Assessing the Immigrant Integration Policy of Sweden in the Context of Refugee Crisis

Abstract

Since 2011, the conflicts in MENA have created an immigration flow to the neighbouring countries and the European continent. The Syrian civil war has further contributed to this flow, turning it into an international refugee crisis. Sweden, which traditionally has a liberal immigration policy, is considerably affected by the crisis as the number of refugees has immensely increased since 2013. This study aims to assess immigrant integration policy of Sweden in the context of the refugee crisis, utilizing the “EU Indicators of Migrant Integration”. The paper concludes that despite the inclusive practices in Sweden, the capacities that would facilitate immigrant integration are inadequate in the face of the refugee crisis, which is mainly the result of incompatibility of the current system and the recent needs

Keywords

• Refugee Crisis
• Sweden
• Immigrant Integration
• Zaragoza

Mülteci Krizi Bağlamında İsveç’in Göçmen Bütünleşme Politikasının Değerlendirilmesi

Öz

2011’den bu yana Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika’da meydana gelen çatışmalar, bu coğrafyadan komşu ülkelere ve Avrupa kıtasına doğru mülteci akımını başlatmıştır. Yedinci yılına giren Suriye iç savaşı ise bölgedeki güvenlik sorunlarını arttırmış, mülteci akımının bir uluslararası krize dönüşmesine neden olmuştur. Geleneksel olarak liberal bir göç politikasına sahip olan İsveç bu krizden en fazla etkilenen ülkelerden biri olmuş; 2013 itibarıyla mülteci sayısı katlanarak artan ülkede göçmen bütünleşmesi önemli bir sorun haline gelmiştir. İsveç’in göçmen bütünleşmesi politikasının mülteci krizi bağlamında değerlendirildiği bu çalışmada, mevcut politika ve düzenlemeler “Avrupa Birliği Göçmen Bütünleşmesi Göstergeleri” temel alınarak incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, çok kültürlü ve kapsayıcı nitelikteki uygulamaların varlığına rağmen, göçmen bütünleşmesine yönelik düzenlemelerin konjonktürel gelişmeler ve ihtiyaçlarla uyumlu olmadığı, bu nedenle bütünleşmeyi kolaylaştıracak kapasitelerin mülteci krizi karşısında yetersiz kaldığı görülmüştür

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mülteci Krizi
• İsveç
• Göçmen Bütünleşmesi
• Zaragoza

References

1. Akkerman, Tjitske. “Comparing Radical Right Parties in Government: Immigration and Integration Policies in Nine Countries (1996–2010)”, West European Politics 35 (2012): 511-529, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2012.665738.
2. Aleksynska, Mariya ve Yann Algan, “Assimilation and Integration of Immigrants in Europe”, IZA Discussion Paper No. 5185, 2010, Erişim Tarihi 20.12.2016, http://ftp.iza.org/dp5185.pdf.
3. Andersson, Josephine A. Welcome: A pedagogic family book for new arrivals about life in Sweden, İsveç: AL Publishing, 2016
4. Andersson, Ruben ve Agnieszka Weinar. Integration Policies-Sweden Country Report, European University Institute, 2014.
5. Asylum Information Database, “DUBLIN-Sweden”, Erişim Tarihi 20.12.2016, http://www.asylumineurope.org/reports/country/sweden/asylum-procedure /procedures/dublin.
6. Asylum Information Database, “Sweden: Medical Body Considering New Age Assessment http://www.asylumineurope.org/news/21-04-2016/sweden-medical-body- considering-new-age-assessment-method. Tarihi 23.12.2016
7. Asylum Information Database, Country Report: Sweden, Erişim Tarihi 22.12.2016, http://www.asylumineurope.org/sites/default/files/report-download/ aidase_update.iii_.pdf.
8. BBC, “Swedish government struggling over migrant crisis”, 03 Mart 2016, Erişim Tarihi 19.12.2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35549169.

