Avrupa Birliği Yapay Zekâ Yasası: 2018-2024 Avrupa Komisyonu Tekliflerinde Demokrasinin Yeri

Öz

Yapay zekânın gelişmeye başlaması ile birlikte farklı alanlarda kullanımı, yapay zekâ ya yönelik tartışmaları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Özellikle insanları gerçekçi derecede taklit edebilme yeteneği ile birlikte, yapay zekâ eğlence aracı olmaktan öteye geçmiştir. Bir taraftan ulusal siyaset diğer taraftan uluslararası siyasette kullanımı yapay zekânın kaos yaratabilme potansiyelini de ortaya çıkarmıştır. Yapay zekâya yönelik olarak bu durumun ortaya çıkarılması ve bu konu üzerine çalışmalar yapması Avrupa Birliği’ni (AB) bu konuda lider konuma getirmiştir. AB Yapay Zekâ Yasası için 2018 yılından bu yana çalışmalar yürütmüş ve bu çalışmaları öncelikle AB vatandaşlarının yararına kullanılacak şekilde yapay zekânın gelişmesini desteklemiştir. Fakat yapay zekânın “insan haklarına” verdiği tehditler sebebi ile var olan yapay zekâ uygulamalarının kötü niyetli kullanımını engellemek ve gelişecek olan yapay zekâ uygulamalarının “insan haklarına” zarar vermesini önlemek adına AB Yapay Zekâ Yasası ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada, 2018-2024 yılları arasında yasa ile ilgili Avrupa Komisyonu’nun Avrupa Parlamentosu ve Avrupa Konseyinden gelen geri bildirimler üzerine oluşturduğu teklifler incelenmiştir. Bu incelemede Hammersley ve Atkinson'un (2007) etnografik belge inceleme yaklaşımından faydalanılmıştır. Bu teklifler “demokrasi”, “seçimler”, “etik” anahtar kavramları taratılarak incelenmeye alınmıştır. Bu sayede AB’nin yasa oluşturma sürecinde yapay zekâ ve demokrasi ilişkisini nasıl yorumladığı açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avrupa Birliği
• Avrupa Komisyonu
• Demokrasi
• Yapay Zeka

European Union Artificial Intelligence Law: The Role of Democracy in the 2018-2024 European Commission Proposals

Abstract

As artificial intelligence has continued to develop, its applications across various fields have sparked discussions. Particularly notable is its capacity to realistically mimic human behavior, elevating it beyond mere entertainment. Its integration into national and international politics has underscored both its potential and its capacity to sow chaos. In response, the European Union (EU) has assumed a leading role, having identified the importance of regulating AI and actively pursued legislation on the matter. Since 2018, the EU has been actively engaged in formulating the EU Artificial Intelligence Law. Initially, the focus was on fostering the development of AI for the benefit of EU citizens. However, as concerns grew regarding the threat AI poses to human rights, the EU Artificial Intelligence Law (2024) was introduced to mitigate the risks associated with existing AI applications and those yet to emerge. This study examines the evolution of the European Commission's proposals for this law between 2018 and 2024, incorporating feedback from the European Parliament and the European Council. Employing Hammersley and Atkinson's (2007) ethnographic document analysis approach, this study delves into the key concepts of "democracy," "elections," and "ethics" within these proposals. Through this lens, it explores the intricate relationship between artificial intelligence and democracy within the EU's legislative process.

Keywords

• Artificial Intelligence
• Democracy
• European Union
• European Commission

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