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Mid-trimester ultrasonografide safra kesesi görülemeyen olguların perinatal sonuçları

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 5, 642 - 646, 15.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.38053/acmj.1759128

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, ikinci trimester fetal anatomik tarama sırasında safra kesesi görülemeyen olguların perinatal sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Bu retrospektif kohort çalışmaya, Kasım 2022 ile Ocak 2025 tarihleri arasında merkezimizde izole safra kesesi agenezisi tanısı almış 22 olgu dahil edilmiştir. Çoğul gebelikler, fetüste ilave yapısal anomali saptananlar ve gebelik terminasyonu yapılan olgular çalışma dışı bırakılmıştır. Maternal demografik özellikler, ikinci trimester anatomik tarama ve takip ultrasonografi bulguları ile kromozomomal mikroarray analiz (CMA) sonuçları kaydedilmiştir. Perinatal sonuçlar, postnatal görüntüleme bulguları ve klinik takip verileri ile birlikte değerlendirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Yirmi iki olgunun sekizinde safra kesesi takip ultrasonografilerinde, üçünde ise postnatal görüntüleme sırasında saptanmıştır. Kalan 11 olgunun ikisinde, safra kesesi postnatal görüntülemede orta hatta yerleşimli olarak izlenmiş olup, birine intestinal malrotasyon nedeniyle postnatal beşinci günde laparatomi uygulanmıştır. İki fetüse prenatal dönemde kistik fibrozis tanısı konmuş, bunlardan birinde doğumdan hemen sonra gelişen mekonyum peritoniti nedeniyle postnatal birinci günde ileal rezeksiyon yapılmıştır. İki olguya ise postnatal dönemde biliyer atrezi tanısı konmuş ve her ikisine de hepatoportoenterostomi (Kasai prosedürü) uygulanmıştır. On olguya CMA analizi yapılmış olup, kistik fibrozis dışındaki olgularda genetik bir anomaliye rastlanmamıştır. Toplamda beş olgu (%23), medikal veya cerrahi müdahale gerektiren önemli bir postnatal tanı ile ilişkilendirilmiştir.
Sonuç: Fetal anatomik tarama sırasında safra kesesinin görüntülenememesi izole olgularda genellikle geçici ve benign bir bulgu olmakla birlikte, bazı durumlarda biliyer atrezi veya kistik fibrozis gibi altta yatan önemli patolojilerin ilk belirtisi olabilir. Bu nedenle, detaylı prenatal takip, geç gebelik döneminde tekrarlayan görüntüleme ve kapsamlı postnatal değerlendirme, doğru tanı ve yönetim açısından kritik öneme sahiptir.