9. Birleşmiş Milletler Mülteciler Yüksek Komiserliği Türkiye Temsilciliği, “Mültecilerin Hukuki Statüsüne İlişkin Sözleşme”, T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü, http://www.goc.gov.tr/files/files/multec%C4%B1ler%C4%B1nhukuk%C4%B 1statusune%C4%B1l%C4%B1sk%C4%B1nsozlesme.pdf. 17.11.2017
10. Bloemraad, Irene, Anna Korteweg ve Gökçe Yurdakul. “Citizenship and Immigration: Multiculturalism, Assimilation, and Challenges to the Nation- State”, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134608. of Sociology 34 (2008):153-179
11. Borevi, Karin. “Understanding Swedish Multiculturalism”, içinde Debating Multiculturalism in the Nordic Welfare States, ed. Peter Kivisto ve Östen Wahlbeck, Londra, Palgrave, 2013, 140-169.
12. Borgegård, Lars-Erik, Johan Håkansson ve Dieter K. Müller. “Concentration and Dispersion of Immigrants in Sweden 1973-1992”, The Canadian Geographer 42 (1998):28–39, 10.1111/j.1541-0064.1998.tb01550.x.
13. Bucken-Knapp, Gregg, Jonas Hinnfors, Andrea Spehar ve Pia Levin. “No Nordic Model: Understanding Differences in the Labour Migration Policy Preferences of Mainstream Finnish and Swedish Political Parties”, Comparative European Politics 12 (2014):584–602, https://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2014.22.
14. Castles, Stephen, Hein de Haas ve Mark J. Miller. The Age of Migration, New York, The Guilford Press, 2009.
15. Castles, Stephen, Maja Korac, Ellie Vasta, and Steven Vertovec. Integration: Mapping the Field, Oxford, Centre for Migration and Policy Research/ Refugee Studies Centre for the Home Office, 2001.
16. Diakite, M. Arthur. “The Policy and Strategies Used in the Integration of Immıgrants in Sweden”, The English International Association of Lund Briefing Paper No. 2006:20, Erişim Tarihi http://cms.horus.be/files/99935/MediaArchive/pdf/policy_racial_integration_s weden.pdf.
17. Emilsson, Henrik. “A National Turn of Local Integration Policy: Multi-level Governance Dynamics in Denmark and Sweden”, Comparative Migration Studies 3 (2015):1-16, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-015-0008-5.
18. Eriksson, Aleksandra. “Sweden threatens to sue Hungary over asylum refusals”, EU Observer, https://euobserver.com/migration/135367. 2016, Erişim Tarihi 10.01.2017
19. EURACTIV. “Poll: Swedish support for refugees falls”, 09 Kasım 2015, Erişim 10.01.2017
20. http://www.euractiv.com/section/justice-home
21. affairs/news/poll-swedish-support-for-refugees-falls/.
22. European Commission. Using EU Indicators of Immigrant Integration, Belçika, 2013.
23. European Migration Network/Migrationsverket. EMN Policy Report 2014-Sweden, Erişim Tarihi 23.12.2016, http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we- do/networks/european_migration_network/reports/docs/annual- policy/2014/27a_sweden__apr_2014_part2_english_final.pdf
24. European Social Survey. Attitudes Towards Immigration and Their Antecedents, Londra, University of London, 2016.
25. European Website on Integration. “Act on Swedish Citizenship”, Erişim Tarihi
26. 01.2017,https://ec.europa.eu/migrant- integration/index.cfm?action=media.download&uuid=FBD08508-A412- F0DA-721E9C5153324FAC.
27. European Website on Integration. “Bill 1997/98:16 Sweden, the future and diversity –from immigrant policy to integration policy”, Erişim Tarihi 11.01.2017, https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/librarydoc/bill-1997/9816-sweden-the- future-and-diversity-from-immigrant-policy-to-integration-policy.
28. Eurostat. “Asylum and first time asylum applicants by citizenship, age and sex Annual http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do. data (rounded)”, Erişim Tarihi 16.11.2017
29. Farsight. Displaced People: Where is the real crisis? The Numbers Behind the Noise, content/uploads/2017/03/Seefar-Displaced-People-Where-is-the-real-crisis.pdf. Tarihi 22.12.2016
30. https://seefar.org/wp
31. Government Offices of Sweden. “Discrimination Act (SFS 2008:567)”, Erişim Tarihi http://www.government.se/4a788f/contentassets/6732121a2cb54ee3b21da9c62 8b6bdc7/oversattning-diskrimineringslagen_eng.pdf. 13.01.2017
32. Government Offices of Sweden. “OECD: Sweden on the right track to better introduction of new arrivals”, 13 Mayıs 2016, Erişim Tarihi 23.12.2016, http://www.government.se/press-releases/2016/05/oecd-sweden-on-the-right- track-to-better-introduction-of-new-arrivals/.
