10), 1039-1047.
  • Evetts, J. (2014). The concept of professionalism: professional work, professional practice and learning. Billett, S., Harteis, C. and Gruber, H. (Ed.) International Handbook of Research in Professional and Practice-based Learning. Springer Netherlands
  • Filatotchev, I., ve Wright, M. (2005). The life cycle of corporate governance. Edward Elgar Publishing. Galvis, J. F. R. (2011). Professionalization, key element to the success of a family enterprise. Visión De Futuro, Año 8, 1 (15). 51 – 64
  • Gersick, K. E., Davis, J. A., McCollom Hampton, M. ve Lansberg, I. (1997). Generation to generation: Life cycles of the family business. Harvard Business Press.
  • Gnan, L., ve Songini, L. (2003). The Professionalization of family firms: the role of agency cost control mechanisms. Università commerciale Luigi Bocconi.
  • Güler, M., Çetin, M.,S, ve Şahin, Ö., N. (2023). Examining Restrictions in Career Management with the Aid of Metaphor. Sarıbaş, S. (Ed.) Social Sciences in A Globalizing World (ss161 – 179), İzmir, Duvar Publishing
  • Güler, M., Öztürk, M, ve Şahin, Ö., N. (2023). A Research Review of Turkey’s International Logistics Trade Performance Comparison. Arslan, M., H., Burlea-Schiopoiu, A. ve Alili Sulejmani, L. (Ed.) Academic Studies in Social, Human and Administrative Sicences InTrades 2019 (ss180 – 191), İstanbul, Hiperyayın
  • Habbershon, T.G. ve Williams, M.L. (1999). A resource-based framework for assessing the strategic advantages of family firms. Family Business Review, 12(1), 1-25
  • Habersang, S., Kuberling-Jost, J., Relhlen, M. ve Seckler, C. (2018), A process perspective on organizational failure: a qualitative meta-analysis, Journal of Management Studies, 56(1), 19-56.
  • Hall, A., Melin, L. ve Nordqvist, M. (2001), Entrepreneurship as radical change in family business: exploring the role of cultural patterns, Family Business Review, 14(3). 193-208.
  • Hall, P. D. (1988). A historical overview of family firms in the United States. Family Business Review, 1(1), 51-68. Hellmann, T., ve Puri, M. (2002). Venture capital and the professionalization of start‐up firms: Empirical evidence. The Journal Of Finance, 57(1), 169-197.
  • Hofer, C.W. ve Charan, R. (1984). The transition to professional management: Mission impossible? American Journal of Small Business, 9(1), 1–11.
  • Hoy, F. ve Verser, T. (1994). The family business: A behavioral perspective. The Journal of Behavioral Economics, 23(1), 53-70.
  • Iqbal, M. ve Mansoor, A. Z. (2022). Proposed Strategy for Family Business Internal Management Professionalization Effort (Case Study: CV. Segara Luas Lestari). European Journal of Business and Management Research, 7(4), 133-138.
  • Kalkan, N. (2018). Küreselleşme gücüne karşılık aile işletmelerinde profesyonel yönetim. Journal of Banking and Financial Research, 5(2), 1-14.
  • Le Breton-Miller, I., Miller, D. ve Steier, L. P. (2004). Toward an integrative model of effective FOB succession. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(4), 305-328. Lien, Y. C., ve Li, S. (2014). Professionalization of family business and performance effect. Family Business Review, 27(4), 346-364.
  • Madison, K., Daspit, J. J., Turner, K. ve Kellermanns, F. W. (2018). Family firm human resource practices: Investigating the effects of professionalization and bifurcation bias on performance. Journal of Business Research, 84, 327-336.
  • McConaughy, D. ve Phillips, G. (1999). Founders versus descendants: The profitability, efficiency, growth characteristics, and financing in large, public, founding-family-controlled firms. Family Business Review, 12, 123–132.
  • Memili, E. ve Eddleston, K. A. (2018). Varieties of family firm resilience in economic recessions. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 9(4), 239-251.
  • Michiels, A., Uhlaner, L., ve Dekker, J. (2017). The effect of family business professionalization on dividend payout. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 24(4), 971-990.
  • Miller, D., Le Breton-Miller, I., ve Scholnick, B. (2008). Stewardship vs. Stagnation: An Empirical Comparison of Small Family and Non-Family Businesses. Journal of Management Studies, 45(1), 51-78
  • Morck, R. ve Yeung, B. (2004), Family control and the rent-seeking society, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(4), 391-409.
  • Nordqvist, M., ve Melin, L. (2010). Entrepreneurial families and family firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(6), 1141-1157.
