Majestelerinin Sadık Askerleri: Çanakkale Cephesi’nde Büyük Britanya’ya Bağlı Birlikler

Year 2020, Volume: XXXVI Issue: 102, 77 - 106, 01.11.2020

Resul Babaoğlu

https://doi.org/10.33419/aamd.815784

Cited By: 1

Abstract

I. Dünya Savaşı’nın en kanlı safhasını teşkil eden Çanakkale
Cephesi’nin savaş tarihi açısından yol açtığı sonuçlar yerli ve yabancı
birçok araştırmaya konu olmuştur. Görünürde İtilaf ve İttifak blokları
arasında cereyan eden Çanakkale Cephesi’nin XX. yüzyılda yeni
bir görünüm kazanan ulusçu ve bağımsızlıkçı hareketlere ilham
kaynağı olduğu gerçeği ise tarih araştırmalarında genellikle göz ardı
edilen bir husustur. İngiliz kolonilerinden temin edilen Avustralya ve
Yeni Zelandalı askerlerin oluşturdukları ANZAC ordusu, İrlandalı
askerlerden kurulan 10. Tümen ve İskoç birliklerinden oluşan 52. Piyade
Tümeni Çanakkale Cephesi’nde çok kötü şartlar altında gerçekleşen
muharebelerde verilen görevleri yapmışlardır. Sözü edilen İngiltere’ye
bağlı birlikleri I. Dünya Savaşı’ndaki diğer cephelerde olduğu gibi
Çanakkale Cephesi’nde de motive eden hususlar; İngiliz Kraliyeti ’ne
karşı duyulan sadakat bağları, dinsel sorumluluklar ve siyasi ilişkiler
şeklinde sıralanabilir. Savaşın başlarında çok yoğun duygularla motive
olabilen askeri birlikler ve kolonilerdeki kamuoyu, cephede ağır
kayıplar verilmesinden sonra derin endişelere sürüklenmiştir. Cephede
verilen bu ağır kayıplar ve askerlerin içinde bulunduğu kötü koşullar
dönemin en etkili kitle iletişim aracı olan yazılı basın aracılığıyla
ilgili koloni toplumlarına iletilmiştir. Bu çalışmada ağırlıklı olarak koloni birliklerinin Çanakkale Cephesi’ndeki faaliyetlerinin kendi
kamuoylarında nasıl takip edildiği ve hangi duyguları uyandırdığı
hususu üzerinde durulmuştur. Çanakkale Cephesi’nde muharebelerin
sürdüğü dönemde İngiliz yönetiminde olan koloni devletlerinde
yayınlanan gazete koleksiyonları üzerinde tarama yapılarak elde edilen
verilerin araştırma ve monografi eserleriyle karşılaştırılmasının, bu
çalışmanın temel hipotezini oluşturan İngiliz kolonilerinde savaş ve
uluslaşma arasındaki bağı ortaya koyabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Kolonizasyon, Birleşik Krallık, I. Dünya Savaşı, Çanakkale Cephesi, Ulusçuluk

LOYAL SOLDIERS OF HER MAJESTY: GREAT BRITAIN TROOPS IN GALLIPOLI FRONT

Abstract

The consequences of Gallipoli Front, which is the bloodiest
phase of World War I have been the subject of many national and
international researches. The fact that Gallipoli front has been a source
of inspiration for the nationalist and independence movement getting a
new look in the 20th century is an issue that is often ignored in historical
researches. ANZAC army formed by the troops of Australia and New
Zealand obtained from the British colonies, 10th division including
Irish soldiers and 52th infantry division consisting of Scottish troops
carried out the duties given in the battles that took place under very
bad conditions of Gallipoli front. Considerations that motivate the
aforesaid British regiments in Gallipoli Front as in other fronts of
World War I can be listed as fidelity bonds for the British Royal Family,
religious responsibilities and political relations. The troops and the
general public in colonies that may be motivated by intense feelings
too early in the war drifted into deep concern after suffering heavy
casualties in the front. These heavy losses suffered in the front and
the aggravated and poor conditions which the soldiers were in have
been forwarded to the related colonial societies through the written
press which was the most effective means of mass communication of
that period. In this study, it is mainly focused on the issues of how the
activities of colony unions in Gallipoli front were followed by their
own media and which emotions it aroused. It has been thought that the
data obtained by scanning the newspaper collections published in the
colonial state under the administration of British and comparing them
with the research and monographs works may demonstrate the link
between war and nation-building in the British colony which is the
underlying hypothesis of this study.

