GÜNEY KAFKASYA’DA ÜLKE İÇİNDE YERİNDEN EDİLMİŞ KİŞİLER SORUNU: AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ’NİN YAKLAŞIMI ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Öz

Sovyetler Birliği’nin çöküşü ile birlikte uluslararası sistem yeniden şekillenirken Kafkasya’da güçlenen milliyetçilik akımı ve etnik grupların kendi kaderlerini tayin etme yönündeki eğilimleri, Güney Kafkasya’daki çatışmalarda önemli bir etken olmuştur. Bölgesel barış ve istikrarın inşası için Abhazya, Güney Osetya ve Dağlık Karabağ çatışmalarının ve bunların neticesinde ortaya çıkan yerinden edilmişlik sorununun çözümlenmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu bağlamda Avrupa Birliği’nin (AB) istikrara katkı sağlamayı hedefleyen bir dış güç olarak, bölgesel çatışmaların çözümünde aktif arabulucu roller üstlenmesine yönelik beklentiler artmaktadır. Ancak AB’nin bu anlamdaki etkisi sınırlı düzeydedir. Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası da beklenen etkiyi yaratamamaktadır. Çalışmada, söz konusu üç örnek üzerinden yerinden edilmişlik sorunu incelenmekte ve bu sorun ile bölgedeki çatışmaların çözümü arasındaki yakın ilişki açıklanarak AB’nin bölgedeki rolü analiz edilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Zorunlu Göç,Ülke İçinde Yerinden Edilmiş Kişiler,Güney Kafkasya,Avrupa Birliği,Çatışma Çözümü

The Problem of Internally Displaced Persons in the South Caucasus: An Assessment of the European Union’s Approach

Abstract

While the international system has reshaped following the collapse of Soviet Union, the rise of nationalism and ethnic groups’ tendencies for self-determination in the Caucasus has been a vital factor triggering conflicts in the South Caucasus. The resolution of conflicts in Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno-Karabakh and forced displacement problem is crucial for building regional peace and stability. The expectations from the European Union (EU) as stabilizing external force and mediator in the regional conflicts have also increased. Yet, the EU’s effectiveness is limited in this sense. The European Neighbourhood Policy can’t create the expected impact. This research underlines the displacement problem in terms of three cases analysing the EU’s role in the region by explaining the close link between displaced persons and conflict resolution.

Keywords

• Forced Migration,Internally Displaced Persons,South Caucasus,European Union,Conflict Resolution

References

1. Aliyev, Alovsat. “Social And Economic Rights of Refugees and Displaced Persons in Azerbaijan”. Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies CARIM-East Explanatory Note 13/141 (2013). Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 19, 2018. http://www.carim-east.eu/media/exno/Explanatory%20Notes_2013-141.pdf.
2. Aslanlı, Araz. “Bölgesel ve Küresel Dengeler Açısından Abhazya Sorunu”, Karadeniz Araştırmaları 5, no 5 (2005): 122-123.
3. Aydın, Ülviyye. “Abhazya ve Güney Osetya Sorunu: Avrupa Birliği-Gürcistan İlişkilerinin ‘İstenmeyen’ Gündemi”. İçinde Avrupa Birliği’nin Bölgesel İhtilaflara Yönelik Politikaları, editör Uğur Burç Yıldız, 11-53. Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2016.
4. Chelidze, Natia. “Asylum Seekers, Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Georgia: The Challenges of Social Cohesion”. CARIM-East Explanatory Note 13/130 (2013). Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 19, 2018. http://www.carim-east.eu/media/exno/Explanatory%20Notes_2013-130.pdf, 1-7.
5. Chilosi, Alberto. “The European Union and its Neighbours: ‘Everything But Institutions’?”. The European Journal of Comparative Economics 4, no 1 (2007): 25-38.
6. Crombois, Jean F. “The ENP and EU Actions in Conflict Management: Comparing between Eastern Europe and the Maghreb”. Perspectives 16, no. 2 (2008): 29.
7. Cutts, Noelle M. S. “Enemies Through the Gates: Russian Violations of International Law in the Georgia/Abkhazia Conflict”. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 40, no 1 (2008): 281-310.
8. Çelik, Sezai. “Kafkasya Çatışmalarında Çözüm Teknikleri, Pozitif Barış Çabaları ve Uluslararası Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları”, Yeni Türkiye Kafkaslar Özel Sayısı 1, no. 71 (2015): 372-377.

