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EVALUATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION AND SOCIAL SUPPORT IN WOMEN WITH VAGINAL AND CESAREAN DELIVERY

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 306 - 314, 21.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.53446/actamednicomedia.1137000

Abstract

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression in women following normal vaginal delivery and caesarean section, to review some variables that are believed to be associated and to assess the relationship between the level of social support and postpartum depression.

Material and methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on postpartum women presented to a Training and Research Hospital’s Gynecology Polyclinic in Sakarya between January and June 2019. The study group consisted of 710 women in total. In the study group, 355 women had normal vaginal delivery and 355 women had Caesarean section. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to determine the level of postpartum depression. Level of social support was assessed with the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. The questionnaire forms prepared in line with the study objective were completed by the investigators with face-to-face interview method. Chi-square test, Student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analyses. Statistical significance value was accepted as p ≤ 0.05.

Results: The age of women in the study group ranged from 19 to 43, with a mean age of 28.96 ± 5.40 years. Prevalence of postpartum depression was found to be 24.4% in this study. Prevalence of postpartum depression was 21.7% in women who had normal vaginal delivery and 27.0% in women who had Caesarean section. In the Caesarean section group, postpartum depression was higher in women whose educational level is secondary school and lower, whose family income level is poor, those with a history of any health problem during pregnancy, those with no history of food craving during pregnancy, those who gave birth to a baby with a birth weight of <2500 g and those having a baby with a health problem. In the normal vaginal delivery group, postpartum depression was higher in women whose family income level is poor, whose number of pregnancy is 3 and above, those who had an arranged marriage, those with a history of physical trauma during pregnancy and those who used antidepressant before pregnancy. Level of perceived social support was higher in women who had Caesarean section. It was determined that the levels of social support perceived by women with postpartum depression were lower in both normal vaginal delivery group and Caesarean section group.

Conclusion and suggestions: Postpartum depression is one of important mental health problems in women. In our study, no difference in prevalence of postpartum depression was found in women who had normal vaginal delivery and Caesarean section. Level of perceived social support was higher in women who had Caesarean section. Screenings for postpartum depression and offering psychological counseling to women may be advantageous.