33. Government Offices of Sweden. “Statement of Government Policy”, 13 Eylül 2016, Erişim http://www.government.se/speeches/2016/09/statement-of-government-policy- 17-september-2013/. Tarihi 27.12.2016
34. Government Offices of Sweden. Aliens Act (2005:716), Erişim Tarihi 19.12.2016, http://www.government.se/49cf71/contentassets/784b3d7be3a54a0185f284bbb 2683055/aliens-act-2005_716.pdf.
35. Groenendijk, Kees. “Local Voting Rights for Non-Nationals in Europe: What We Know and What We Need to Learn”, The Migration Policy Institue, Erişim Tarihi http://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/Groenendijk- final%5B1%5D.pdf. 10.01.2017
36. Groll, Elias. “How a Former Neo-Nazi Party Became Sweden’s Third-Largest”, Foreign Policy, http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/09/16/how-a-former-neo-nazi-party-became- swedens-third-largest/. Eylül 2014, Erişim Tarihi 11.02.2017
37. Hakim, Yelda. “İsveç nasıl cihatçı yetiştiren bir ülke oldu?”, BBC, 08 Ekim 2016, Erişim 37584333.
38. Human Rights Watch, Seeking Refugee Unaccompanied Children in Sweden, ABD: HRW, 2016.
39. Kuhlman, Tom. “The Economic Integration of Refugees in Developing Countries: A Research Model”, Journal of Refugee Studies 4 (1991):1-20, https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/4.1.1.
40. Library of Congress, “Refugee Law and Policy: Sweden”, Erişim Tarihi 22.12.2016, https://www.loc.gov/law/help/refugee-law/sweden.php.
41. Lifvendahl, Tove. “How Sweden became an example of how not to handle immigration”, The Spectator, 03.09.2016, Erişim Tarihi 11.12.2016, http://www.spectator.co.uk/2016/09/how-sweden-became-an-example-of-how- not-to-handle-immigration/.
42. Migrant Integration Policy Index. “Sweden”, Erişim Tarihi 20.12.2016, http://www.mipex.eu/sweden.
43. Migrant Integration Policy Index. “What is MIPEX”, Erişim Tarihi 10.12.2016, http://www.mipex.eu/.
44. Migrationsverket. “Applications for asylum received, 2015”, Erişim Tarihi 22.12.2016, Agency/Facts-and-statistics-/Statistics.html.
45. Migrationsverket. “Applications for asylum received 1984-1999”, Erişim Tarihi 16.11.2017, https://www.migrationsverket.se/download/18.2d998ffc151ac3871598175/148 5556079477/Application+for+asylum+received+1984-1999.pdf.
46. Migrationsverket. “Facts on Residence Permits and Migration to Sweden”, Erişim 22.12.2016
47. http://www.migrationsverket.se/English/About-the
48. Migration-Agency/Facts-and-statistics-/Facts-on-migration/Facts-on-residence permit-and-migration.html.
49. Migrationsverket, “For Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Persons”, Erişim Tarihi 22.12.2016, https://www.migrationsverket.se/English/About-the- Migration-Agency/Our-mission/The-right-to-equal-treatment/For-lgbtq- persons.html.
50. Migrationsverket. “History”, Erişim Tarihi 19.12.2016, http://www.migrationsverket.se/English/About-the-Migration-Agency/Facts- and-statistics-/Facts-on-migration/History.html.
51. Migrationsverket. “New laws in 2016”, Erişim Tarihi 02.01.2017, http://www.migrationsverket.se/English/About-the-Migration-Agency/New- laws-in-2016.html.
52. Migrationsverket. “Statistics”, Erişim Tarihi 02.01.2017, http://www.migrationsverket.se/English/About-the-Migration-Agency/Facts- and-statistics-/Statistics.html.
53. Migrationsverket. “The Mission of the Migration Agency”, Erişim Tarihi 22.12.2016,http://www.migrationsverket.se/English/About-the-Migration- Agency/Our-mission.html.
54. Migrationsverket. “The new temporary law has entered into force”, Erişim Tarihi 17.11.2017, Agency/News-archive/News-archive-2016/2016-08-16-The-new-temporary- law-has-entered-into-force.html.
55. Migrationsverket. “The Swedish Migration Agency is preparing for an increased refugee http://www.migrationsverket.se/English/About-the-Migration-Agency/News- 30.09.2016, Erişim Tarihi archive/News-archive-2016/2016-09-30-The-Swedish-Migration-Agency-is- preparing-for-an-increased-refugee-quota.html.
56. Migrationsverket. “The Swedish Refugee Quota”, Erişim Tarihi 22.12.2016, http://www.migrationsverket.se/English/Private-individuals/Protection-and- asylum-in-Sweden/The-refugee-quota.html.
57. Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality. “Swedish Integration Policy”, Erişim Tarihi b055a941e7a247348f1acf6ade2fd876/swedish-integration-policy-fact-sheet-in- english.
