Avrupa’nın Hibrid Rejimlerinde İnsan Hakları ve AB Etkisinin Sınırları

Öz

Dünyada insan haklarının durumunu ölçen çeşitli uluslararası endeksler bulunmaktadır. Bu endekslerin sunduğu veriler insan hakları üzerine sistematik karşılaştırmalı analizler yapmayı olanaklı hale getirmiştir. Böyle bir karşılaştırmayı Avrupa’nın hibrid rejimleri özelinde yapmayı hedefleyen bu çalışma, Batı Balkanlar ve Doğu Avrupa’da yer alan 8 ülkeye (Sırbistan, Bosna-Hersek, Karadağ, Ukrayna, Moldova, Kuzey Makedonya, Arnavutluk ve Kosova) odaklanmakta ve Özgürlük Evi’nin Dünyada Özgürlükler (Freedom in the World) endeksinin 2017-2024 raporlarında bu ülkelerle ilgili insan hakları boyutundaki değerlendirmeleri baz almaktadır. Bu ülke grubunun insan hakları açısından gösterdikleri gerileme, ilerleme veya durağanlığın karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesi, bu dönüşümlerin muhtemel nedenlerini tartışan literatüre ışık tutacaktır. Bu ülkelerin tamamının Avrupa Birliği (AB) ile çeşitli seviyelerde entegrasyon süreçleri devam etmektedir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmaya konu olan ülkelerin bazı içsel dinamikleri ile AB süreçlerinin, bu ülkelerde insan haklarının korunmasına etkisi karşılaştırmalı olarak mercek altına alınacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• insan hakları
• Batı Balkanlar
• Hibrid rejimler
• Avrupa Birliği
• demokratik gerileme

Human Rights in Europe's Hybrid Regimes and the Limits of the EU Influence

Abstract

There are various international indices that measure the status of human rights in the world. The data provided by these indices have made it possible to conduct systematic comparative analysis on human rights. This study aims to make such a comparison specifically for Europe's hybrid regimes and focuses on 8 countries in the Western Balkans and Eastern Europe (Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Ukraine, Moldova, North Macedonia, Albania and Kosovo). The analysis is based on the human rights assessments of these countries in the 2017-2024 reports of the Freedom House's Freedom in the World Index. A comparative examination of the decline, progress or stagnation of this group of countries in terms of human rights will shed light on the literature discussing the possible reasons for these transformations. All of these countries are continuing their integration processes with the European Union (EU) at various levels. In this context, some internal dynamics of the countries subject to this study and the impact of EU processes on the protection of human rights in these countries will be examined comparatively.

Keywords

• Human rights
• Western Balkans
• hybrid regimes
• European Union
• democratic backsliding

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