References

  • Guedes GW, Sousa MNA, Lima TNFA, Lima MNFA, Davim RMB, Costa TS. Pregnant women knowledge about the benefits of normal birth in prenatal consultation. Journal of Nursing UFPE online. 2016;10:3860-7. doi:10. 5205/reuol.9667-87805-1-ED1010201618.
  • Adams ED. Birth environments: a woman’s choice in the 21st century. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing. 2016;3:224-227.
  • Biaggi A, Conroy S, Pawlby S, Pariante CM. Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and depression: a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2016;191:62-77. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.014
  • Faisal-Cury A, Levy BR, Kontos A, Karen TK, Matijasevich A. Postpartum bonding at the beginning of the second year of child’s life: the role of postpartum depression and early bonding impairment. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2020;41:224-230. doi:10.1080/0167482X.2019.1653846
  • Daoud N, O’Brien K, O’Campo P, et al. Postpartum depression prevalence and risk factors among indigenous, non-indigenous and immigrant women in Canada. Can J Public Health. 2019;110: 440–452. doi:10.17269/s41997-019-00182-8
  • Aytac HS, Yazıcı S. The effect of social support on pregnancy and postpartum depression. International Journal of Caring Sciences. 2020;13:746-758.
  • Demir S, Sentürk MB, Cakmak Y, Altay M. Postpartum depression and associated factors in patients who admitted to our clinic to make child birth. The Medical Bulletin of Haseki. 2016;54:83-89. doi:10.4274/haseki.2856
  • Ozcan NK, Boyacioglu NE, Dinc H. Postpartum depression prevalence and risk factors in Turkey: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs. 2017;31:420-428. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2017.04.006
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. 2014. doi:10.1109/ICPHM.2017.7998331
  • Hellfeldt K, López-Romero L, Andershed H. Cyberbullying and Psychological Well-being in Young Adolescence: The potential protective mediation effects of social support from family, friends, and teachers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17:2-16. doi:10.3390/ijerph17010045
  • Onyedibe MCC, Ugwu LI, Mefoh PC, Onuiri C. Parents of children with down syndrome: do resilience and social support matter to their experience of career stress? Journal of Psychology in Africa. 2018;28:94-99. doi:10.1080/14330237.2018.1455308
  • Borgmann LS, Rattay P, Lampert T. Single Parents in Germany: The interrelation between social support and mental health. Gesundheitswese. 2019;81:977-985. doi:10.1055/a-0652-5345
  • Karaca A, Yildirim N, Cangur S, Acikgoz F, Akkus D. Relationship between mental health of nursing students and coping, self-esteem and social support. Nurse Educ. Today. 2019;76:44-50. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2019.01.029
  • Li Y, Long Z, Cao D, Cao F. Social support and depression across the perinatal period: a longitudinal study. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2017;26:2776-2783. doi:10.1111/jocn.13817
  • Wang J, Mann F, Lloyd-Evans B, Ma R, Johnson S. Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18:156. doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1736-5
  • Orr ST, James SA, Blackmore PC. Maternal prenatal depressive symptoms and spontaneous preterm births among african american women in baltimore, maryland. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:797-802. doi:10.1093/aje/kwf131
  • Engindeniz AN, Kuey L, Kultur S. Reliability and validity study of turkish form for edinburgh postnatal depression scale. spring symposiums book 1. Ankara: Psychiatric Association Publications. 1997;51-52. doi:10.19127/mbsjohs.820538
  • Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1988;52:30-41. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
  • Eker D, Arkar H, Yaldiz H. Factorial structure, validity, and reliability of revised form of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;2:18-25.
  • Chen HH, Lai JC, Hwang SJ, Huang N, Chou YJ, Chien LY. Understanding the relationship between cesarean birth and stress, anxiety, and depression after childbirth: a nationwide cohort study. Birth. 2017;44:369-376. doi:10.1111/birt.12295
  • Mahishale VA, Bhatt AJ. Comparison of level of depression among mothers with lower segment cesarean section and vaginal delivery: a cross sectional study. Journal of the Scientific Society. 2017;44:15-19. doi:10.4103/0974-5009.202547
  • Ozkan H, Ust ZD, Gundogdu G, Capik A. Sahin SA. The relationship between breast feeding and depression in the early postpartum period. The Medical Bulletin of Sisli Hospital. 2014;2:125-132. doi:10.5350/SEMB.20140206061410
  • Ceber E, Bilge A, Mermer G, Yucel U. Risk of postnatal depression and pregnancy in bornova, izmir. Turkiye Klinikleri J Gynecol Obst. 2010; 20:1-9.
  • Goweda R, Metwally T. Prevalence and associated risk factors of postpartum depression: a cross sectional study, Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo). 2020;47:106-110. doi:10.1590/0101-60830000000242
  • Handelzalts JE, Peyser A, Krissi H, Levy S, Wiznitzer A, Peled Y. Indications for emergency intervention, mode of delivery, and the childbirth experience. Plos One. 2017;12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169132.
  • Cankaya S. The effect of psychosocial risk factors on postpartum depression in antenatal period: A prospective study. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2020;34:76-83. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2020.04.007
  • Gumus BA, Keskin G, Alp N, Ozyar S, Karsak A. The prevalence of postpartum depression and associated variables. New Symposium Journal. 2012;50:145-154.
  • Gelaye B, Rondon MB, Araya R, Williams MA. Epidemiology of maternal depression, risk factors, and child outcomes in low-income and middle- income countries, Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3:973-982. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30284-X
  • Silveira MF, Victora CG, Horta BL, da Silva BG, Matijasevich A, Barros FC. Low birthweight and preterm birth: trends and inequalities in four population-based birth cohorts in Pelotas, International journal of epidemiology. 2019;1982-2015. doi:10.1093/ije/dyy106
  • Karacam Z, Akyuz EO. Supportive care in labor and the role of midwife / nurse. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing. 2011;19:45-53.
  • Kabakian Khasholian T, El-Nemer A, Bashour H. Perceptions about labor companionship at public teaching hospitals in three arab countries. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2015;29:223-226. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.12.005
  • Timur S, Hotun Sahin N. Women’s social support preferences and experiences during labor. Journal of Research and Development in Nursing. 2010;12:29-40.
  • Faisal -Cury A, Menezes PR, QuayleI J, SantiagoI K, Matijasevich A. The relationship between indicators of socioeconomic status and cesarean section in public hospitals. Rev Saúde Pública. 2017;51:14.

VAJİNAL VE SEZARYEN DOĞUM YAPAN KADINLARDA POSTPARTUM DEPRESYON VE SOSYAL DESTEK İLİŞKİSİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 3, 306 - 314, 21.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.53446/actamednicomedia.1137000

Abstract

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of postpartum depression in women following normal vaginal delivery and caesarean section, to review some variables that are believed to be associated and to assess the relationship between the level of social support and postpartum depression.