Keywords

Colonization, United, Kingdom, World War I, Gallipoli Front, Nationalism

References

• Dardanelles Commission, First Report: Presented to Parliament by Command of His Majesty, Published By His Majesty’s Stationary Office, London 1917.
• The Final Report of the Dardanelles Commission (Part II-Conduct of Operations,&c) With Appendix of Documents and Maps, Presented to Parliament by Command of His Majesty, Published by His Majesty Stationary Office, London 1919.
• Armitage, David, The Ideological Origins of the British Empire,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004.
• Avşar, Servet, Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda İngiliz Propagandası, Kim Yayınları, Ankara 2004.
• Babaoğlu, Resul, “Savaş ve İnsan: Avustralya ve Yeni Zelanda Basınında Çanakkale Muharebelerinden İnsan Manzaraları”, 100. Yılında Çanakkale Savaşları Uluslararası Kongresi, 21-24 Mayıs 2015, Çanakkale, Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, Ankara 2017, ss.731-773.
• Barnard, H. Clive, The Expansion of the Anglo-Saxson Nations, A Short History of the British Empire and the United States, A.&C. Black LTD, London 1920.
• Berridge, G. R. -Alan James, A Dictionary of Diplomacy, Palgrave&Macmillan, New York 2003.
• Constantine, Stephen, The Making of British Colonial Development Policy 1914-1940, Frank Class, London 2005.
• Cooper, Major Bryan, The Tenth (Irish) Division in Gallipoli, Herbert Jenkins Limited, London 1918.
• Egerton, Hugh Edward, M.A., A Short History of the British Colonial Policy, Methuen&CO. London (t.y.).
• F.R.P.S., Percy R. Salmon, The Story of Our Empire, The Riverside Press Limited, Edinburg 1920.
• Firth, C.H. “The British Empire”, Scottish Historical Review, Vol. 15, (1918), ss.185-189. Gillingham, John, “The Beginings of English Emperyalism”, Journal of Historical Sociology, Vol. 5, (1992), ss.392-409.
• Goodlad, Graham D., British Foreign and Imperial Policy, 1865-1919, Routledge, London&New York 2005.
• Hurst, Sir Cecil J.B., “The British Empire as a Political Unit”, içinde, Great Britain and the Dominions, University of Chicago Press, Chicago&Illıonis 1928.
• James, J.C.H., “Modes of Legislation in the British Colonies: Western Australia”, Journal of Society of Comparative Legislation, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Mar., 1899), ss.70-74.
• Jenkinson, Jacqueline, “All in the Same Uniform? The Participation of Black Colonial Residents in the British Armed Forces in the First World War”, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, Vol. 40, No. 2, (2012), ss.207-230.
• Johnson, Nuala C., Ireland, the Great War and the Geography of Rememberance, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2003.
• Kirişçi, Ayşe Candan, Nation Building and Gallipoli: Representation in Turkish, Australian and New Zealand Literature, (Unpublished Master Thesis), Boğaziçi University, İstanbul 2011.
• Macdonald Simon, 53 RD (Welsh) Division, Official Briefing: Intelligence Briefing for the 53rd (Welsh) Infantry Division in Holland, https://www.flamesofwar.com/Portals/0/Documents/Briefings/53rdWelsh- Division.pdf Erişim tarihi: 23.11.2019.
• Murphy, David, Irish Regiments in the World War, Osprey Publishing (y.y.), (t.y.). Naithani, Sadhana, The Story-Time of the British Empire, Colonial and Postcolonial Folkloristics, University Press of Missisipi, Jackson 2010.
• O’shaughnessy, Nicholas, “Persuasion, Mtyh and Propaganda”, Journal of Poltical Marketing, Vol. 3, No. 3, (2004) ss. 87-103.
• Putnis, Peter &Kerry McCallum, “Reuters, Propaganda-Inspired News, and the Australian Press During the First World War”, Media History, Vol. 19, No. 3, (2013), ss. 284-304.
• Reeves, Nicholas, “Film Propaganda and Its Audience: The Example of Britain’s Official Films During the First World War”, Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 18, No. 3, (Jul., 1983), ss.463-494.
• Slanders, M.L., “Wellington House and British Propaganda During the First World War”, The Historical Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Mar., 1975), ss. 119-146.
• Slanders, M.L., Official British Propaganda in Allied and Neutral Countries During the First World War With Special Reference to Organisation and Methods, M.Phil. thesis, London 1972.
• Squires, James Duane, British Propaganda at Home and in the United States From 1914 to 1917, Cambridge 1935.