58. http://www.government.se/contentassets/
59. Ministry of Justice. “Migration Policy”, Erişim Tarihi 20.12.2016, http://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/aa05e9db0b404d5caed8798a233484c4 /migration-policy.
60. Nelson, Fraser. “Sweden is a perfect example of how not to handle the Great Migration”, The Telegraph, 28 Ocak 2016, Erişim Tarihi 19.12.2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/sweden/12128598/Swede n-is-a-perfect-example-of-how-not-to-handle-the-Great-Migration.html.
61. OECD, Working Together: Skills and Labour Market Integration of Immigrants and their Children in Sweden, Paris: OECD Publishing, 2016.
62. OECD. Finding the Way: A Discussion of the Swedish Migrant Integration System (2014) Erişim Tarihi 20.12.2016, https://www.oecd.org/els/mig/swedish- migrant-intergation-system.pdf
63. OECD. Recruiting Immigrant Workers: Sweden 2011, Paris: OECD Publishing, 2011.OECD. The Economic and Social Aspects of Migration (Brüksel, 2003) Erişim Tarihi 22.12.2016, http://www.oecd.org/els/mig/15579866.pdf.
64. OECD/European Union. Indicators of Immigrant Integration 2015: Settling In, Paris: OECD Publishing, 2015.
65. Orange, Richard ve Peter Foster. “Sweden calls on Britain to help with migrant crisis as it re-imposes border controls”, The Telegraph, 11 Kasım 2015, Erişim Tarihi 18.12.2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/ europe/sweden/11990054/Sweden-calls-on-Britain-to-help-with-migrant-crisis- as-it-re-imposes-border-controls.html.
66. Orange, Richard. “Anti-immigrant Sweden Democrats now the biggest party, according to poll”, The Telegraph, 20 Ağustos 2015, Erişim Tarihi 11.01.2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/sweden/11814498/Anti- immigrant-Sweden-Democrats-now-the-biggest-party-according-to-poll.html.
67. Pascouau, Yves ve Henri Labayle. Conditions for Family Reunification under Strain: A Comparative Study in Nine EU Member States, Brüksel: European Policy Centre, 2011.
68. Regeringskansliet. Swedish Integration Policy for the 21st Century, Erişim Tarihi 25.12.2016, Engelskt%20material%20om%20Sverige/integration%20policy.pdf. %C3%96vrigt/
69. Schunck, Reinhard. Transnational Activities and Immigrant Integration in Germany, İsviçre: Springer International Publishing, 2014.
70. SST. “Act on Religious Communities (SFS 1998:1593)”, Erişim Tarihi 14.01.2017, http://www.sst.a.se/download/18.4c1b31c91325af4dad3800015529 /1377188428875/Act+on+religious+communities.pdf.
71. The Local.se. “Sweden offers residency to all Syrian refugees”, 03 Eylül 2013, Erişim Tarihi 10.07.2017, http://www.thelocal.se/20130903/50030.
72. Tolley, Erin. Multiculturalism Policy Index: Immigrant Minority Policies, Kanada: School of Policy Studies, Queen’s University, 2011.
73. Traub, James. “The Death of the Most Generous Nation on Earth”, Foreign Policy, 10.02.2016, http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/10/the-death-of-the-most-generous-nation- on-earth-sweden-syria-refugee-europe/. Tarihi 20.12.2016
74. UNHCR. A New Beginning: Refugee Integration in Sweden It’s about time , 2013, Erişim operations/52403d389/new-beginning-refugee-integration-europe.html. 27.12.2016
75. http://www.unhcr.org/protection/
76. UNHCR. Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2015, Cenevre: UNHCR, 2016.
77. Wente, Margaret. “Sweden’s ugly immigration problem”, The Globe and Mail, 11Eylül http://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/swedens-ugly-immigration- problem/article26338254/. Erişim Tarihi 20.12.2016
78. Westin, Charles. “Sweden: Restrictive Immigration Policy and Multiculturalism”, Migration Policy Institute, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/sweden-restrictive-immigration-policy- and-multiculturalism. Erişim Tarihi 22.12.2016
79. Wickström, Mats. “Conceptual Change in Postwar Sweden: The Marginalization of Assimilation and the Introduction of Integration”, içinde Debating Multiculturalism in the Nordic Welfare States, ed. Peter Kivisto ve Östen Wahlbeck, Londra, Palgrave, 2013, 110-139.
80. Women’s Refugee Commission. “Falling Through the Cracks: Refugee Women and Girls https://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/gbv/resources/1308-protection- germany-sweden. and Sweden”