Material and methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on postpartum women presented to a Training and Research Hospital’s Gynecology Polyclinic in Sakarya between January and June 2019. The study group consisted of 710 women in total. In the study group, 355 women had normal vaginal delivery and 355 women had Caesarean section. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to determine the level of postpartum depression. Level of social support was assessed with the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. The questionnaire forms prepared in line with the study objective were completed by the investigators with face-to-face interview method. Chi-square test, Student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analyses. Statistical significance value was accepted as p ≤ 0.05.

Results: The age of women in the study group ranged from 19 to 43, with a mean age of 28.96 ± 5.40 years. Prevalence of postpartum depression was found to be 24.4% in this study. Prevalence of postpartum depression was 21.7% in women who had normal vaginal delivery and 27.0% in women who had Caesarean section. In the Caesarean section group, postpartum depression was higher in women whose educational level is secondary school and lower, whose family income level is poor, those with a history of any health problem during pregnancy, those with no history of food craving during pregnancy, those who gave birth to a baby with a birth weight of <2500 g and those having a baby with a health problem. In the normal vaginal delivery group, postpartum depression was higher in women whose family income level is poor, whose number of pregnancy is 3 and above, those who had an arranged marriage, those with a history of physical trauma during pregnancy and those who used antidepressant before pregnancy. Level of perceived social support was higher in women who had Caesarean section. It was determined that the levels of social support perceived by women with postpartum depression were lower in both normal vaginal delivery group and Caesarean section group.

Conclusion and suggestions: Postpartum depression is one of important mental health problems in women. In our study, no difference in prevalence of postpartum depression was found in women who had normal vaginal delivery and Caesarean section. Level of perceived social support was higher in women who had Caesarean section. Screenings for postpartum depression and offering psychological counseling to women may be advantageous.

