Comparison of European Union Countries in Travel and Tourism Development Using Principal Component Analysis

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 630 - 640, 31.12.2025

Mehmet Hakan Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.26650/acin.1645953

https://izlik.org/JA63PM95EL

Abstract

Tourism is undoubtedly one of the most significant factors contributing to the economy and development of countries. Consequently, numerous countries intend to attract more tourists annually by investing in the tourism sector. Countries compete in this domain and seek to enhance their development levels. The Travel and Tourism Development Index (TTDI), featured in the Insight Report by the World Economic Forum (WEF), makes it possible to compare countries in terms of travel and tourism development. This index, which has undergone multiple updates over the years, comprises five dimensions and 17 pillars. This study aims to visualize the travel and tourism development of 27 European Union (EU) countries using principal component analysis (PCA), one of the most well-known dimensionality reduction and unsupervised machine learning methods, by using the 2024 TTDI data of these countries to compare them with each other and identify similar countries. The analysis indicated that three principal components accounted for the majority of variance in the initial dataset, comprising seventeen pillars, and similar countries in terms of travel and tourism development were revealed on the plot constructed accordingly.

Keywords

Travel and Tourism Development Index , European Union , Principal Components Analysis , Unsupervised Machine Learning

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