Struggle for “Powerful Executive” in France from Free France to Fourth Republic: The Political Defeat of de Gaulle and Return to the Parliamentarism

Öz

This article deals with the political struggle during the establishment of the Fourth Republic which is renowned with its weak coalition governments. Anti-parliamentarism, a strong and resistant political tendency in French political history, re-emerged under the leadership of General de Gaulle in that time period. When France was occupied in 1940, Free French Movement under the leadership of him was organized in London for the liberation of France. While he struggled to convince the Allies that he was an equal partner, he was trying to become the leader of the emerging Fourth Republic. Despite the political struggle of de Gaulle, parliamentarism became dominant in France again with the Constitution of the Fourth Republic. The main reason of his failure was his underestimation of the influence of political parties and the political elite of the Third Republic

Anahtar Kelimeler

• de Gaulle
• Free France
• Fourth Republic
• Tripartizm
• AntiParliamentarism

Hür Fransa’dan IV. Cumhuriyet’e Fransa’da “Güçlü Hükümet” Mücadelesi: De Gaulle’ün Siyasi Yenilgisi ve Parlamentarizme Geri Dönüş

Öz

Makalede, zayıf koalisyon hükümetleri ile anılan IV. Cumhuriyet’in ortaya çıkış dönemindeki siyasi mücadele ele alınmaktadır. Fransız siyasi tarihinde antiparlamentarizm olarak adlandırılan siyasal eğilim, makalenin ele aldığı dönemde General de Gaulle liderliğinde yeniden belirmiş ama başarısız olmuştur. 1940 yılında Fransa işgal edildiğinde, Londra’da de Gaulle liderliğindeki Hür Fransa Hareketi Fransa’nın kurtuluşu için örgütlenmiştir. De Gaulle bir yandan Müttefikler’e eşit ortak olduğunu kabul ettirmek, diğer yandan IV. Cumhuriyet’in kurulmasına liderlik etmek için mücadele vermiştir. De Gaulle’ün siyasi çabasına rağmen, Fransız Parlamentosu’nun değişken dengelerine dayanan, zayıf ve istikrarsız bir yürütmenin esas olduğu parlamentarizm; IV. Cumhuriyet Anayasası ile Fransa’da tekrar hâkim olmuştur. Gaullist Hareketin başarısızlığının temel nedeni, III. Cumhuriyet’in partilerinin ve siyasal liderlerinin Fransız halkı üzerindeki etkisini küçümsemek olmuştur. De Gaulle, partiler üstü liderlik konumunun yeterli olacağını düşünmüş ama yanılmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• de Gaulle
• Hür Fransa
• IV. Cumhuriyet
• Tripartizm
• Antiparlamentarizm

Kaynakça

1. Agulhon, Maurice et al., La France de 1940 à Nos Jours, Paris, Nathan Universite, 1988.
2. Bellamy, David, “Le Gaullisme fut-il une Critique du Régime d'Assemblée?”, Parlement[s], Revue d'Histoire Politique, Cilt 3, No. HS9, 2013.
3. Bennett, George Henry, The RAF’s French Foreign Legion: De Gaulle, the British and the Re-emergence of French Airpower 1940-45, London, A&C Black, 2011.
4. Berstein, Serge, Histoire du Gaullisme, Paris, Perrain, 2001.
5. Cartier, Emmanuel, “The Liberation and the Institutional Question in France”, Andrew Knapp (ed.), The Uncertain Foundation, New York/NY, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, 23-37.
6. Chapsal, Jacques, La Vie Politique en France de 1940 à 1958, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France (PUF), 1993.
7. Charmley, John, “Harold Macmillan and the Making of the French Committee of Liberation”, The International History Review, Cilt 4, No. 4, 1982, s. 553- 567.
8. Duhamel, Éric ve Forcade, Olivier, Histoire et vie Politique en France Depuis 1945, Armand Colin, 2005.

9. Guerrieri, Sandro, “Le Modèle Républicain Français et la Constitution de 1946” Parliaments, Estates & Representation, Cilt 25, No. 1, 2005.
10. Horne, Alistair, To Lose a Battle: France 1940, London, Pan Macmillan, 2012.
11. Jackson, Julian, De Gaulle, London, Haus Publishing, 2003.
12. __________, France: The Dark Years, 1940-1944, Oxford, 2003.
13. Knapp, Andrew, “Introduction: France’s ‘Long’ Liberation, 1944–47”, Andrew Knapp (ed.), The Uncertain Foundation, London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, s. 1-22.
14. Maguire, G. E., Anglo-American Policy towards the Free French, London, Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1995.
15. Mathias Bernard, “L’antiparlementarisme de Droite dans la France des Années 1930”, Parlement[s], Revue d’Histoire Politique, Cilt 3, No. HS9, 2013, s. 99-111.
16. Micaud, Charles A., “The Launching of the Fourth French Republic” The Journal of Politics, Cilt 8, No. 3, 1946, s. 292-307.
17. Muracciole, Jean-François, Histoire de la France Libre, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France (PUF), 1996.
18. Paxton, Robert, La France de Vichy, 1940-44, çev. Claude Bertrand, Paris, Edition du Seuil, 1973.
19. Sawyer, John E., “The Reestablishment of the Republic in France: The De Gaulle Era, 1944-1945”, Political Science Quarterly, Cilt 62, No. 3, 1947, s. 354- 367.
20. Shlaim, Avi, “Prelude to Downfall: the British Offer of Union to France, June 1940” Journal of Contemporary History, Cilt 9, No. 3, 1974, s. 27.63.
21. Stoddard, Brooke C., World in the Balance: The Perilous Months of June- October 1940, Washington D.C., Potomac Books, 2011.
22. Thomas, Martin, “The Discarded Leader: General Henri Giraud and the Foundation of the French Committee of National Liberation”, French History, Cilt 10, No. 1, 1996, s. 86-111.
23. Wieviorka, Olivier, “Agir dans la Tourmente? L'action Parlementaire des Socialistes Durant les Années Sombres (1940-1944)”, Parlement[s], Revue d'Histoire Politique, Cilt 2, No. 6, 2006, s. 73-80.