References

  • Ando H. Embryology of the biliary tract. Dig Surg. 2010;27(2):87-89. doi: 10.1159/000286463
  • Dachman AH, Schneck C. Embryology of the gallbladder. In: imaging atlas of the normal gallbladder and its variants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2018.
  • Ochshorn Y, Rosner G, Barel D, Bronshtein M, Muller F, Yaron Y. Clinical evaluation of isolated nonvisualized fetal gallbladder. Prenat Diagn. 2007;27(8):699-703. doi:10.1002/pd.1757
  • Zeng Y, Hu R, Lu J, et al. Prenatal genetic detection in foetus with gallbladder size anomalies: cohort study and systematic review of the literature. Ann Med. 2025;57(1):2440638. doi:10.1080/07853890.2024.2440638
  • Bardin R, Ashwal E, Davidov B, Danon D, Shohat M, Meizner I. Nonvisualization of the fetal gallbladder: can levels of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in amniotic fluid predict fetal prognosis? Fetal Diagn Ther. 2016;39(1):50-55. doi:10.1159/000430440
  • Zhang H, Zhu X, Kang J, Sun Y, Yang H. Pregnancy outcomes of non-visualization of the fetal gallbladder from a Chinese tertiary single centre and literature review. Children (Basel). 2022;9(9):1288. doi:10. 3390/children9091288
  • Avni FE, Garel C, Naccarella N, Franchi-Abella S. Anomalies of the fetal gallbladder: pre- and postnatal correlations. Pediatr Radiol. 2023;53(4): 602-609. doi:10.1007/s00247-022-05457-w
  • Markova D, Markova T, Pandya P, David AL. Postnatal outcome after ultrasound findings of an abnormal fetal gallbladder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prenat Diagn. 2025;45(2):185-195. doi:10.1002/pd.6719
  • Karataş E, Tanaçan A, Özkavak OO, et al. Outcomes of pregnancies diagnosed with absent or abnormal fetal gallbladder in a tertiary center. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2025;168(3):1031-1038. doi:10.1002/ijgo.15949
  • Vij M, Rela M. Biliary atresia: pathology, etiology and pathogenesis. Future Sci OA. 2020;6(5):FSO466. doi:10.2144/fsoa-2019-0153
  • Tam PK, Wells RG, Tang CS, et al. Biliary atresia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2024;10(1):47. doi:10.1038/s41572-024-00533-x
  • Xu W, Ling W, Ren X, et al. Prenatal ultrasound features of biliary atresia: diagnostic significance of abnormal gallbladder size and hepatic hilar cyst. Prenat Diagn. 2025;45(2):185-195. doi:10.1002/pd.6865
  • Choi SO, Park WH, Lee HJ, Woo SK. Triangular cord: a sonographic finding applicable in the diagnosis of biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 1996; 31(3):363-366. doi:10.1016/s0022-3468(96)90739-3
  • Yoon HM, Suh CH, Kim JR, Lee JS, Jung AY, Cho YA. Diagnostic performance of sonographic features in patients with biliary atresia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ultrasound Med. 2017;36(10): 2027-2038. doi:10.1002/jum.14234
  • Napolitano M, Franchi-Abella S, Damasio MB, et al. Practical approach to imaging diagnosis of biliary atresia, part 1: prenatal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, and postnatal ultrasound. Pediatr Radiol. 2021;51(2):314-331. doi:10.1007/s00247-020-04840-9
  • He M, Xie H, Du L, Lei T, Zhang L. Postnatal outcomes of fetuses with isolated gallbladder anomalies: be aware of biliary atresia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022;35(25):7005-7010. doi:10.1080/14767058.2021. 1933936
  • Koob M, Pariente D, Habes D, et al. The porta hepatic microcyst: an additional sonographic sign for the diagnosis of biliary atresia. Eur Radiol. 2017;27(5):1812-1817. doi:10.1007/s00330-016-4546-5
  • Duguépéroux I, Scotet V, Audrézet MP, et al. Nonvisualization of fetal gallbladder increases the risk of cystic fibrosis. Prenat Diagn. 2012;32(1): 21-28. doi:10.1002/pd.2866
  • Bergougnoux A, Jouannic JM, Verneau F, et al. Isolated nonvisualization of the fetal gallbladder should be considered for the prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2019;45(5):312-316. doi:10.1159/ 000489120

Perinatal outcomes of isolated non-visualization of the fetal gallbladder

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 5, 642 - 646, 15.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.38053/acmj.1759128

Abstract

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate perinatal outcomes in pregnancies with isolated non-visualization of the fetal gallbladder (NVFGB) identified during second-trimester anatomical screening.
Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 22 pregnancies diagnosed with isolated NVFGB between November 2022 and January 2025 at a tertiary maternal–fetal medicine unit. Cases with additional structural anomalies, multiple gestations, or elective terminations were excluded. Maternal demographics, antenatal ultrasound findings, and neonatal outcomes were reviewed. Postnatal imaging and clinical follow-up were evaluated for gallbladder visualization and underlying pathology.
Results: In half of the included cases (11/22), the gallbladder was visualized either on follow-up scans or after birth. Among the remaining 11 cases, two had midline-located gallbladders on postnatal imaging, one of which required surgical correction for intestinal malrotation. Two fetuses were prenatally diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, including one complicated by meconium peritonitis requiring surgery. Two additional cases were diagnosed postnatally with biliary atresia and underwent hepatoportoenterostomy. Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) was performed in ten cases; no anomalies were identified aside from cystic fibrosis. Overall, five cases (23%) were associated with significant postnatal diagnoses requiring medical or surgical intervention.
Conclusion: Although isolated NVFGB is often a benign and transient finding, it may occasionally indicate serious underlying conditions such as biliary atresia or cystic fibrosis. Detailed follow-up, repeat imaging in late gestation, and thorough postnatal evaluation are essential for appropriate diagnosis and management.