9. Derman, Giray S. “Georgia in Russia’s Orbit and the South Ossettian Conflict Threatening Regional Stability in the South Caucasus Region”. Journal of Caspian Affairs 1, no 1 (2015): 93-114.
10. Diez, Thomas. “Not Quite Sui Generis Enuogh”. European Societies 14 (2012): 522-539. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 19, 2018. doi: 10.1080/14616696.2012.724577.
11. Efe, Haydar. “Foreign Policy of the European Union Towards the South Caucasus”. International Journal of Business and Social Science 3, no 17 (2012): 187-199.
12. European Commission. “European Neighbourhood Policy”. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 19, 2018. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/neighbourhood/ overview_en.
13. European Commission. “European Neighbourhood Policy Strategy Paper”. 12 Mayıs 2004. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 4, 2018. https://ec.europa.eu/ neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/2004_communication_from_the_ commission_-_european_neighbourhood_policy_-_strategy_paper.pdf.
14. European Commission. “Forced Displacement: Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)”. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 17, 2018. https://ec.europa.eu/echo/what-we-do/humanitarian-aid/refugees-and-internally- displaced-persons_en.http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/enp/pdf/2015/georgia- enp-report 2015_en.pdf.
15. European Commission. “Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in Armenia Progress in 2014 and Recommendations for Actions”. Mart 2015. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 19, 2018. http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/enp/pdf/ 2015/armenia-enp-report-2015_en.pdf.
16. European Commission. “Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in Azerbaijan Progress in 2014 and Recommendations for Actions”. Mart 2015. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 19, 2018. http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/enp/pdf/2015/ azerbaijan-enp-report-2015_en.pdf.
17. European Commission. “Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in Georgia Progress in 2014 and Recommendations for Actions”. Mart 2015. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 19, 2018. http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/enp/ pdf/2015/georgia-enp-report-2015_en.pdf.
18. European Commission. “Knowledge Centre on Migration and Demography: Highlights of Two Years of Activity”. Haziran 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 19, 2018. http://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC112185/ kcmd_booklet_online.pdf.
19. European Commission. “On Strengthening the European Neighbourhood Policy”. 4 Aralık 2006. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 2, 2018. https://www.ab.gov.tr/files/ardb/ evt/1_avrupa_birligi/1_9_komsuluk_politikalari/Strengthening_The_European_Neighbourhood_Policy_4_12_2006.pdf.
20. European Commission. “Report on the Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy Review”. 18 May 2017. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 19, 2018. https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/2_en_act_part1_v9_3.pdf.
21. European Commission. “Review of the European Neighbourhood Policy”. 18 Kasım 2015. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 4, 2018. https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/sites/near/files/neighbourhood/pdf/key-documents/151118_joint-communication_review-of-the-enp_en.pdf.
22. European Commission. “Social Protection and Social Inclusion in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia”. Synthesis Report, 2011. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 6, 2018. https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=89&langId=en&newsId=1045& moreDocuments=yes&tableName=news.
23. European Parliament. “The Frozen Conflicts of the EU’s Eastern Neighbourhood and Their Impact on the Respect of Human Rights”. Nisan 2016. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 19, 2018. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2016/ 578001/EXPO_STU(2016)578001_EN.pdf.
24. European Commission. “Wider Europe-Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours”. Mart 2003. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 19, 2018. http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/enp/pdf/pdf/ com03_104_en.pdf.
25. European Parliament. “Parliamentary Questions”. Erişim Tarihi: 17.09.2018, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getAllAnswers.do?reference=E-2011-000975&language=NL.
26. European Union External Action. “EU/Armenia Action Plan”. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 5, 2018. https://cdn1-eeas.fpfis.tech.ec.europa.eu/cdn/farfuture/DFGpOk_ UtLS8-KmQmfIpu4vtSTZh3VQECPkKgCUdwFI/mtime:1471517374/sites/eeas/files/ armenia_enp_ap_final_en.pdf.
27. European Union External Action . “EU/Azerbaijan Action Plan”. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 5, 2018. https://cdn5-eeas.fpfis.tech.ec.europa.eu/cdn/farfuture/ gAmKFK7RUk7_92WAmqBuVr1ShuOYk5O4mJWHsXFHuiM/mtime:1471517425/sites/eeas/files/azerbaijan_enp_ap_final_en.pdf.
28. European Union External Action. “EU/Georgia Action Plan”. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 5, 2018. https://cdn3-eeas.fpfis.tech.ec.europa.eu/cdn/farfuture/244kJ3PJIutfOq_ JjxXOiCy30Jwd_hIldwj6UYLGoIs/mtime:1471517478/sites/eeas/files/georgia_enp_ap_final_en_0.pdf.
29. European Union External Action. “EU Special Representatives”. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 10, 2018. https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_ en/3606/EU%20Special%20Representatives.
30. Ekici, Yunus. “Azerbaycan ve Ermenistan Arasında Bitmeyen Dağlık Karabağ Sorunu”. Uluslararası Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi 2, no 1 (2017): 62-77.
31. Eylemer, Sedef. “Avrupa Birliği’nin Bölgesel İhtilaflara Yönelik Politikaları”. İçinde Avrupa Birliği’nin Dağlık Karabağ Sorununa Yaklaşımı ve Çözüm Sürecindeki Rolü, editör Uğur Burç Yıldız, 101-166. Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara, 2016.