  • Polat, G. (2021). Advancing the multidimensional approach to family business professionalization. Journal of Family Business Management, 11(4), 555-571.
  • Polat, G., ve Benligiray, S. (2022). The impact of family business professionalization on financial performance: a multidimensional approach. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 29(7), 1149-1175.
  • Razzak, M. R., Jassem, S., Akter, A. ve Al Mamun, S. A. (2021). Family commitment and performance in private family firms: moderating effect of professionalization. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 28(5), 669-689.
  • Schulze, W. S., Lubatkin, M. H., ve Dino, R. N. (2003). Exploring the agency consequences of ownership dispersion among the directors of private family firms. Academy of Management Journal, 46(2), 179-194
  • Sharma, P. (2004). An overview of the field of family business studies: Current status and directions for the future. Family Business Review, 17(1), 1-36.
  • Sharma, P. ve Hoy, F. (2003). Succession planning in family businesses: A review of the literature. Family Business Review, 16(1), 89-107.
  • Sharma, P. ve Irving, P. G. (2005). Four bases of family business successor commitment: Antecedents and consequences. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(1), 13-33.
  • Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J. ve Chua, J. H. (1997). Strategic management of the family business: Past research and future challenges. Family Business Review, 10(1), 1-35.
  • Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., ve Chua, J. H. (2003). Succession planning as planned behavior: Some empirical results. Family Business Review, 16(1), 1-15.
  • Sharma, P., ve Hoy, F. (2003). Succession planning in family businesses: A review of the literature. Family Business Review, 16(1), 89-107
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Aile İşletmelerinin Profesyonelleşme Düzeylerine Yönelik Bir Araştırma: Kütahya Örneği

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 183 - 196, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.52835/19maysbd.1356158

Abstract

Araştırmanın amacı aile işletmelerin profesyonelleşme (finans, kurumsallaşma, insan kaynakları kontrol sistemi, yetki devri ve genel) düzeylerine göre kümelere ayrılarak bu kümelerin oluşmasına etki eden faktörlerin belirlenmesidir. Araştırma örneklemi olarak Kütahya Ticaret Odasına üye aile işletmeleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırmaya 1056 aile işletmesi dahil edilmiştir. Aile işletmelerinin profesyonelleşme düzeyleri kümeleme analizi ve çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi ile incelenmiştir. Aile işletmelerinin profesyonelleşme düzeyleri açısından kümeleme analizi ile iki kümeye ayrıldığı, profesyonelleşme (finans, kurumsallaşma, insan kaynakları kontrol sistemi, yetki devri ve genel) üzerinde aile işletmesinin yaşının, faaliyette bulunduğu sektörün, yönetiminin kuşağı, aile üyesi olmayan yönetici sayısının, personel sayısının ve hukuki durumunun farklı düzeylerde etkisi olduğu bulgulanmıştır.

References

  • Akdoğan, A. (2000). Aile işletmelerinin özellikleri ve aile işletmelerinde kurumsallaşma ihtiyacı. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (16), 31-47.
  • Arregle, J. L., Hitt, M. A., Sirmon, D. G. ve Very, P. (2007). The development of organizational social capital: Attributes of family firms. Journal of Management Studies, 44(1), 73-95.
  • Arregle, J. L., Hitt, M. A., Sirmon, D. G., ve Very, P. (2007). The development of organizational social capital: Attributes of family firms. Journal of Management Studies, 44(1), 73-95.
  • Astrachan, J. H. ve Shanker, M. C. (2003). Family businesses’ contribution to the US economy: A closer look. Family Business Review, 16(3), 211-219.
  • Basco, R. (2013). Family business: Theory and practice, Routledge.
  • Bird, B., Welsch, H., Astrachan, J. H., ve Pistrui, D. (2002). Family business research: The evolution of an academic field. Family Business Review, 15(4), 337-350.
  • Breton‐Miller, I.L., Miller, D. ve Steier, L.P. (2004). Toward an integrative model of effective FOB succession, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(4), 305-328.
  • Camfield, C. ve Franco, M. (2019). Theoretical framework for family firm management: relationship between personal values and professionalization and succession. Journal of Family Business Management. 1 - 28
  • Cattaneo, C. ve Bassani, G. (2020). Professionalization and managerialization in family firms: A still open issue. Management Controlling and Governance of Family Businesses, 29-49.
  • Chau, K. L. F. ve Wong, H. W. (2021). No Family company without family: the professionalization of a chinese family business in Hong Kong. Journal of Business Anthropology, 10(2), 262-282.
  • Chittoor, R. ve Das, R. (2007). Professionalization of management and succession performance - a vital linkage, Family Business Review, 20(1), 65-79.
  • Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H. ve Litz, R. A. (2004). Comparing the agency costs of family and non-family firms: Conceptual issues and exploratory evidence. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(4), 335-354.
  • Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H. ve Sharma, P. (2005). Trends and directions in the development of a strategic management theory of the family firm. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(5), 555-576.
  • Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., Kellermanns, F. W. ve Chang, E. P. (2007). Are family managers agents or stewards? An exploratory study in privately held family firms. Journal of Business Research, 60(10), 1030-1038.
  • Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., Kellermanns, F. W., ve Chang, E. P. (2007). Are family managers agents or stewards? An exploratory study in privately held family firms. Journal of Business Research, 60(10), 1030-1038.
  • Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H., ve Litz, R. A. (2004). Comparing the agency costs of family and non-family firms: Conceptual issues and exploratory evidence. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(4), 335-354.
  • Chrisman, J. J., Sharma, P., Steier, L. P. ve Chua, J. H. (2013). The influence of family goals, governance, and resources on firm outcomes. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(6), 1249-1261.
  • Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., ve Bergiel, E. B. (2009). An agency theoretic analysis of the professionalized family firm, Entrepreneurship Theory And Practice, 33(2), 355-372.
  • Craig, J. B., Dibrell, C. ve Davis, P. S. (2008). Integrating agency and resource dependence theory: Firm profitability, industry regulation, and board task performance. Journal of Management, 34(5), 1010-1033.
  • Cruz, C., Larraza-Kintana, M. ve Garcés-Galdeano, L. (2014). The role of family involvement in firms' capital structure: Evidence from Spanish SMEs. Journal of Small Business Management, 52(4), 680-697.
  • De Massis, A., Frattini, F., Kotlar, J., Petruzzelli, A. M. ve Wright, M. (2016). Innovation through tradition: Lessons from innovative family businesses and directions for future research. Academy of Management Perspectives, 30(1), 93-116.
  • Dekker, J. C., Lybaert, N., Steijvers, T., Depaire, B. ve Mercken, R. (2013). Family firm types based on the professionalization construct: Exploratory research. Family Business Review, 26(1), 81-99.
  • Dekker, J., Lybaert, N., Steijvers, T. ve Depaire, B. (2015). The effect of family business professionalization as a multidimensional construct on firm performance. Journal of Small Business Management, 53(2), 516-538.
  • Duran, C., Şahin, Ö. N., ve Güler, M. (2017) Kamu Yönetimi ve İşletme Bölümü Öğrencilerine Verilen Eğitimin Girişimcilik Hislerine Katkısının Ölçülmesi, International Journal of Business, Economics and Management Perspective, 8(2), 41 - 54
  • Dyer, W. G. (1989). Integrating professional management into a family owned business. Family Business Review, 2(3), 221-235.
  • Ensley, M. D., Pearson, A. W. ve Sardeshmukh, S. R. (2007). The negative consequences of pay dispersion in family and non-family top management teams: An exploratory analysis of new venture, high-growth firms. Journal of Business Research, 60(10), 1039-1047.
  • Evetts, J. (2014). The concept of professionalism: professional work, professional practice and learning. Billett, S., Harteis, C. and Gruber, H. (Ed.) International Handbook of Research in Professional and Practice-based Learning. Springer Netherlands
  • Filatotchev, I., ve Wright, M. (2005). The life cycle of corporate governance. Edward Elgar Publishing. Galvis, J. F. R. (2011). Professionalization, key element to the success of a family enterprise. Visión De Futuro, Año 8, 1 (15). 51 – 64
  • Gersick, K. E., Davis, J. A., McCollom Hampton, M. ve Lansberg, I. (1997). Generation to generation: Life cycles of the family business. Harvard Business Press.
  • Gnan, L., ve Songini, L. (2003). The Professionalization of family firms: the role of agency cost control mechanisms. Università commerciale Luigi Bocconi.
  • Güler, M., Çetin, M.,S, ve Şahin, Ö., N. (2023). Examining Restrictions in Career Management with the Aid of Metaphor. Sarıbaş, S. (Ed.) Social Sciences in A Globalizing World (ss161 – 179), İzmir, Duvar Publishing
  • Güler, M., Öztürk, M, ve Şahin, Ö., N. (2023). A Research Review of Turkey’s International Logistics Trade Performance Comparison. Arslan, M., H., Burlea-Schiopoiu, A. ve Alili Sulejmani, L. (Ed.) Academic Studies in Social, Human and Administrative Sicences InTrades 2019 (ss180 – 191), İstanbul, Hiperyayın
  • Habbershon, T.G. ve Williams, M.L. (1999). A resource-based framework for assessing the strategic advantages of family firms. Family Business Review, 12(1), 1-25
  • Habersang, S., Kuberling-Jost, J., Relhlen, M. ve Seckler, C. (2018), A process perspective on organizational failure: a qualitative meta-analysis, Journal of Management Studies, 56(1), 19-56.
