Struggle for “Powerful Executive” in France from Free France to Fourth Republic: The Political Defeat of de Gaulle and Return to the Parliamentarism

Abstract

This article deals with the political struggle during the establishment of the Fourth Republic which is renowned with its weak coalition governments. Anti-parliamentarism, a strong and resistant political tendency in French political history, re-emerged under the leadership of General de Gaulle in that time period. When France was occupied in 1940, Free French Movement under the leadership of him was organized in London for the liberation of France. While he struggled to convince the Allies that he was an equal partner, he was trying to become the leader of the emerging Fourth Republic. Despite the political struggle of de Gaulle, parliamentarism became dominant in France again with the Constitution of the Fourth Republic. The main reason of his failure was his underestimation of the influence of political parties and the political elite of the Third Republic

Keywords

• de Gaulle
• Free France
• Fourth Republic
• Tripartizm
• AntiParliamentarism

Hür Fransa’dan IV. Cumhuriyet’e Fransa’da “Güçlü Hükümet” Mücadelesi: De Gaulle’ün Siyasi Yenilgisi ve Parlamentarizme Geri Dönüş

Abstract

Makalede, zayıf koalisyon hükümetleri ile anılan IV. Cumhuriyet’in ortaya çıkış dönemindeki siyasi mücadele ele alınmaktadır. Fransız siyasi tarihinde antiparlamentarizm olarak adlandırılan siyasal eğilim, makalenin ele aldığı dönemde General de Gaulle liderliğinde yeniden belirmiş ama başarısız olmuştur. 1940 yılında Fransa işgal edildiğinde, Londra’da de Gaulle liderliğindeki Hür Fransa Hareketi Fransa’nın kurtuluşu için örgütlenmiştir. De Gaulle bir yandan Müttefikler’e eşit ortak olduğunu kabul ettirmek, diğer yandan IV. Cumhuriyet’in kurulmasına liderlik etmek için mücadele vermiştir. De Gaulle’ün siyasi çabasına rağmen, Fransız Parlamentosu’nun değişken dengelerine dayanan, zayıf ve istikrarsız bir yürütmenin esas olduğu parlamentarizm; IV. Cumhuriyet Anayasası ile Fransa’da tekrar hâkim olmuştur. Gaullist Hareketin başarısızlığının temel nedeni, III. Cumhuriyet’in partilerinin ve siyasal liderlerinin Fransız halkı üzerindeki etkisini küçümsemek olmuştur. De Gaulle, partiler üstü liderlik konumunun yeterli olacağını düşünmüş ama yanılmıştır

Keywords

• de Gaulle
• Hür Fransa
• IV. Cumhuriyet
• Tripartizm
• Antiparlamentarizm

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