32. Gerrits, Andre W. M. ve Max Bader. “Russian Patronage Over Abkhazia and South Ossetia: Implications for Conflict Resolution”. East European Politics 32 (2016): 297-313. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 18, 2018, doi: 10.1080/ 21599165.2016.1166104.
33. Hopf, Ted. “Identity, Legitimacy and the Use of Military Force: Russia’s Great Power Identities and Military Intervention in Abkhazia”. Review of International Studies 31 (2005): 225-243. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 18, 2018, doi.10. 101 7 I S02602 1050500687.
34. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, On the Grid: Global Internal Displacement in 2016. Mayıs 2017. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 19, 2018. http://www.internal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2017/.
35. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. On the Grid: The Global Displacement Landscape. 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 19, 2018. http://www.internal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2018/downloads/report/2018-GRID-part-1.pdf.
36. Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy. “What is Multi-Track Diplomacy?”. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 8, 2018. http://imtd.org/about/what-is-multi-track-diplomacy/.
37. Jentzsch, Greg. “What Are the Main Causes of Conflict in South Ossetia and How Can They Best be Addressed to Promote Lasting Peace”. The BSIS Journal of International Studies 6 (2009): 1-21.
38. Keukeleire, Stephan ve Arnout Justaert. “EU Foreign Policy and the Challenges of Structural Diplomacy: Comprehensiveness, Coordination, Alignment and Learning”, DSEU Policy Paper 12 (2012), Erişim Tarihi: Kasım 29, 2018, http://dseu.lboro.ac.uk/Documents/Policy_Papers/DSEU_Policy_Paper12.pdf, 1-8.
39. Keukeleire, Stephan ve Jennifer MacNaughtan. The Foreign Policy of the European Union. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
40. Kılavuz, İdil T. “Dağlık Karabağ Müzakerelerinin Geleceği”. Avrasya Etüdleri 52 (2017): 51-78.
41. King, Charles. “The Five-Day War: Managing Moscow After the Georgia Crisis”. Foreign Affairs 87, no 6 (2008): 2-11.
42. Kolossov, Vladimir ve John O’Loughlin. “After the Wars in the South Caucasus State of Georgia: Economic Insecurities and Migration in the “De Facto” States of Abkhazia and South Ossetia”. Eurasian Geography and Economics 52 (2011): 631-654. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 18, 2018. doi:10.2747/1539-7216.52.5.631.
43. Lynch, Dov. “OSCE Early Warning in Georgia”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 7, no 26 (2010): 139-148.
44. Nichol, Jim. “Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia: Political Developments and Implications for U.S. Interests”, Congressional Research Service, Nisan 2, 2014. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 18, 2018. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33453.pdf, 1-64.
45. Nogués, Elisabeth J. “The (Non-)Normative Power EU and the European Neighbourhood Policy: An Exceptional Policy for an Exceptional Actor?”. European Political Economy Review 7 (2007): 181-194. Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 12, 2018. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23777158_The_Non-Normative_Power_EU_and_the_European_Neighbourhood_Policy_An_Exceptional_Policy_for_an_Exceptional_Actor.
46. Organization for Security and Co-operation for Europe, “Who we are?”, Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 2, 2018, https://www.osce.org/minsk-group/108306.
47. Özkan, Behlül. “Who Gains from the “No War No Peace” Situation? A Critical Analysis of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict”. Geopolitics 13, no 3 (2008): 572-599. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 18, 2018. doi: 10.1080/14650040802203919.
48. PPRD East 2. “About the Programme”. Prevention, Preparedness and Response to Natural and Man-made Disasters in the Eastern Partnership Countries. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 19, 2018. http://pprdeast2.eu/en/about-pprdeast2/.
49. PPRD East 2. “Prevention, Preparedness and Response to Natural and Man-made Disasters in the EaP countries –Progress Report 6”. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 19, 2018. http://pprdeast2.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/PPRD-East-2-Progress-report-6-ENG.pdf.
50. Perruchoud, Richard ve Jillyanne Redpath-Cross, eds., Glossary on Migration. International Organization for Migration, 2011. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 17, 2018. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iml25_1.pdf.
51. Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. “Azerbaijan and European Union”. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 17, 2018. http://www.mfa.gov.az/en/content/555.
52. Solomon, Andrew. “Justice, Accountability, and the Protection of Displaced Persons”. 2009. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 19, 2018. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/1201_internal_displacement_solomon.pdf.
53. Sönmez, A. Sait. “ Avrupa Birliği’nin Komşu Bölgelere Yönelik Siyasi Açılımı: Avrupa Komşuluk Politikası”. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 7, no 14 (2010): 113-122.
54. UNHCR. “Azerbaijan: Analysis of Gaps in the Protection of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), European Commission”. Ekim 2009. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 19, 2018. http://www.unhcr.org/protection/convention/4bd7edbd9/azerbaijan-analysis-gaps-protection-internally-displaced-persons-idps.html.
55. UNHCR. Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2017. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 19, 2018. http://www.unhcr.org/5b27be547.pdf.
56. Whitman, Richard G. ve Stefan Wolff. “The EU as a Conflict Manager? The Case of Georgia and its Implications”. International Affairs 86 (2010): 87-107. Erişim Tarihi: Eylül 19, 2018. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2010.00870.
57. Yapıcı, Merve İ. “Kafkasya’nın Sorunlu Bölgesi: Güney Osetya”. Orta Asya ve Kafkasya Araştırmaları 2, no 3 (2007): 71-104