  • Hall, A., Melin, L. ve Nordqvist, M. (2001), Entrepreneurship as radical change in family business: exploring the role of cultural patterns, Family Business Review, 14(3). 193-208.
  • Hall, P. D. (1988). A historical overview of family firms in the United States. Family Business Review, 1(1), 51-68. Hellmann, T., ve Puri, M. (2002). Venture capital and the professionalization of start‐up firms: Empirical evidence. The Journal Of Finance, 57(1), 169-197.
  • Hofer, C.W. ve Charan, R. (1984). The transition to professional management: Mission impossible? American Journal of Small Business, 9(1), 1–11.
  • Hoy, F. ve Verser, T. (1994). The family business: A behavioral perspective. The Journal of Behavioral Economics, 23(1), 53-70.
  • Iqbal, M. ve Mansoor, A. Z. (2022). Proposed Strategy for Family Business Internal Management Professionalization Effort (Case Study: CV. Segara Luas Lestari). European Journal of Business and Management Research, 7(4), 133-138.
  • Kalkan, N. (2018). Küreselleşme gücüne karşılık aile işletmelerinde profesyonel yönetim. Journal of Banking and Financial Research, 5(2), 1-14.
  • Le Breton-Miller, I., Miller, D. ve Steier, L. P. (2004). Toward an integrative model of effective FOB succession. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(4), 305-328. Lien, Y. C., ve Li, S. (2014). Professionalization of family business and performance effect. Family Business Review, 27(4), 346-364.
  • Madison, K., Daspit, J. J., Turner, K. ve Kellermanns, F. W. (2018). Family firm human resource practices: Investigating the effects of professionalization and bifurcation bias on performance. Journal of Business Research, 84, 327-336.
  • McConaughy, D. ve Phillips, G. (1999). Founders versus descendants: The profitability, efficiency, growth characteristics, and financing in large, public, founding-family-controlled firms. Family Business Review, 12, 123–132.
  • Memili, E. ve Eddleston, K. A. (2018). Varieties of family firm resilience in economic recessions. Journal of Family Business Strategy, 9(4), 239-251.
  • Michiels, A., Uhlaner, L., ve Dekker, J. (2017). The effect of family business professionalization on dividend payout. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 24(4), 971-990.
  • Miller, D., Le Breton-Miller, I., ve Scholnick, B. (2008). Stewardship vs. Stagnation: An Empirical Comparison of Small Family and Non-Family Businesses. Journal of Management Studies, 45(1), 51-78
  • Morck, R. ve Yeung, B. (2004), Family control and the rent-seeking society, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28(4), 391-409.
  • Nordqvist, M., ve Melin, L. (2010). Entrepreneurial families and family firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34(6), 1141-1157.
  • Polat, G. (2021). Advancing the multidimensional approach to family business professionalization. Journal of Family Business Management, 11(4), 555-571.
  • Polat, G., ve Benligiray, S. (2022). The impact of family business professionalization on financial performance: a multidimensional approach. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 29(7), 1149-1175.
  • Razzak, M. R., Jassem, S., Akter, A. ve Al Mamun, S. A. (2021). Family commitment and performance in private family firms: moderating effect of professionalization. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 28(5), 669-689.
  • Schulze, W. S., Lubatkin, M. H., ve Dino, R. N. (2003). Exploring the agency consequences of ownership dispersion among the directors of private family firms. Academy of Management Journal, 46(2), 179-194
  • Sharma, P. (2004). An overview of the field of family business studies: Current status and directions for the future. Family Business Review, 17(1), 1-36.
  • Sharma, P. ve Hoy, F. (2003). Succession planning in family businesses: A review of the literature. Family Business Review, 16(1), 89-107.
  • Sharma, P. ve Irving, P. G. (2005). Four bases of family business successor commitment: Antecedents and consequences. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29(1), 13-33.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mürsel Güler 0000-0002-1464-9834

Publication Date September 30, 2023
Submission Date September 6, 2023
Acceptance Date September 25, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 4 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Güler, M. (2023). Aile İşletmelerinin Profesyonelleşme Düzeylerine Yönelik Bir Araştırma: Kütahya Örneği. 19 Mayıs Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(3), 183-196. https://doi.org/10.52835/19maysbd.1356158