References

  • Ando H. Embryology of the biliary tract. Dig Surg. 2010;27(2):87-89. doi: 10.1159/000286463
  • Dachman AH, Schneck C. Embryology of the gallbladder. In: imaging atlas of the normal gallbladder and its variants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2018.
  • Ochshorn Y, Rosner G, Barel D, Bronshtein M, Muller F, Yaron Y. Clinical evaluation of isolated nonvisualized fetal gallbladder. Prenat Diagn. 2007;27(8):699-703. doi:10.1002/pd.1757
  • Zeng Y, Hu R, Lu J, et al. Prenatal genetic detection in foetus with gallbladder size anomalies: cohort study and systematic review of the literature. Ann Med. 2025;57(1):2440638. doi:10.1080/07853890.2024.2440638
  • Bardin R, Ashwal E, Davidov B, Danon D, Shohat M, Meizner I. Nonvisualization of the fetal gallbladder: can levels of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in amniotic fluid predict fetal prognosis? Fetal Diagn Ther. 2016;39(1):50-55. doi:10.1159/000430440
  • Zhang H, Zhu X, Kang J, Sun Y, Yang H. Pregnancy outcomes of non-visualization of the fetal gallbladder from a Chinese tertiary single centre and literature review. Children (Basel). 2022;9(9):1288. doi:10. 3390/children9091288
  • Avni FE, Garel C, Naccarella N, Franchi-Abella S. Anomalies of the fetal gallbladder: pre- and postnatal correlations. Pediatr Radiol. 2023;53(4): 602-609. doi:10.1007/s00247-022-05457-w
  • Markova D, Markova T, Pandya P, David AL. Postnatal outcome after ultrasound findings of an abnormal fetal gallbladder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prenat Diagn. 2025;45(2):185-195. doi:10.1002/pd.6719
  • Karataş E, Tanaçan A, Özkavak OO, et al. Outcomes of pregnancies diagnosed with absent or abnormal fetal gallbladder in a tertiary center. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2025;168(3):1031-1038. doi:10.1002/ijgo.15949
  • Vij M, Rela M. Biliary atresia: pathology, etiology and pathogenesis. Future Sci OA. 2020;6(5):FSO466. doi:10.2144/fsoa-2019-0153
  • Tam PK, Wells RG, Tang CS, et al. Biliary atresia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2024;10(1):47. doi:10.1038/s41572-024-00533-x
  • Xu W, Ling W, Ren X, et al. Prenatal ultrasound features of biliary atresia: diagnostic significance of abnormal gallbladder size and hepatic hilar cyst. Prenat Diagn. 2025;45(2):185-195. doi:10.1002/pd.6865
  • Choi SO, Park WH, Lee HJ, Woo SK. Triangular cord: a sonographic finding applicable in the diagnosis of biliary atresia. J Pediatr Surg. 1996; 31(3):363-366. doi:10.1016/s0022-3468(96)90739-3
  • Yoon HM, Suh CH, Kim JR, Lee JS, Jung AY, Cho YA. Diagnostic performance of sonographic features in patients with biliary atresia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Ultrasound Med. 2017;36(10): 2027-2038. doi:10.1002/jum.14234
  • Napolitano M, Franchi-Abella S, Damasio MB, et al. Practical approach to imaging diagnosis of biliary atresia, part 1: prenatal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, and postnatal ultrasound. Pediatr Radiol. 2021;51(2):314-331. doi:10.1007/s00247-020-04840-9
  • He M, Xie H, Du L, Lei T, Zhang L. Postnatal outcomes of fetuses with isolated gallbladder anomalies: be aware of biliary atresia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022;35(25):7005-7010. doi:10.1080/14767058.2021. 1933936
  • Koob M, Pariente D, Habes D, et al. The porta hepatic microcyst: an additional sonographic sign for the diagnosis of biliary atresia. Eur Radiol. 2017;27(5):1812-1817. doi:10.1007/s00330-016-4546-5
  • Duguépéroux I, Scotet V, Audrézet MP, et al. Nonvisualization of fetal gallbladder increases the risk of cystic fibrosis. Prenat Diagn. 2012;32(1): 21-28. doi:10.1002/pd.2866
  • Bergougnoux A, Jouannic JM, Verneau F, et al. Isolated nonvisualization of the fetal gallbladder should be considered for the prenatal diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2019;45(5):312-316. doi:10.1159/ 000489120
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ayşe Çiğdem Bayrak 0000-0003-1547-3663

Recep Taha Ağaoğlu 0000-0002-6570-1006

Berna Seyhan 0009-0000-7405-3840

Özgür Volkan Akbulut 0000-0002-1960-2146

Aysu Yeşim Tezcan 0000-0002-4763-6546

Kadriye Yakut Yücel 0000-0003-3182-4312

Publication Date September 15, 2025
Submission Date August 6, 2025
Acceptance Date September 1, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 5

Cite

AMA Bayrak AÇ, Ağaoğlu RT, Seyhan B, Akbulut ÖV, Tezcan AY, Yakut Yücel K. Perinatal outcomes of isolated non-visualization of the fetal gallbladder. Anatolian Curr Med J / ACMJ / acmj. September 2025;7(5):642-646. doi:10.38053/acmj.1759128

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