References

  • Guedes GW, Sousa MNA, Lima TNFA, Lima MNFA, Davim RMB, Costa TS. Pregnant women knowledge about the benefits of normal birth in prenatal consultation. Journal of Nursing UFPE online. 2016;10:3860-7. doi:10. 5205/reuol.9667-87805-1-ED1010201618.
  • Adams ED. Birth environments: a woman’s choice in the 21st century. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing. 2016;3:224-227.
  • Biaggi A, Conroy S, Pawlby S, Pariante CM. Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and depression: a systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2016;191:62-77. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.014
  • Faisal-Cury A, Levy BR, Kontos A, Karen TK, Matijasevich A. Postpartum bonding at the beginning of the second year of child’s life: the role of postpartum depression and early bonding impairment. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2020;41:224-230. doi:10.1080/0167482X.2019.1653846
  • Daoud N, O’Brien K, O’Campo P, et al. Postpartum depression prevalence and risk factors among indigenous, non-indigenous and immigrant women in Canada. Can J Public Health. 2019;110: 440–452. doi:10.17269/s41997-019-00182-8
  • Aytac HS, Yazıcı S. The effect of social support on pregnancy and postpartum depression. International Journal of Caring Sciences. 2020;13:746-758.
  • Demir S, Sentürk MB, Cakmak Y, Altay M. Postpartum depression and associated factors in patients who admitted to our clinic to make child birth. The Medical Bulletin of Haseki. 2016;54:83-89. doi:10.4274/haseki.2856
  • Ozcan NK, Boyacioglu NE, Dinc H. Postpartum depression prevalence and risk factors in Turkey: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs. 2017;31:420-428. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2017.04.006
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. 2014. doi:10.1109/ICPHM.2017.7998331
  • Hellfeldt K, López-Romero L, Andershed H. Cyberbullying and Psychological Well-being in Young Adolescence: The potential protective mediation effects of social support from family, friends, and teachers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17:2-16. doi:10.3390/ijerph17010045
  • Onyedibe MCC, Ugwu LI, Mefoh PC, Onuiri C. Parents of children with down syndrome: do resilience and social support matter to their experience of career stress? Journal of Psychology in Africa. 2018;28:94-99. doi:10.1080/14330237.2018.1455308
  • Borgmann LS, Rattay P, Lampert T. Single Parents in Germany: The interrelation between social support and mental health. Gesundheitswese. 2019;81:977-985. doi:10.1055/a-0652-5345
  • Karaca A, Yildirim N, Cangur S, Acikgoz F, Akkus D. Relationship between mental health of nursing students and coping, self-esteem and social support. Nurse Educ. Today. 2019;76:44-50. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2019.01.029
  • Li Y, Long Z, Cao D, Cao F. Social support and depression across the perinatal period: a longitudinal study. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2017;26:2776-2783. doi:10.1111/jocn.13817
  • Wang J, Mann F, Lloyd-Evans B, Ma R, Johnson S. Associations between loneliness and perceived social support and outcomes of mental health problems: a systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18:156. doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1736-5
  • Orr ST, James SA, Blackmore PC. Maternal prenatal depressive symptoms and spontaneous preterm births among african american women in baltimore, maryland. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156:797-802. doi:10.1093/aje/kwf131
  • Engindeniz AN, Kuey L, Kultur S. Reliability and validity study of turkish form for edinburgh postnatal depression scale. spring symposiums book 1. Ankara: Psychiatric Association Publications. 1997;51-52. doi:10.19127/mbsjohs.820538
  • Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1988;52:30-41. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
  • Eker D, Arkar H, Yaldiz H. Factorial structure, validity, and reliability of revised form of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;2:18-25.
  • Chen HH, Lai JC, Hwang SJ, Huang N, Chou YJ, Chien LY. Understanding the relationship between cesarean birth and stress, anxiety, and depression after childbirth: a nationwide cohort study. Birth. 2017;44:369-376. doi:10.1111/birt.12295
  • Mahishale VA, Bhatt AJ. Comparison of level of depression among mothers with lower segment cesarean section and vaginal delivery: a cross sectional study. Journal of the Scientific Society. 2017;44:15-19. doi:10.4103/0974-5009.202547
  • Ozkan H, Ust ZD, Gundogdu G, Capik A. Sahin SA. The relationship between breast feeding and depression in the early postpartum period. The Medical Bulletin of Sisli Hospital. 2014;2:125-132. doi:10.5350/SEMB.20140206061410
  • Ceber E, Bilge A, Mermer G, Yucel U. Risk of postnatal depression and pregnancy in bornova, izmir. Turkiye Klinikleri J Gynecol Obst. 2010; 20:1-9.
  • Goweda R, Metwally T. Prevalence and associated risk factors of postpartum depression: a cross sectional study, Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo). 2020;47:106-110. doi:10.1590/0101-60830000000242
  • Handelzalts JE, Peyser A, Krissi H, Levy S, Wiznitzer A, Peled Y. Indications for emergency intervention, mode of delivery, and the childbirth experience. Plos One. 2017;12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169132.
  • Cankaya S. The effect of psychosocial risk factors on postpartum depression in antenatal period: A prospective study. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2020;34:76-83. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2020.04.007
  • Gumus BA, Keskin G, Alp N, Ozyar S, Karsak A. The prevalence of postpartum depression and associated variables. New Symposium Journal. 2012;50:145-154.
  • Gelaye B, Rondon MB, Araya R, Williams MA. Epidemiology of maternal depression, risk factors, and child outcomes in low-income and middle- income countries, Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3:973-982. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30284-X
  • Silveira MF, Victora CG, Horta BL, da Silva BG, Matijasevich A, Barros FC. Low birthweight and preterm birth: trends and inequalities in four population-based birth cohorts in Pelotas, International journal of epidemiology. 2019;1982-2015. doi:10.1093/ije/dyy106
  • Karacam Z, Akyuz EO. Supportive care in labor and the role of midwife / nurse. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing. 2011;19:45-53.
  • Kabakian Khasholian T, El-Nemer A, Bashour H. Perceptions about labor companionship at public teaching hospitals in three arab countries. International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2015;29:223-226. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2014.12.005
  • Timur S, Hotun Sahin N. Women’s social support preferences and experiences during labor. Journal of Research and Development in Nursing. 2010;12:29-40.
  • Faisal -Cury A, Menezes PR, QuayleI J, SantiagoI K, Matijasevich A. The relationship between indicators of socioeconomic status and cesarean section in public hospitals. Rev Saúde Pública. 2017;51:14.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Sevil Şahin 0000-0001-7089-6648

Döndü Güler 0000-0003-2618-4920

Kevser Özdemir 0000-0002-4900-9095

Alaettin Ünsal 0000-0001-8353-1605

Publication Date October 21, 2023
Submission Date June 28, 2022
Acceptance Date September 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 3

Cite

AMA Şahin S, Güler D, Özdemir K, Ünsal A. EVALUATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION AND SOCIAL SUPPORT IN WOMEN WITH VAGINAL AND CESAREAN DELIVERY. Acta Med Nicomedia. October 2023;6(3):306-314. doi:10.53446/actamednicomedia.1137000

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