• Whitehead, Clive, “The Concept of British Education Policy in te Colonies 1850-1960”, Journal of Educational Administration and History, Vol. 39, No. 2, (2007), s.161- 173.
• Wımnett, W.E., British Colonial Empire, George Allen&Unwin Ltd, London 1949.
• Williamson, J.A., The Life and Growth of the British Empire, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1940.
• “Several German Submarines Sunk”, The Carmarthen Journal and South Wales Weekly Advertiser, 12th March 1915.
• “Situation Serious at Constantinople”, Aberdeen Evening Express”, 5th March 1915. “Dardanelles Free for Eight Miles”, Aberdeen Evening Express”, 1st March 1915.
• “Succes of Alies Warships at Dardanelles”, Aberdeen Weekly Journal,12th March 1915.
• “Turks Hurrying Troops to Gallipoli”, Wairarapa Daily Times, 9th March 1915.
• “Troops Landed in Gallipoli Peninsula”, The Evening Telegraphe, 31st March 1915.
• “Australia and the War Settlement”, Daily Herald, 26th April 1915.
• “Gifts From Australia”, Queensland Times, 1st April 1915.
• “Meeting at Howth, Inspiriting Speeches”, Dublin Daily Express, 3th August 1915.
• “Imperishable Deeds on Heights of Gallipoli”, New Zealand Herald, 10th September 1915. “New Spirit of Loyalty”, New Zealand Herald, 25th May 1915.
• “Edinburg Tramwaymen at the Dardanelles”, The Scotsman, 8th November 1915.
• “Gallipoli Pessimism”, Dubbo Dispatch and Wellington Independent, 22nd October 1915.
• “Unity of Nation Essential”, The North Western Advocate, 2nd December 1915.
• “Practical Patriotism”, Construction and Local Government Journal, 25th October 1915.
• “Gallipoli Heroes”, LIangollen Advertiser Denbighsire Merionethshire and North Wales Journal, 4th October 1915.
• “Praised By the King”, Herald of Wales and Monmouthshire Recorder, 2nd October 1915.
• “Why are We Fighting”, The Brecon County Times Neath Gazette”, 16th December 1915.
• “The Recruiting Campaign in Edinburgh”, The Scotsman, 26th July 1915.
• “Scottish Soldiers at the Dardanelles”, The Scotsman, 30th July 1915.
• “Defence of the Realm”, Gloucester Journal, 8th August 1914.
• “The Newer Darvinism”, Birmingham Daily Post, 15th August 1914.
• “Colonial War Contingents”, Gloucester Citizen, 19th August 1914.
• "The Great National Test”, Middlesex Chronicle, 12nd September 1914.
• “The Call to Arms”, Middlesex Chronicle, 12nd September 1914.
• “Fighting With Great Spirit”, Daily Mirror, 18th September 1914.
• “Gifts From Overseas”, Daily Mirror, 28th August 1914.
• “What Are We Fighting For?”, Daily Herald, 10th October 1914.
• “Turkish Camps Shelled”, Aberdeen Journal, 2nd March 1915.
• “Militar Expedition”, Dublin Daily Express, 4th March 1915.
• “British Military Expedition”, Nelson Evening Mail, 5th March 1915.
• “Franco-British Military Expedition”, Colonist 5th March 1915.
• “Forcing the Straits”, Nothern Advocate, 5th March 1915.
• “Late War News”, Denbighshire Free Press, 6th March 1915.
• “Bombardment Continued”, Bay of Plenty Times, 6th March 1915.
• “Remarkable Shooting”, Darling Downs Gazette, 9th March 1915.
• “Fires Over Gallipoli Peninsula”, Cairns Post, 9th March 1915.
• “Magnificent Spectacle”, Examiner, 9th March 1915.
• “Sweeping Up the Mines”, South Wales Weekly Post, 20th March 1915.
• “Australia Honoured”, Goulburn Evening Penny Post, 30th March 1915.
• “Australia’s Loyalty”, The Nothern Miner, 31st March 1915.
• “Government’s Reponsibility”, Edinburg Evening News, 4th June 1915.
• “God Save the King”, The Aberdare Leader, 10th July 1915.
• “King and the Welsh Guards”, The Herald, 6th August 1915.
• “The King’s Gratitude”, Evening Post, 9th September 1915.
• “How the War Makes Men”, Evening Post, 18th September 1915.
• “For Those in Gallipoli”, Nepean Times, 9th October 1915.
• “The Premier’s Speech”, Dublin Daily Express, 3th November 1915.
• “The Premier’s Speech”, Dublin Daily Express, 3th November 1915.
• “Heroes of Gallipoli”, The Catholic Press, 4th November 1915.
• “Our Losses in Gallipoli”, The sun, 6th November 1915.
• “King and Australia”, National Advocate, 9th December 1915.
• “Speeches from the Back of the Front”, Pioner, 26th February 1916.
• “Recruiting March Through Dublin”, Dublin Daily Express, 3th August 1915.
• “Australia or Gallipoli”, The Richmond River Express, 26th October 1915.